Ken I'm in the UK. I've never heard of Charlie Rose before. Can you perhaps explain what exactly you mean by "race"? What do you think constitutes a "race"? How many races are there supposed to be? Obviously there are geographical differences in the distribution of alleles and there is still much work to be done but there has been much more migration than people imagine. Humans have not been isolated in different continents for thousands of years. There has always been gene flow between countries and between continents. For example, only a short distance separates Spain from Morocco, two different countries on two different continents. Perhaps you're thinking of Neanderthals which could perhaps be described as a separate species or race. However, we now know that Neanderthals interbred with humans so even the boundaries between "species" are becoming very blurred. Debbie -----Original Message----- From: y-dna-haplogroup-i-bounces@rootsweb.com [mailto:y-dna-haplogroup-i-bounces@rootsweb.com] On Behalf Of Kenneth Nordtvedt Sent: 29 June 2014 0:02 To: y-dna-haplogroup-i@rootsweb.com Subject: Re: [yDNAhgI] Recommended Book Genetics shows that gene allele frequencies are definitely correlated with race and differ from race to race --- and for good reason; for tens of thousands of years up until very recently people from different locations on earth interbred very very little with those from other locations. The question for future research is to find out to what degree these genetic differences lead to variations in human traits, behaviors, preferences, and abilities, etc., and how much genetics is a factor in all this diversity as compared to influences of human cultures and material circumstances. So your ".... in fact...." is premature and asserts an answer before the inquiry. "Who's Charlie Rose" gave me a chuckle; I try to ignore him, too. But sometimes I accidently stumble upon an interesting guest he has on his show, and I tune in for that guest. >From your gmail address I can not tell whether you are from USA or elsewhere; Charlie Rose is a USA TV fixture. Kenneth Nordtvedt Haplogroup I Clade Modalities and Trees at: http://knordtvedt.home.bresnan.net