On 21 Sep at 4:51, "Lefayre" <lefayrep@optusnet.com.au> wrote: <snip for brevity> > I realise that Arms should only be used by the eldest son, etc, and > cadet branches should have a difference. This is not necessary in England and Wales. Scottish rules are a little more strict and do include this. English heraldry rules are never published and can only be deduced faintly from practices by the College, which practices may change over time. Up to perhaps the middle of the last century they were quite happy with all male descendants of an armiger using the same arms. These days they include in modern grants a phrase that marks of distinction are needed by cadet males, but that was seldom in the words of earlier grants and I even have hold of a grant that explictly gives the arms of some remote cousin to a chap who was of the original family but not a descendant of the first armiger. -- Tim Powys-Lybbe tim@powys.org for a miscellany of bygones: http://powys.org/