Hi Ernie and list, Yes, 100 years make a LOT of difference in the emigration procedures...even the 20-30 yrs when Clair's ancestors returned for a visit, makes a great difference. It certainly is a mystery to be solved - with lots of speculation, great interest, and many hours of fun. I appreciate all the data, input and thoughts that are shared on this list in such a kindly manner. Genealogy is the 2nd greatest USA hobby - after gardening - so there are many of "us" out there. Regards from Texas, USA Nellie, a 68-yr-old root digger