Some complementary info on Frisian Trade Route (unfortunately, I cannot find the author of it): " Trade routes along the English Channel and North Sea coasts led to the growth of ports that were best placed to channel that trade. Dorestad, on the Rhine 20 km up river from the coast, had been the major city of the dukes of Frisia, then became an important trading center by 680 AD. Its importance increased greatly as it became the major port of the new Carolingian Empire that Charlemagne carved out from his power base on the lower Rhine. The silver denarius of the Rhine delta was minted by the millions, but its value always followed that of the Islamic dirhem that it imitated in style, size, and name. Much of the minting was done in Dorestad, especially after Charlemagne's treaty with the Danes in 782, and his decision in 793 to increase the silver content of the denarius. At its peak from about 760 to 820 AD, the houses, wharves, and warehouses of Dorestad spread over 60 hectares stretching 3 km along the banks of the Rhine. Frisian traders shipped goods coming down the Meuse and the Rhine from Strasbourg, out of Dorestad all over the Rhine delta, westward along the French coast, eastward via coastal cities such as Emden and Hamburg (Hammaburg) to Denmark and into the Baltic, and northward along the coast of Britain as far as Northumbria. Dorestad exported pottery, glass, brooches, bronze goods, wine, and silver denarii in exchange for wool, furs, and slaves. Offa, the strongest of the Saxon kings in Britain, also minted high-quality silver coins at this time. Charlemagne and Offa entered into a formal trade treaty, then traded letters of complaint about it: Charlemagne complained about the length of the woollen cloaks shipped from England, and Offa complained about the poor quality of the lava grindstones he received. " Best, Marek Skarbek Kozietulski -----Original Message----- From: y-dna-haplogroup-i-bounces@rootsweb.com [mailto:y-dna-haplogroup-i-bounces@rootsweb.com] On Behalf Of J E DESTEIGUER Sent: Tuesday, February 14, 2012 11:05 AM To: Y-DNA-HAPLOGROUP-I@rootsweb.com Subject: [yDNAhgI] Frisian Trade Route At the new I1-Z58andZ63 <I1-Z58andZ63@yahoogroups.com.au<mailto:I1-Z58andZ63@yahoogroups.com.au>> Project, I've posted a piece on the Frisian Trade Route as a pathway for the spread of I1-M253 into Germany and Switzerland. I summarize here: The Frisian Trade Route was active in the Early Middle Ages from the Netherlands to the Rhine headwaters. The key, however, is that the Route was operated mostly by Saxons, not Frisians, thus possibly accounting for a modest spread of I1 M253 into the continent. --Ed de Steiguer ------------------------------- To unsubscribe from the list, please send an email to Y-DNA-HAPLOGROUP-I-request@rootsweb.com with the word 'unsubscribe' without the quotes in the subject and the body of the message ----- No virus found in this message. Checked by AVG - www.avg.com Version: 2012.0.1913 / Virus Database: 2112/4811 - Release Date: 02/15/12