Dear Lists, Please forgive the paltry info. I don't have alot to go on and hope someday to make a connection. The Baileys were a quiet bunch,never said much unless something had to be said. Never a hint of family business or scandals,(sigh!) Here we go! Thomas Bailey married Katherine,sometimes seen as Sara Katherine. County unknown. Migrated to N.Y. USA. around 1836. Settled in Manhattan, NY. CHILDREN: 1) Johanna BAILEY/born in IRE circa 1835, married Bernard WALSH is listed in 1890 NY directory as widow of Bernard. One daughter known of Margaret. 2) John CAGE BAILEY/born circa 1836 in NY married Elizabeth CUSTER,settled in W.Va.. 3) Patrick Joseph,middle name?/born 1848 married Hemiliene Rutherford at St. Joseph's Church in Martinsburg, W.VA.. Is buried there with his Mother Katherine. Katherine died in 1879 at the age of 70 Patrick died in 1892 at the age of 44 Father, Thomas I have never found this elusive fellow,keep looking though. Hoping someone can give me something on Bernard Walsh. It is not as common as all the Johns,Pats and Toms. These BAILEYS and WALSHES have been tough adversaries. I'm beginning to think the fairies are at work. Yours In Friendship, Deanne

Firstly, thank you to all those who have welcomed me back - personally or thru any list :-) Thank you also to anyone who is new to a list and has said thank you to me.......... Any time I have ever begun a series of posts like this in the past - I have managed to lose myself or my train of thoughts because I have become bogged down by questions asked of me - or I say I will do this or that to too many people............and end up doing little or nothing!! and feeling guilty because I haven't been able to do what I said I would do to someone.......... I have found it very difficult in the past to make sure that what I am posting county specific...........particularly when things kind of go from one into the other.............going from geography to divisions to counties..... I ask those of you who will have no interest in some of the things I post which will be county or province specific to bear with me......be patient and hit your delete key. Anybody who has asked me any specific questions.....I will try to answer them if I can....either to you personally or if more than one person has asked the same thing, and I know it is something I can deal with and which is possibly part of my 'train' <g> then the reply will be in a mail to the newsgroup. If I can't answer anything - I will simply say sorry if I can - it may take a bit of time Thanks Jane

LAND RECORDS Tithe Applotment Books Tithes were an income tax on farming..usually about one tenth of the annual income. These were used for the upkeep of the Church of Ireland and were paid from the time of the Reformation. Before the Composition Act of 1823 it was possible to pay them in kind instead of money. From the time of the Composition Act they were supposed to be paid in cash..and Tithe surveys were carried out in each Parish to assess what the income for that parish would be. Two people were appointed by each parish to carry out this assessment. Both Catholics and Protestants resented this tax - Tax was not payable on all land, and there was even variation on the types of land from place to place. >From 1736 grazing land had an exemption - this was usually land held by landlords. Certain crops were taxable, others weren't. Potatoes could be taxable in one parish and not in the one next door. Tithe books are not comprehensive, people who did not hold land are not listed and some types of land were passed over absolutely. Towns and cities were usually not asssesed. They are arranged by townland and usually give the acreage held by each farmer. However, note here that the measurement used was the plantation or Irish acre which differs in size from the imperial or English acre used in the Griffiths Valuation. The information you get from the Tithe Books is simple, : townland name; landholders name; area of land andtithes paid. Some wil list the landlords name as well. The original tithe books for the 26 counties of the Republic of Ireland are held in the National Archives in Dublin. Those for the 6 counties of Northern Ireland were transferred to the PRONI in Belfast. Copies remain in Dublin in the National Archives and National Library. Tithe Defaulters: Both Catholics and Protestants objected to paying of Tithes. 1830 Catholic Parishoners in Graiguenamanagh in Co. Kilkenny withheld their tithes. 1832 they were followed by those in most parts of south Leinster and Munster and violence erupted - The 'Tithe War'. Church of Ireland Ministers therefore ended up without this money during 1831. It was necessary for tehm in order to claim from the Clergy Relief Fund to draw up a list of Parishoners who had defaulted on the Tithes. 499 Lists/Schedules of Defaulters were submitted in order to avail of the relief fund. 127 of these still survive. - Lists of Tithe Defaulters...not written up alphabetically, and it is necessary to go through each book for each county and for some there are a number of books. (Some of these have been produced on CD..Kilkenny may be one - I stand open to correction on that - Jane (53 of these books relate to Kilkenny; 30 to Tipperary; some coverage of Laois, Carlow, Offaly, Meath, Cork, Kerry , Limerick, Louth Waterford and Wexford). Quaker records show lists of those who defaulted on Tithes also. Griffiths Primary Valuation This valuation records every landowner and householder in Ireland in a period shortly after the famine. An Act was passed in 1826 allowed for a uniform valuation of property in al Ireland for levying of county cess charges and grand Jury Rates. Thus began an assessment f the whole country, county by county by Sir Richard Griffith.. Amendments were passed to the 1826 Act, the first in 1831 excluded those houses under the annual valuation of £3, another in 1836 excluded house under £5 The information given in the Griffiths gives: the townland address and householders name; the name of the person from whom the property is leased; a description of the property; the acreage and the valuation. If a surname was common in an area then the surveyors adopted the practise of indicating the fathers name to show the difference between two people of the same Christian name and surname..(usually) So Tadgh O'Brien (Michael) is the son of Michael O'Brien and Tadgh O'Brien (James) is the son of James O'Brien. However, here in Ireland people of the same name could/can be distinguished simply by indicating the colour of their hair (as gaeilge - thru Irish ) so it would have been sufficient here to indicate that one Tadgh had red hair and one Tadgh black - calling them respectively Tadgh (Red) O'Brien and Tadgh (Black) O'Brien To confuse those who come in search of ancestors has always been the ambition of the very Ancestors J The main difference between the Tithe Applotment Books and the Griffiths Valuation is that all householders were listed in Griffiths. Remember the different types of acres used in each, the Irish and English acre..this will account for differnce in size of land held by a family from one valuation to the other I they appear in both. Remember also the fact that the house of less than £3 annual value were included up to the year 1831 and excluded from that point forward, and those with an annual value of £5 were included up to 1836 and excluded from then on. Many refer to the Griffiths CD, which is handy enough to track a surname through the country.or to find some places in counties where the name occurs. However, this is a list of names for the county, there is no way of knowing if the six John O'Leary's listed for one county are one and the same or if all the land is held by John O'Leary and rented out to others. One problem I personally have noted with the griffiths CD is that while it is suppposed to have been transcribed from the originals - the place names are not as they should be in many instances. There are placenames in there which while I know them from the originals - are not the same as actually written in the Griffiths valuation books. This I assume is because these were written up by people with little or no knowledge of Irish geography or Irish phonetics. So that while they transcribed what they thought they saw..because of faded ink or poor script - the actual name might be quite different.if it was someone with a knowledge of either Irish phonetics or the geography of the area they would have written a different word as the place name. This is not a huge error to anyoe who does know the geography of the area they are enquiring about, but for anyone who hasn't got a clue it's a different story. There is an index to the surnames occurring in the Griffiths Valuation. The indices are made up by county..divided into baronies, parishes, townlands. There are two sections to an index and some counties have a number of volumes covering the whole county.e.g. Co. Cork has three. Each index is divided into two sections, the first being an alphabetical list of surnames occurring in the area the index covers and the names that occur in each Barony. The second section is an alphabetical list of surnames occurring in each parish within that barony. It doesn't matter if you don't know which Barony the parish you are looking for is in - you just check through the second section. It doesn't matter even if you don't know the parish you can just check the first section to see where the name occurred in a county.. The index to the surnames tells you how many times a surname occurreed in a particular parish and whether or not that surname also occurred in the Tithe books. It does not give you any more information than that. The Householders Index with their LDS-FHC film numbers: Antrim Armagh, Carlow, Cavan LDS film # 0919001 Clare, Cork, Londonderry LDS film # 0919002 Donegal, Down Dublin LDS Film # 0919003 Fermanagh, Galway Kerry, Kildare, Kilkeny LDS film # 0919004 Laois, Leitrim, Limerick, Longford, Louth, Mayo, Meath LDS film # 0919005 Monaghan, Offaly, Roscommon, Sligo, Tipperary LDS film # 09119006 Tyrone, Waterford, Westmeath, Wexford, Wicklow LDS film # 0919007 Valuation Office Records The Valuation office was set up to carry out the original Primary Valuation. It is still in existance and has in its possession the original set of notebooks used by the Griffiths Valuation surveyors These are the field books, the house books and tthe tenure books. All 3 have maps which indicate the holding they refer to. Field Books: Information on the size & quality of a holding House Books: Occupiers name and measurement of any buildings Tenure Books: Annual rent paid and legal basis - whether by lease or at will, also the year of any lease. These notebooks also document any changes in occupation between the initial survey and the final published survey. The valuation office also holds the 'Cancelled' or 'revision' Land Books and Current Land Books. The Cancelled land books are similar to those of the published valuation but observations made are handrwritten in on these. The observations can show whether the size or physical structure of the holding were altered, also the changes in the name of the landlord or occupier..this can show death or emigration for a particular year. Changes may have been noted up to a few years after the actual change. It is best to go to the original earlier years and work your way forward with these because the actual numbers of lots can have changed over the years because of lots being broken up or joined together. The Land Commission was created by the 1881 Land Act. Initially is was created to determine fair rents but its main purpose became to assist tenants to purchase their property. A Congested Districts Board was set up in 1891 and this had a similar function, but it was abolished by the Irish Govt. in 1923 and its powere transfered to the Land Comission. So, in the latter part of the 19thC and the early part of the 20thC people who occupied land were able to buy that lant. You will see an entry in the cancelled boks showing (In Fee) meaning that the occupier was now the owner. Also, on these you may see LAP.Land Act Purchase stamped on an entry, meaning that the occupier had been assisted in by the Lands Commissoin to purchase the land. The cancelled books for the 26 counties are held in Dublin in the Valuation Office while those for the 6 counties of Northern Ireland are held in the PRONI in Belfast. Those in Dublin are bound together by year in large volumes, the oldest being at the back (oldest = Griffiths) Those in Belfast are not bound and have to be asked for separately and are only available up to the 1930's. The related maps are also held in the Valuatoin Office. These are Ordnance Survey Sheets onto hwhich the property boundaries were drawn. Changes in holdings are also indicated on the maps.

You know your ancestors came from Ireland but you don't know where in ireland - you know they came from a particular county but you don't know where in that county............ and while I've said how small a country we really are....how small our counties are.....we did once have a population of about 8 million..... and there are only so many records remaining. how do you make the search area smaller.....where do you begin? There are three possibilities open to you - before you begin the search for and through parish registers. The earliest records are usually going to be the 1. Tithes and then 2. Griffiths for some counties. You can get some idea which parts of the country or a county that a surname was found in using Griffiths......*but* the Griffiths is a land valuation - the names listed in Griffiths are based on the value of the land.....and that in itself changed as far as I can remember from one county to the next or from one year in which the valuation was being carried out to the next......the year was different for different counties. however, Ireland was not all farmed.....we had mines, we had professionals..... Most people searching today are looking for descendants or relatives of their ancestors who left Ireland during the famine period. For some to even be able to identify the county from which their ancestors left would be enough........ so 3: the death indices.......... I personally like to take a look at the early death register indices to give me some idea of where names were found - or a variation on a name. Registration began in 1864. Few people actually bothered with registration - if one looks at the registration indices for those early years, compared to the 1890's - and compared to now - and considers the differences in population sizes to those times and now - one gets an idea of how few probably did register. *But* the death indices are still useful - to me - more useful than the brith and marriage ones......because the death indices list the age of the person at death. If i'm looking for surname distribution - and I see that six people died in one district with that surname in 1864.......and they were all under the age of 16.....and I also see that one or two people died in another district close by in that same year - and that these two were much older - in their 60's..... well then - that's the district I will begin to look for parish registers for - that's the district that my family may have come from - always keeping in mind that for every family - no matter how many left - there more than likely was at least one person who didn't get to leave...... and they had to die..........and maybe - just maybe I'll be lucky and find them registered....... showing me the way to the parish registers..... When you don't have a specific place to go looking.......when the parish registers for an area are sparse..... Sometimes it's nice just to be able to home in on an area..... The Register indices are available through LDS research centres.....and the good thing for those of you who use them is that unlike me - you can also use the Marriage and birth indices in a surname/district search. When I look at the marriage and brith indices here in Ireland - all I get is a name....nothing else - unless I pay the nice men in the GRO for a photocopy of the entry so I can see what parish the people were from - any details there are.....but for those of you who use the LDS centres....you can get the inf owhich is on those photocopies I pay for here. I don't fully understand how the LDS system works........maybe someone will enlighten me..... Jane :-)

When you are in Enniscorthy you must visit the Castle Museum in the town centre.There are many items about the 1798 Rebellion .There is so much to see as the museum shows many aspects of Wexford`s history.Peter

Jane, I did forget to mention the most important part of the transaction. When I ordered the reel I paid about $3.25 per reel for it to be forwarded from Salt Lake City, Utah, here to Houston, Tx. The best part is that if I am visiting at the LDS Centre I can view any reel they have in the file drawer. They keep the reels here about two weeks then they are returned to Salt Lake City. Now there are some reels that they keep on a permanent basis. I can view then and pay only if I make a copy. But it is nice to be able to review what is in the drawer which someone else ordered, and to be able to use it at no charge. They are very wonderful people to work with and they are pretty flexible on working with you when you need the help. Joseph ____________________________________________________________________ Get your own FREE, personal Netscape WebMail account today at http://webmail.netscape.com.

Jane Lyons wrote: but for those of you who use the LDS centres....you can get the info which is on those photocopies I pay for here. I don't fully understand how the LDS system works........maybe someone will enlighten me..... Jane, the way it works for me here in Houston, is that once the reel I have ordered by number arrives, I do my research and I have the option of just transcribing by hand what is listed. If I desire, I can make a copy of the page, if the machine I am using has that capability. When I am ready to leave, I tell the individual at the desk how many copies I made and they tell me how much to pay...usually .05 to .10 cents each. Joseph ____________________________________________________________________ Get your own FREE, personal Netscape WebMail account today at http://webmail.netscape.com.

It's so good to see you back, Jane! Thank you for all the good information! Carol Magee

Welcome back, Jane. I look forward to your messages. Helen Davidson ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

dear listers I am from Australia and hope to eventually track down my rells to Wexford.I know this is very hopeful ,especially since I am having trouble tracking down the ones in England. Has anyone done any research on the name of KINCH? If so please contact me on valshalimar@telstra.easymail.com.au this is the address I use to save searching the hundreds of messages from other lists.I am also in touch with Nancey in America who is also trying to track down her Kinches who do not appear at this time to be related to me.With anticipated thanks.Val Wright nee Kinch. ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

I am still looking to see if anyone else has connections with The Meadows family who lived in various parts of Wexford Ireland in the 18th & 19th centuries- locations are not very specific apart from Sarshill? & Killinick. My own interest stems from a letter written in 1947 by an aged Gt. aunt.My Meadows were in Gloucestershire by 1700 supposedly having fled from Ireland . Could they have fled 2 ways England & America? My own brief examination of Irish records indicated that there were a number of Meadows families in Wexford at the time, but very few in the rest of Ireland, the current Eire phone book shows very few.

Hello listers, I just received information from my distant cousin in Ireland on the SEABROOK and GAINFORT families in the Ferns area of Wexford and some of their marriages. Names include: GREEN, CHRISTIAN (from Carnew), SWAIN (from Templeshambo), COPPER, LEWIS, LEVISTON, ELLARD, KIDD, SMITH, DOYLE, MURPHY, MCDANIEL, JAMES, SLY, KERFOOT, HORE. Please contact me if you would like info on the above. Linda Smith

Hello Fellow Listers, Searching for any information on Lawrence (larry) & Mary Garvey (nee Sullivan). Family members say they came from County Wexford possibly 1820's or 30's, and that they were tinkers. Their son Abraham was born in Andover, Hampshire, England 1839. Abraham later changed his name to John. I have hit a real brick wall with Larry & Mary, so if SKS comes across this elusive couple I would love to hear from you. TIA Ray Garvey

thisis not good - sorry. Clare is really in Munster...

I forgot Co. Clare!!!!!!!! It's in Connaught

----- Original Message ----- From: peter.cousins <peter.cousins@SoftHome.Net> To: <WEXFORD-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Saturday, April 22, 2000 7:38 PM Subject: [WEX] Townlands in Wexford. > Hello Listers, I searched my ordinance maps of Southern Wexford Nu: 76/ 77 but I can not find the following places .Leachestown Co Wexford and Ballalobernagh in Mulrankan Parish Co. Wexford. > > Any information on the townlans and the parish Please. > > Thank you > > Peter Cousins > > Ormskirk England > > > Also Researching. > Quinn, Wexford > Cobbeldick , Devon. > Guswell,Devon. England > Hoey Ireland / Devon > Mahoney, Ireland / Devon. > Kirwan , Ireland, England, Peter - The General Alphabetical Index to te Townlands and Towns, Parishes and Baronies of Ireland (1851)gives the following for Leachestown, co. Wexford - No. Ord. Survey Map 47; Area: 122 0 27; Barony: Forth; parish: Mayglass; Poor Law Union District: Wexford. I could not find an entry for Ballalobernagh - perhaps there is an error in transcription. Hope this helps, Roma McDougall. > > ______________________________

Some of these sites may no longer be valid. Ordnance Survey Ireland web site is found at: http://www.irlgov.ie/osi/Pages/main/main1.htm Ordnance survey maps www.netins.net/showcase/travelgenie/Ireland.htm Ordnance survey maps http://www.mapsworldwide.com. Ordnance Survey Maps: Newberry lib chicago,Illinois: $7 per copy http:///www.newberry.org/ Ordnance Survey: Searchable index http://www.kst.dit.ie/nat-arch/os.html Ordnance Survey:cites, p.4: http://www.nova.co.uk/nova/pages/map/htm OS maps from OS office ireland http://www.irlgov.ie/osi/Pages/maps/mindex.htm OS maps: £4.50 plus postage http://www.rallymap.demon.co.uk OS maps: Shows number you ned for area http://www.elstead.co.uk/d/dis011.htm

THE CHURCH OF IRELAND (1931) There were 33 Church of Ireland Dioceses in 1931. All incumbents on vacancies occurring, were appointed by the several Boards of Nominations, except I some cases of District Churches and Parochial Chapels, where Trustees were appointed previous to the Dis-establishment, and in parishes where , under the statutes of the Church, Donors by Endowment acquired the Patronage. Until Jan 1, 1871, the Church of Ireland was established by Law and was combined with the Church of England, by the Act of Union (1800). The Bishops and beneficed Clergy had a freehold in their offices, and in the emoluments and privileges belonging to these offices; the resources of the Church were practically all derived from the tithe rent charges, from the annual rents or produce of Church lands, from occasional private subscriptions, and from the income arising out of private benefactions. The lay members of the church were entitled to all the ministrations of its clergy without any liability to support it with their contributions; and they had neither authority nor responsibility in relation to the management of its temporal affairs. The Irish Church Act, 1869, provided that from January 1, 1871, the statutory union between the Churches of England and Ireland should be dissolved, and that the Church of Ireland should cease to be established by law. Subject to the vested interests of the then existing Bishops, Clergy and other Church officers, all such Church property of every kind was vested in the 'Commissioners of Church Temporalities' who were created by the Act and who carried out al the transactions that the Act required - in realising all items of property, selling Church lands to occupying tenants and others and discharging all liabilities imposed by the Act, and, from time to time, as parliament might direct, appropriating the surplus to various Irish purposes. All the Ecclesiastical Corporations that existed under former conditions having been dissolved by the Irish Church Act, the necessity arose for the creation of a new corporate body to take over from the Church Temporalities Commissioners whatever property and moneys under the e Act were to be transferred to the Authorities of the disestablished Church, and to be the trustee and agent in respect of property and funds subsequently acquired. This was met by the corporation in 1870 of the Representative Church Body. This body was constituted so as to include representatives from every part of Ireland. By recognising the vested interests of the Bishops, Clergy and other church officers who were in office when the Act came into operation and their rights to receive their respective emoluments during their lives and by making it a condition, that in return they should render the same service as before, an opportunity was afforded by the authorities to make plans for future church sustentation. It was eventually decided that instead of having a general plan for all Ireland , local effort would be stimulated to a greater degree, and other advantages secured by having a separate plan for each diocese or group of dioceses in which the resources of all the parishes under the plan would be pooled, and by which a steady voluntary effort on a uniform principle from the very beginning on the part of all the parishes would eventually secure on the disappearance of the last surviving annuitant, an accumulated capital, the interest on which, with the same regular annual subscriptions from the parishes, would fully meet the Stipends secured to the Clergy of the Diocese under each particular scheme. At a General Convention held in 1870, it was declared as a general and fundamental principle, that a General Synod consisting of the Archbishops and Bishops, and of representatives of the Clergy and Laity "shall have chief legislative power as may be necessary and consistent with its Episcopal constitution"" The General Synod consists of three orders, the Bishops, the Clergy and the Laity. These sit as two Houses, the House of Bishops consisting of all the Archbishops and Bishops and the House of Representatives, consisting of 216 Clerical and 432 Lay Representatives, distributed among the dioceses and elected every third year by the Diocesan Synods. The Registered Vestrymen are Church members who either own property or are resident in the parish, or are accustomed members of the congregation of the Church or Churches in the parish. They are the constituency that elects 9a0 one of the Churchwardens - the other being nominated by the Incumbent; (b) members of the Select Vestry which controls the Parochial Charity and Church Funds © the Lay Synodsmen who sit in the Diocesan Synod and (d) the three Parochial Nominators who with the Bishop and the three Diocesan Nominators elected by the Diocesan Synod elect the Board of Nomination with whom rests the appointment of the Incumbent of the parish.

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH (1931) The Presbyterians who are found chiefly in Ulster, are formed into Congregations, each of which is under the ecclesiastical government of a court called a Kirk Session, consisting of the Minister and Elders of the Congregation. An indefinite number of the Ministers of these Congregations, with a Representative Elder or each constitutes a Presbytery, which has the charge of the Congregations represented in it. Delegates from each of these Presbyteries, consisting of all the Ministers, with a Representative Elder, for each, constitute the General Assembly, which is presided over by a Moderator chosen annually and regulates the ecclesiastical concerns of the Body. The first Presbytery in Ireland was formed at Carrickfergus in 1642, and gave rise t the Synod of Ulster. The Presbyterian Synod of Munster was formed about 1660. The Presbytery of Antrim separated from the Synod of Ulster in 1727, and the Remonstrant Synod in 1829. A number of Seceders formed themselves into the Secession Synod of Ireland about 1780. In 1840 the General and Secession Synods having united, assumed the name of the general Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, comprising in 1930, 546 Congregations, arranged under 34 Presbyteries. The Ministers were supported by voluntary contributions, the rents of seats or pews, and the proceeds of the commutation of the annual Parliamentary Grant called the Regium Donum, or Royal Gift ( first granted in 1672 by Charles II), made by the Church Temporalities Commissioners under the Act of 1869. The Minutes of the General Assembly for 1930 state that in the year ending in December there were 584 Ministers,, (besides 22 licentiates and ordained ministers without charge, 546 congregations and 510 manses. THE METHODIST CHURCH The Methodist Society was founded by the Rev. John Wesley in 1739. It is constituted in Ireland under the Methodist Church in Ireland Acts Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State, 1928). The ministers are itinerant, five years being the longest period they can remain in any one circuit under ordinary circumstances. One, two or more are appointed to a circuit which comprises a number of congregations and they are assisted by lay preachers, leaders and prayer leaders. Out of these, with representatives elected By the Societies is formed the Leaders Meeting, at which ministers attend, one of them , called the Superintendent presiding, and this Board manages the affairs of the local society. The Quarterly meeting composed of the same officials together with the Trustees etc. manages the affairs of the Circuit. A number of Circuits forms a District. The Conference meets annually and is the supreme ecclesiastical court. It consists of 150 ministers and 150 Laymen, the President of the British Conference also being the President of the Irish one during its sessions. The number of Ministers in Great Britain is 2,562. The number in Ireland is 248. At the census if 1826 the number of people in Ireland who returned themselves as Methodists was 60, 217. The Primitive Wesleyan Methodist Society (English) and the Methodist new Connexion are now united with the Wesleyan Methodist Society in Ireland forming the Methodist Church of Ireland

THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN IRELAND ( in 1931) The Roman Catholic Church in Ireland is governed by four Archbishops, whose sees are in Armagh, Dublin, Cashel and Tuam, and twenty four Bishops ; they are all nominated by the Pope, generally out of a list of three names submitted to him by the Parish priests and Chapter of the vacant diocese, and reported on by the Archbishop and Bishops of the Province. The diocesan dignitaries are the Vicars-General of whom there are one, two or three, according to the extent of the diocese, who have special disciplinary and other powers; Vicars Forane, whose functions are more restricted; the Archdeacon, and the Parish priests and Administrators. All of these as well as the Curates are appointed by the Bishop. The whole of the clergy are supported solely by the voluntary contributions of their flocks. The Episcopal emoluments arise from the mensal parish or two, the incumbency of which is retained y the Bishop, from marriage licences and from the cathedraticum, an annual sum, varying from £1 to £10 paid by each Parish Priest, Administrator and Curate in the Diocese. The 2,428 civil parishes in Ireland are amalgamated into 1,116 ecclesiastical parishes or unions. The incomes of the Parish Priests arise from fees on marriages, baptisms and deaths, on Easter and Christmas dues and from incidental voluntary contributions, either in money or labour. The number of Priests in Ireland in 1853 was 2,291 (of whom 1,222 were educated at Maynooth College) and the number in 1873 was 3,157. The Curates of the Parish priests form more than half of the whole clerical strength; and scattered through cities and towns are 70-80 communities of Priests of various religious orders or rules, hence called Regulars who minister to their own churches, and though without Parochial jurisdiction greatly aid the secular clergy. All the places of public worship are built and maintained by subscriptions, legacies and collections. There are numerous monasteries and convents; the latter are supported partly by sums, usually from £300 to £500, paid by those who take the vows in them, and partly by fees for the education of the daughters of respectable Roman Catholics. Various communities of Monks and Nuns also devote themselves to the gratuitous education of the children of the poor. Candidates for clerical ordination, formerly under the necessity of obtaining their education in continental colleges are now chiefly educated at home. According to the 1836 Catholic Registry and Directory there were 27 Dioceses in Ireland and approximately 3000 Priests: 960-970 Parish Priests, 1500 Curates and 500 Regular Clergy.