While cleaning out an old trunk, I found an interesting article on Black Seminoles taken from a Smithsonian magazine that I had saved. Date and issue unknown. The Title is: Against all odds, Black Seminole won their freedom by Scott Thybony. Subtitle reads From Florida to Texas, 19th-century black Indians used perseverance, courage and skill as weapons in a battle against slavery. "Few soldiers or government officials had a clear understanding of the black Indians. Confusion over whether they were a free people or slaves remained a source of conflict until slavery itself was abolished. A Black Seminole village contained both freemen and those whom the Indians claimed as slaves. Many of the Seminole blacks were former slaves from plantations in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina..." Names in Article: Willie WARRIOR Lily Mae DIMERY Louis DIMERY John SHIELDS John WARD Lt. John BULLIS Lee Roy YOUNG, Jr Benjamin JULY John JULY Thomas S. JESUP John HORSE Becky SIMMONS Miss Charles Emily WILSON Gertrude VASQUEZ Sampson JULY Fay JULY William SHIELDS Article consists of ten pages, and I will copy & give to anyone interested. Send name and mailing address. cmalinda