In a message dated 4/2/2005 11:52:14 AM Eastern Standard Time, [email protected] writes: > So I did...but from what it told me in the book that all Indians were > remarked as everything other then White or Indian... I believe that for whatever reason, the Temple Grimes family, along with sisters Martha Frauyhue (Fraughnaugh) and Gabriella (Fraughnaugh) Dollings were the only Indians identified as such in the 1870 Caroline Co. census. In the 1880 census, Temple Grimes remains identified as Indian, but the rest of his family is identified as mulatto. I would love to know why they were identified as Indians, when all of the other Indians were not. My understanding is that prior to 1870, Indians were not included in the census. The 1870 census directions state that "Be particularly careful in reporting the class 'mulatto." The word is here generic, and includes quadroons, octoroons and all persons having any perceptible trace of African blood. Important scientific results depend upon the correct determination of this class in schedules 1 and 2." Also, "'Indians not taxed' are not to be enumerated in schedule 1. Indians out of their tribe relations and exercising the rights of citizens under state or Territorial laws will be included. In all cases, write "Ind." in the column for color." Assistant Marshalls were asked to list all non-taxed Indians in a separate report to the census office. See, Measuring America... I have never heard anyone suggest that any of the Rappahannock Tribal members were Melungeon. That just seems so unlikely to me, given the history and location of the Tribe. Nikki