There has been quite a discusion on this list recently about empty split field parts, and the observation that "sometimes" it is necessary for them to contain a place holder character. Like so many such issues about TMG I have felt the need to capture such "folklore" somewhere that others may find it later. That was why I wrote my on-line book about TMG, and why I try to update it as I discover information about using TMG. I should have searched myself in my book when this topic came up. I had explicitly documented the bizarre behavior of empty split Citation Detail parts in my Source Elements chapter in the discusson about elements that are entered on the Citation Screen. I have now expanded that description to be even more of a warning when using split Citation Details or split Citation Memos. http://www.mjh-nm.net/SRCELEMS.HTML#CitationElements I also already had a more general and thorough discussion about Empty Split Memo Parts in my Tag Sentences chapter: http://www.mjh-nm.net/TAGSENTS.HTML#EmptyMemoVariables That text also has been expanded to hopefully be even more clear on this issue. It also includes the TMGU "Find and Replace" patterns to globally insert place holder characters where needed. Hope this gives people ideas, Michael