At the new I1-Z58andZ63 <I1-Z58andZ63@yahoogroups.com.au<mailto:I1-Z58andZ63@yahoogroups.com.au>> Project, I've posted a piece on the Frisian Trade Route as a pathway for the spread of I1-M253 into Germany and Switzerland. I summarize here: The Frisian Trade Route was active in the Early Middle Ages from the Netherlands to the Rhine headwaters. The key, however, is that the Route was operated mostly by Saxons, not Frisians, thus possibly accounting for a modest spread of I1 M253 into the continent. --Ed de Steiguer