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    1. Re: [ERATH] Thurber Cemetery
    2. Peggy McCleskey Broughton
    3. haven't seen the Buffington chart Mr, Wyly. but would like a copy Peggy Broughton 249 CR313 Dublin, Texas 76446-6606 ----- Original Message ----- From: Charles A. Wyly <wyly1@juno.com> To: <TXERATH-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Monday, October 11, 1999 7:43 PM Subject: Re: [ERATH] Thurber Cemetery > Hi, I typed a Wyly- Buffington- McNair- Bushyhead-Martin- Stewart- chart > from 1760's to now, Some Buffingtons related to Mary Jane Buffington live > at Buceville- Eddy now. > > Did the message come through? If not I wonder why? > > Take care, Charles Wyly > > > ==== TXERATH Mailing List ==== > --- Author Retains Copyright --- > -- Copyright 1999 Author -- All Rights Reserved > Post to List: TXERATH-L@rootsweb.com http://www.selfroots.com > Unsubscribe request To: TXERATH-L-request@rootsweb.com >

    10/12/1999 05:24:05
    1. Re: [ERATH] Thurber Cemetery
    2. Glenita Guthrie
    3. Hello, I would love to have a copy of the chart. Those names are all from our area too. The mountain near my home is called Bushyhead Mountain. There are Buffingtons still here too. Do I need to give you my snail mail address or can it be sent over the net? G. Guthrie --- "Charles A. Wyly" <wyly1@juno.com> wrote: > Hi, I typed a Wyly- Buffington- McNair- > Bushyhead-Martin- Stewart- chart > from 1760's to now, Some Buffingtons related to Mary > Jane Buffington live > at Buceville- Eddy now. > > Did the message come through? If not I wonder why? > > Take care, Charles Wyly > > > ==== TXERATH Mailing List ==== > --- Author Retains Copyright --- > -- Copyright 1999 Author -- All Rights Reserved > Post to List: TXERATH-L@rootsweb.com > http://www.selfroots.com > Unsubscribe request To: > TXERATH-L-request@rootsweb.com > > ===== __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Bid and sell for free at http://auctions.yahoo.com

    10/12/1999 05:02:33
    1. Re: [ERATH] Nix families of Erath--Today's obits from Wichita Falls T-RN
    2. Charles, does that Marie WRIGHT have a daughter named Darla? Karen in CA In a message dated 10/9/99 3:21:16 PM Pacific Daylight Time, wyly1@juno.com writes: > Marie Wright, who lives across > the street from you and a house or two down. Small world, isn't it?

    10/12/1999 03:23:36
    1. Re: [ERATH] Thurber Cemetery
    2. Charles A. Wyly
    3. Hi, I typed a Wyly- Buffington- McNair- Bushyhead-Martin- Stewart- chart from 1760's to now, Some Buffingtons related to Mary Jane Buffington live at Buceville- Eddy now. Did the message come through? If not I wonder why? Take care, Charles Wyly

    10/11/1999 06:43:31
    1. [ERATH] Dickens Cemetery
    2. Tonya Harris
    3. Is this cemetery in Erath County? I tried the GNIS form, but it brought up no results for this search. Thanks everyone for your help. Tonya Aultman-Harris mtharris@ev1.net Researching: Aultman (AR, TX, MS),Cox (TX, OK), Parker (LA, TX), Peyton (MS)

    10/10/1999 09:21:52
    1. Re: [ERATH] Rileys
    2. Charles A. Wyly
    3. Hi, my wife's grandad, James Whitcomb O'Riley ran away from Ireland, age 12, abt 1860. He had broken a prize stalion 's leg he was not supposed to ride, but did and did not make one hurdle. He stowed away in a life boat 3 days and then the Captain let him work his way over. He signed on as a Tinker's (sheetmetal) Apprentice in a waterfront shop which supplied ships. My father in law knew almost nothing about the children of his dad by his first wife. One in Boston is supposed to have had a shoe factory. My wife's Grandparents- Renfro, Spence, and Ash lived with her dad at Pettit, Texas and are buried in Levelland. He had 2 sisters- one, a Clyde, Texas Lofton and one a Houston Texas Resident until death. Mr. Riley was about 5 when his dad died in Cleburne, Texas and my wife is the youngest of 7. She played basketball at Clyde High School. We met at Tarleton State Univ. when it was JTAC. Her mom's ancestors were Clayton, Ash, Jack, Gillespie, McCallie of East Tennessee, Alabama and Alvararo and Decatur Texas and Sand Flat outside Keene (Cleburne), Texas. My wife's grandad is buried in the Old Cleburne Cemetery. Have much more- but unless you have Riley records from Ireland don't think there is a connection. James whitcomb was a red headed Irish Catholic but avoided that church in the U.S. as he was afraid some Irish Priest might try to send him back to his parents on the race horse farm. My dad belived Mr. Riley ahd a red headed half brother who barberred in Cleburne, Texas, but Mr. Riley said no., they were not kin. My wife's brother was not kin to the other Rileys in the Dublin, Texas Rileys unless some grandchildren of his dad's first wife migrated. Take care, Charles Wyly Take care, Charles

    10/10/1999 08:02:50
    1. Re: [ERATH] Thurber Cemetery
    2. Charles A. Wyly
    3. Hi, I finally had time to send this . My wife had one Riley brother near death in Van, Texas Monday. When we got home Wednesday, another had died in Dublin, Texas. ANCESTORS OF MARY JANE BUFFINGTON OF MAYSVILLE, ARKANSAS WITH GEORGIA AND TENNESSEE ROOTS- ANGLO AND CHEROKEE MARRIED rOBERT fLETCHER wYLY, B. 1827- SON OF CAPT. WILLIAM CLARK WYLY , c.s.a., TYLER,TEXAS B. IN HIAWASSE-TOCCOA GA. AREA. Capt Wyly was a brother to my Great Granddad Robert Wyly, age 13 at Shiloh. , so his Eddins- Yowell- Mitchell- Cleveland - Sevier-Hawkins line is the same. Supplied to me by Sidney McNair Wyly, of Tahlequah, Ok. , deceased and drawn in Fort Worth, Texas by Robert Fletcher Wyly, Jr., deceased. The Wyly Connor Real Estate in Tahlequah is on the Internet as a subsidiary of a Tulsa office. 1st Generation: Joshua Buffington, m. 1830 to Saber Lynch. Second Generation: Thomas Buffington married Mary Daniel. Jeter Lynch m. Nannie Martin, 1799 (Daughter of Gen. Joseph Martin, Cherokee Indian agent and Rev. War Vet)--- 3rd Generation: Ezekiel Buffington m. Mary Emory, sister of Susannah Emory who was the first wife of Capt. John Stuart, Rev. War. Marmaduke Daniel married Nannie Still, full blood Cherokee. Gen. Joseph Martin, m. 1775 to Susannah Emory. \gen. Martin's first wifeSusannah Graves, sister to Mary Graves, wife of Col. Ben Cleveland of Rev. War and a Wyly ancestor. Gen. Martin was also a nephew of Nancy Ward , beloved Woman of the Cherokee Blue Peace City of Refuge, Old Echota or Old Chota. He was also related to jesse Walton and sold Traveller's Rest Inn to Gen. J.R. Wyly & Sarah Clark afted Jesse left for Georgia Gold Fields. 4. th Generation. Joseph Martin and Susannah Childs, William Emory and --- Grant- 1/2 blood Cherokee of the "Longhair clan". 5 th Generation- Walter Childs married Mary Page, Ludealie Grant married a full blood Cherokee. William Buffington Wyly m.1901to Cora McNair (He was was brother to Percy, Robert lee, Julia, Captola, Albert Sidney, Marmaduke, and Zoe Augusta Wyly) Second Generation: Dr. Felix Hurd McNair married Nanny Sarah Bushy. Third Generation: Rev. Jesse Bushyhead married Eliza Wilkerson. Jesse's cousin John Foreman was in charge of the Missionary Baptist Mission board to the Indians. He and Jesse were imprisoned in Camp Hetzel, Ga. in warm weather to be held for cold weather to put them on the Trail of Tears. They were well educated and built pole bleachers for daily Bible Studies while in prison. Over 1/2 of Jesse's group died going to Arkansas Cherokee Nation. See Trail of Tears Book. It says when Jesse would translate sermons of Cousin John one sentence at a time, he would stop and give a loud Ugh- Hugh before going on. They were both involved in treaties when Jackson was turning on his Indian Treaties and Sam Houston's Friend John Jolly was already in Arkansas, with ancestors of Will Rogers and Movie star Linda Darnell- I understand some of this tree fits her. Sam and Jackson were friends- perhaps the Cherokee Removal of other friends and adopted brothers drove him to drink- it was Chief Jolly and friends in Arkansas who soberred him up and he came to Texas. Fourth Generation: OO-OO-Du-Tu ( Bushyhead)married Nannie Foreman. Fifth Generation: Capt. John Stuart, Rev. War m. Susannah Emory-parents of OO-OO-Du-Tu Her second husband was Richard Fields Susannah was a widely respected "Divine" (Beloved Woman?) Confused Yet? Robert Fletcher Wyly was accepted into the tribe- Mary Jane Buffington was kin to a chief somewhere on this chart. He was the first White to be appointed to office in the Cherokee Nation and was also Editor of the Cherokee Advocate, printed in the Cherokee Alphabet of Sequoya. , in Oklahoma. He was also Attorney General of the Cherokee Nation and became a District Judge. He was 6"6" tall in stockings. His son, William Buffington Wyly,was appointed Chief of Police for Tahlequah, I.T. in 1893 after the former chief and deputy were killed in a street gunfight. He was 18.Percy and Partner built the Lawrence- Wyly Trading post and a bank or two.He was also Superintendent of the Cherokee Nation orphanage in 1900. and becme Postmaster. Percy Wyly, Sr. was a Regional FBI supervisor under J. Edgar Hoover for 27 years and supervised the integration of the State of Mississippi. He retired as Security Chief of Albequerque Schools and the Sandia Corp. One of his brothers attended Univ. of Glasgow Medical School 7 years, returned to Tahlequah, and died. Percy Jr' is now an attorney in Albequerque. Also- the Stuart name- notice this Indian descendant of his refused his name- a Royal Family in England. I used to visit with a John Outlaw, deceased, Valley Mills . Texas and after a trip to the Gatlainburg Sevier Reunion I told him a John Outlaw was Col. Sevier's attorney in a Knoxville suit over a race horse sale. He said that was his ancestor and they used the Outlaw name because they were "Outlaw Stuarts" when they came to the U.S.- or, out of favor with the King, so his kin up and down the Bosque River dropped the Stuart and took the name Outlaw. Take care, sleep tight, and don't let the Begbugs Bite. Charles Augustine Wyly O.S. If you do not get this on Txerath or Southern Trails, please forward it to someone so it will be there.

    10/10/1999 07:02:13
    1. Fwd: [ERATH] Dickens Cemetery
    2. --part1_0.c6a51b2.2532b1ee_boundary Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit --part1_0.c6a51b2.2532b1ee_boundary Content-Type: message/rfc822 Content-Disposition: inline Return-path: Texasdog@aol.com From: Texasdog@aol.com Full-name: Texasdog Message-ID: <0.4efbb1b2.2532b1ba@aol.com> Date: Sun, 10 Oct 1999 23:21:30 EDT Subject: Re: [ERATH] Dickens Cemetery To: mtharris@ev1.net MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Mailer: Windows AOL sub 41 Tonya, The Dickens Cemetery is in the town of Dickens which is in Dickens County. They have an on line list of the burials there. Kay Laster, one of my cousins, is one of the coordinators of that website. <A HREF="http://www.rootsweb.com/~txdicken/">TXGenWeb Dickens County, Texas</A> Dickens County is about 60 miles east of the city of Lubbock. Dickens is the county seat but the largest town is Spur. Bill McCarty --part1_0.c6a51b2.2532b1ee_boundary--

    10/10/1999 05:22:22
    1. [ERATH] Rileys
    2. In a message dated 10/10/1999 6:00:57 PM Pacific Daylight Time, wyly1@juno.com writes: << I finally had time to send this . My wife had one Riley brother near death in Van, Texas Monday. When we got home Wednesday, another had died in Dublin, Texas. >> Hi Charles, tell me about these Rileys please? Darlene dtracy1124@aol.com "My Family Tree must be a Pecan tree, we are all Nuts!" Howell, Riley, Marchant, Thomas, Branch, Hargis

    10/10/1999 03:06:24
    1. Re: [ERATH] Texas Rangers explanation
    2. Charles A. Wyly
    3. 10/9/99. But I will forward it if I see it. My printer died- just sets there and blinks at me like it is teasing and I am trying to delete some back below 1000 so I can receive more. Yours came through twice. Charles Wyly

    10/10/1999 01:50:05
    1. Re: [ERATH] Thurber Cemetery
    2. vynette sage
    3. Noticing the reference to Jackson's living in Erath Co., I wonder if anyone has any information on Simon R Jackson who married Mary Elizabeth(Lizzy) Duke on Nov 20,1861 in Texas. Elizabeth was the daughter of Littleberry Duke of Georgia and Simon was born in Tennessee. Thanks for any help. Vynette ---------- > From: Charles A. Wyly <wyly1@juno.com> > To: TXERATH-L@rootsweb.com > Subject: Re: [ERATH] Thurber Cemetery > Date: Saturday, October 09, 1999 3:15 PM > > Hi, > > we just returned from Tyler- Van area Wed. where my wife's brother was > not expected to live and the phone called us to Dublin where my wife's > other brother had just died- Jim Riley married "Dot" Jackson in Pettit > or Levelland , Texas. The minister holding the funeral was a Roberts, > Church of \Christ Minister in the Eastland area. He grew up with the > Jackson families on the plains and has no family records beyond his > grandad Roberts. These Jacksons were related to the Lewallens in > Stephenville. > > The special music was by a Baptist singer and musician. The funeral was > in the Baptist Church by the Harrell Funeral home. REv. William > Robinson's bible photo from the Howard Payne University was in the > Heritage Hall with other historic records of the church between Sunday > School Rooms. Rev. Robinson and Dr, Hatchett, my great Great Grandad used > to preach dual sermons when churches like Pony Creek were being > organized. > > We went back down the Alexander Highway and the first graves I noticed > were Roberts and McCarty--De Ja Vu. Jim Riley, the deceased, was near 80. > His son Joe Mack Riley married Don Mitchell's daughter Donna and have a > new home off the Carleton road and past an old cemetery which is now > full, towards Lake Proctor. Don is Carl Mitchell's son. He has retired > from dairying and raises stocker cattle now. The daughter, Johannah, > married John Blair and they live in Eastland County. > > No these Rileys were not kin to the other Erath County Rileys, unless by > James Whitcomb O'Riley,who ran away from Ireland at age 12 and enterred > as a Tinker's aprentice in New York Harbor area. b. 1854 or so and died > Cleburne, Texas 1893. Jeannie's dad said he knew of no kin in Texas by > the first marriage. > > Guess you have been to the roads , funeral home and cemeteries I > mentioned. See what I meant when I said some family trees are so full > they resemble Kudzu Vines instead of trees? > > Takecare, > Charles Wyly > > > ==== TXERATH Mailing List ==== > --- Author Retains Copyright --- > -- Copyright 1999 Author -- All Rights Reserved > Post to List: TXERATH-L@rootsweb.com http://www.selfroots.com > Unsubscribe request To: TXERATH-L-request@rootsweb.com >

    10/09/1999 08:33:15
    1. Re: [ERATH] Nix families of Erath--Today's obits from Wichita Falls T-RN
    2. Charles A. Wyly
    3. Hi, \Tommy, I was in Dublin yesterday for my wife's brother's funeral. See note to McCarty- Texas Dog- My wife's sisters from Levelland were also there. I believe your wife goes walking regularly with one of them, Marie Wright, who lives across the street from you and a house or two down. Small world, isn't it? Take care, Charles Wyly

    10/09/1999 04:23:13
    1. Re: [ERATH] Thurber Cemetery
    2. Charles A. Wyly
    3. Hi, we just returned from Tyler- Van area Wed. where my wife's brother was not expected to live and the phone called us to Dublin where my wife's other brother had just died- Jim Riley married "Dot" Jackson in Pettit or Levelland , Texas. The minister holding the funeral was a Roberts, Church of \Christ Minister in the Eastland area. He grew up with the Jackson families on the plains and has no family records beyond his grandad Roberts. These Jacksons were related to the Lewallens in Stephenville. The special music was by a Baptist singer and musician. The funeral was in the Baptist Church by the Harrell Funeral home. REv. William Robinson's bible photo from the Howard Payne University was in the Heritage Hall with other historic records of the church between Sunday School Rooms. Rev. Robinson and Dr, Hatchett, my great Great Grandad used to preach dual sermons when churches like Pony Creek were being organized. We went back down the Alexander Highway and the first graves I noticed were Roberts and McCarty--De Ja Vu. Jim Riley, the deceased, was near 80. His son Joe Mack Riley married Don Mitchell's daughter Donna and have a new home off the Carleton road and past an old cemetery which is now full, towards Lake Proctor. Don is Carl Mitchell's son. He has retired from dairying and raises stocker cattle now. The daughter, Johannah, married John Blair and they live in Eastland County. No these Rileys were not kin to the other Erath County Rileys, unless by James Whitcomb O'Riley,who ran away from Ireland at age 12 and enterred as a Tinker's aprentice in New York Harbor area. b. 1854 or so and died Cleburne, Texas 1893. Jeannie's dad said he knew of no kin in Texas by the first marriage. Guess you have been to the roads , funeral home and cemeteries I mentioned. See what I meant when I said some family trees are so full they resemble Kudzu Vines instead of trees? Takecare, Charles Wyly

    10/09/1999 04:15:37
    1. Re: [ERATH] New Dublin Cemetery
    2. Charles & all--- If you were thinking about the New Dublin Cemetery, I don't know for sure of any per se Roberts or McCarty graves there that are related to me. There are EDMONDS and WORD buried there that are McCarty-Roberts relatives to me. Freeman Edmonds owned & operated a photography studio there for many years; Barney WORD and his wife Zene are also buried there. Byron McCarty, who died in Fort Worth in 1992, and married Ruby HUSE may be buried there but I have not been able to locate his grave. The Huse family graves are in the very s.e. corner next to the fence which separates the cemetery from the new high school currently under construction. Byron McCarty is the son of James Wylie McCarty who is buried at Hurst Ranch and Byron would be a 2nd cousin to me. J.W. McCarty's half-sister was Alice Medford who married Jacob Zachariah Roberts. J.Z. Roberts' sister was the mother of Freeman Edmonds and another of J.Z.'s sisters was the grandmother of Barney Word. This week's <A HREF="http://members.tripod.com/cindyradway/Erath/erath.html">Erath County--Biographies--Home Page</A> Erath County biography is that of August Giesecke who was born In Germany and who was a long time resident of the Millerville community. Marilyn Giesecke Mills Ewers is his granddaughter. Bill McCarty Odessa, Texas

    10/09/1999 02:30:28
    1. Re: [ERATH] Farmers Grange
    2. Charles A. Wyly
    3. Hi, forgot to ask: Are you related to Elton Wyly (Friona) or his daughter Delores McNeely? I have her E mail address. Elton (Actually at the Black Elevator community) is dad's first cousin. Also, my Wyly cousin Debbie Shaw in Oklahoma sent me the family pages of Martha F.E. (Frances Elizabeth ??) Shaw who married Great Uncle Guss (Augustus) Hatchett. I thought she was from Johnsville, but these pages tie her into a group of Hamilton County Shaws. "Aunt" Celia Shaw of Johnsville lived to 112 and her son, Tom, lived to near 80. He had once carried a rural mail route in a buggy, but had to quit as he shook (St. Vidas Dance or Palsy) too much to drive a car. They were both good natured. and smart. Russell Bunch had cared for them for several years. When she was past 100 she asked me and J.R. Wright our age, as if she didn't know. We told her, 16 and 17 and she said "Neither of you are married and are about to finish High School. I got married at age 13 and sat on a stump and darned my husband's socks while he split the logs for our cabin. Don't know why I wasted those good years, waiting so long to marry." Take care, Charles Wyly

    10/09/1999 11:41:29
    1. Re: [ERATH] Farmers Grange
    2. Charles A. Wyly
    3. Hi, At one time the Grange was a political force to be reckoned with. They could affect the outcome of a Presidential election as much or more than any labor union. Some replies have mentioned the IOOF (International Order of Oddfellows). Many Erath County grave headstones have the IOOF log on top of the headstone. I think a chain was also included to show a chain was only as strong as it's weakest link. I think Lingleville had an academy and the one in Huckaby may have had more than one owner before it closed. Two organizations that have assumed some activities of the Grange today are the Double Circle Co-op and the Southern Farm Bureau. The latter for insurance, discount tires, and political action, the former for specialized co-ops such as a retail store and a peanut mill I saw either in Oklahoma and/or Mississippi. Double Circle Co-op has a large feed and seed mill near McGregor, Texas. Remember- back then 90% of the Texans were farmers and ranchers or sharecroppers. Today it has dropped to 5% or 10% at the most. actually making their full time living on the farm. Speaking of Chains- do you know why early farmers would drag chains behind their plows", especially their cultivators? 2 reasons. The first one is to get the rust off it so it would not make the horse's side sore when rehooked to harness. The second is- did you ever try to push a chain????? Take care, Charles Wyly

    10/09/1999 11:22:58
    1. [ERATH] Texas Rangers explanation
    2. To Charles Wyly, I know you wrote a lengthy explanation of the different types of Texas Rangers. I'm sure that I saved it, but not sure where. Can you please tell me about when you sent it so maybe I can find it by date. My gg grandfather George B. Ely was known in family tradition as the "one-eyed Texas Ranger." I have just received a copy of his application for a Confederate pension from the Texas State Archives. He based his application on his duties defending the state against "Indian Raiders and Mexican marauders," from 1863 to the end of the war. Thank you very much for any information you can share. Carol Crockett

    10/09/1999 08:15:21
    1. Re: [ERATH] Farmers Grange
    2. TRUETT TYLER
    3. SJMcS@aol.com wrote: > > Charles and list members, can anyone tell me what a Farmers Grange is? There > was mention of one in Randolph Co MO that my gg grandfather evidently was a > member of at one time. Were they local organizations? What function did > they perform, etc.? Anyone have any information on Farmers Granges? > > Charles, I appreciate all your postings. I am working in Erath Co area on my > husband's lines. However, my mother is from Cisco in nearby Eastland Co and > I sometimes forward your interesting posts to her. The one of Thurber will > probably be the basis for some reminiscing! I enjoy stopping in > Thurber-Mingus at the Smoke Stack for a meal! > > Appreciate any help or info on Farmers Granges. Thanks! > Sheryl McNeely Shaw Encyclopedia Britannica describes the Grange as follows: Granger movement,coalition of U.S. farmers, particularly in the Middle West, that fought monopolistic grain transport practices during the decade following the American Civil War. The Granger movement began with a single individual, Oliver Hudson Kelley. Kelley was an employee of the Department of Agriculture in 1866 when he made a tour of the South. Shocked by the ignorance there of sound agricultural practices, Kelley in 1867 began an organization--the Patrons of Husbandry--he hoped would bring farmers together for educational discussions and social purposes. The organization involved secret ritual and was divided into local units called "Granges." At first only Kelley's home state of Minnesota seemed responsive to the Granger movement, but by 1870 nine states had Granges. By the mid-1870s nearly every state had at least one Grange, and national membership reached close to 800,000. What drew most farmers to the Granger movement was the need for unified action against the monopolistic railroads and grain elevators (often owned by the railroads) that charged exorbitant rates for handling and transporting farmers' crops and other agricultural products. The movement picked up adherents as it became increasingly political after 1870. In 1871 Illinois farmers were able to get their state legislature to pass a bill fixing maximum rates that railroads and grain-storage facilities could charge. Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa later passed similar regulatory legislation. These laws were challenged in court, and what became known as the "Granger cases" reached the Supreme Court in 1877. The most significant of the Granger cases was Munn v. Illinois (q.v.), in which a Chicago grain-storage facility challenged the constitutionality of the 1871 Illinois law setting maximum rates. The court, with Chief Justice Morrison Remick Waite writing for the majority, upheld the state legislation on the grounds that a private enterprise that affects the public interest is subject to governmental regulation. Meanwhile, independent farmers' political parties began appearing all over the country, outgrowths of the Granger movement. Ignatius Donnelly was one of the principal organizers, and his weekly newspaper "Anti-Monopolist" was highly influential. At their Grange meetings farmers were urged to vote only for candidates who would promote agricultural interests. If the two major parties would not check the monopolistic practices of railroads and grain elevators, the Grangers turned to their own parties for action. With the rise of the Greenback Party and later organizations for the expression of agricultural protest, however, the Granger movement began to subside late in the 1870s. Ill-advised farmer-owned cooperatives for the manufacture of agricultural equipment sapped much of the group's strength and financial resources. By 1880 membership had dropped to slightly more than 100,000. The Granger movement rebounded in the 20th century, however, especially in the eastern part of the country. The National Grange, as it is called, remains a fraternal organization of farmers and takes an active stance on national legislation affecting the agricultural sector. Copyright (c) 1995 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. All Rights Reserved P.S. One of the significant movements to follow the Grange was the organization of farmers' cooperatives and other cooperatives in which the members are the owners of their enterprises. Typical are dairy cooperatives, grain elevators and cotton gins. Several cooperatives having common interest have banded together to create industries which no single cooperative could finance and manage. Examples include cotton oil mills, owned by gin cooperatves who supply them with a large portion of their cotton seed. The Rural Electrification Administration funds the construction of transmission lines to provide power to farmers who, through cooperatives, become owners of the lines and, in some cases, even the power plants which generate the electricity. One outstanding example of a cooperative of cooperatives is a large and very modern weaving mill near Littlefield, Texas which, using cotton produced in the region, manufactures denim cloth by the millions of yards and one of whose major customers is Levi Strauss. -- Truett Tyler

    10/08/1999 10:10:51
    1. Re: [ERATH] Farmers Grange
    2. Thanks to Truett, Bill, and Connie for the excellent information on Farmers Granges. I enjoyed reading about the origins and reasons they were started. Sheryl McNeely Shaw Crosby, TX

    10/08/1999 09:21:03
    1. [ERATH] Grange
    2. thanks Bill, I didn't know what a Grange was either. But was close. Wanda

    10/08/1999 05:46:23