I have an ancestor George BELL who received a land grant in NC in January of 1775. This land was later shown as part of Craven Co, SC, then as Camden District, SC, and finally as Chester Co, SC. Can anyone tell me in what county or district the original NC grant was PROBABLY made? ************************************* If there is nothing above this line, I did not find the name/s you requested. If name/s ARE there, you can contact Fairfield County Library, Winnsboro, SC 29180 and request a copy of that particular map. The number after the name will indicate to the Library which map you want copied.

go to SC Genweb page - they have lots of maps www.geocities.com/Heartland/Hills/3837/ scroll down to the part The old counties & districts and click on that - think you want the second map on the next page seems Camden Dist. was: York Chester Fairfield Lancaster Kershaw Richland Lec. Sumter Claredon Mary

At 02:08 PM 8/1/99 -0400, you wrote: >I have an ancestor George BELL who received a land grant in NC in >January of 1775. This land was later shown as part of Craven Co, SC, >then as Camden District, SC, and finally as Chester Co, SC. Can anyone >tell me in what county or district the original NC grant was PROBABLY >made? > you will have to dig back thru counties on SC Genweb. I can tell you about what is Tennessee today - say right after Rev War....the eastern section was Sullivan County NC, the middle section was Davidson Co NC, the western third was Indian land and not open for whites. Then Sumner Co NC and Tennessee Co NC were formed just before it became state of TN. If you go back to 1775....figure eastern part of TN was Washington Co VA in 1774....seem to remember that 1775 was about the time surveys were done to settled which colony owned what, at least the VA/NC line.....not sure about NC southern line. Let me dig thru some of my maps. I have not really worked with SC that early. I know I was supposed to do this yesterday for you - it is cooler today so I will get with it. Mary

Re: The methodist Church in Wacoochee Valley, AL. and my ggrandparents - William Parker. Sorry, my request for info was rather vague. I am interested in knowing where information on Methodist records dating back to 1857-58 could be located. I believe I read (somewhere?) Wacoochee Valley is a "lost" community - no longer exists. Any information available on this community? Thanks. [email protected]

Many thanks for your responses and accounts. It seems as if Gipsy/Gypsy Smith and Smith Wigglesworth, both born in England at the same time and dying at the same time, may well have been one and the same gentlmen... or, as the account below suggests, not so gentle. Gypsy Smith, receiving salvation at a camp or tent meeting in England as a youth, went on to lead a world wide ministry, that continues today. Many present day groups of Pentecostals base their teachings on work of Smith Wigglesworth, some say the father of Pentecostalism... which, as we know, is a faith that is sweeping the United States, and the world, attracting huge crowds in this century. I am interested in accounts ... connecting some Welsh, English and Irish family lines, with itinerant preaching.. among the possible familial connections are names such as Dillard, Daugherty, Dunnahoo, Irving, Mullins, Robertson, Roberts, and Osborne. Does anyone else have an account or remembrance of a camp or tent meeting and who was the preacher? ******************8 From:<[email protected]> Date: Sun, 1 Aug 1999 14:06:34 +0300 Travellers & Gypsies/ Preachers/ Peddlers/ Tinkers In the South I have a Lorenzo Dow Ball. Smith Wigglesworth that was said to raised people from the dead was an Englishman. I have read stories about him from people who were English. He boarded at one elderly lady's house, but she did not take to him because he was very rude. I have also read that his teachings were not always correct. ************** From: Eagle Date: Sun, 30 May 1999 11:34:46 -0500 "Oh I forgot to mention. The Person who carved the Gypsy flower was no in this line. He was a Woodroof (that it the correct spelling) His father was an itinerant preacher and they travelled around in a covered wagon preaching. This was in Tennessee also. In tracing his roots I find his father rumoured to be married to Cherokee and having come to Tennessee with a band of travelling carpenters in early 1800's. That's all I know now." ******************************* From: [email protected] I was surprised to hear that Smith Wigglesworth was a Gypsy...............What a man of God..............He even raised the dead. I have enjoyed his ministry tapes that are in our Church Library...................very very interesting!!!!!!!!!!! ******************** Has anyone else every known of this amazing ability performed by Smith Wigglesworth or any other preachers or miracle workers? ******************************* -----Original Message----- Looking for history, stories, accounts of gypsies/preachers/peddlers/tinkers in the South... Does anyone have a Lorenzo Dow, or LD in the family? Did anyone's family go to a campmeeting of Gypsy Smith Wigglesworth? (1860-1947) **************************** ___________________________________________________________________ Get the Internet just the way you want it. Free software, free e-mail, and free Internet access for a month! Try Juno Web: http://dl.www.juno.com/dynoget/tagj.

--WebTV-Mail-12901-10372 Content-Type: Text/Plain; Charset=US-ASCII Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7Bit As soon as I sent that message, I realized I hadn't indicated a time period!! I'm trying to track some ancestors BACK from MS and AL, and I can't find them in GA or SC. All of them were in MS and AL ca 1830/1840. I want to know the trail that would have gone from what is today VA and/or NC through TN to AL to MS, so that I can see what counties I should check. ************************************ Please visit Rockett's Genealogy Web, a recommended website of The History Channel http://www.kayrockett.com ************************************ --WebTV-Mail-12901-10372 Content-Disposition: Inline Content-Type: Message/RFC822 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7Bit Received: from mailsorter-101-1.iap.bryant.webtv.net (209.240.198.97) by postoffice-243.iap.bryant.webtv.net with WTV-SMTP; Sat, 31 Jul 1999 12:50:17 -0700 (PDT) Return-Path: <[email protected]> Received: from bl-11.rootsweb.com (bl-11.rootsweb.com [204.212.38.27]) by mailsorter-101-1.iap.bryant.webtv.net (8.8.8/ms.graham.14Aug97) with ESMTP id MAA10543 for <[email protected]>; Sat, 31 Jul 1999 12:50:16 -0700 (PDT) Received: (from [email protected]) by bl-11.rootsweb.com (8.9.3/8.9.3) id MAA17505; Sat, 31 Jul 1999 12:43:18 -0700 (PDT) Resent-Date: Sat, 31 Jul 1999 12:43:18 -0700 (PDT) Message-Id: <[email protected]> X-Sender: [email protected] X-Mailer: Windows Eudora Light Version 1.5.4 (32) Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Date: Sat, 31 Jul 1999 15:47:47 +0000 Old-To: [email protected] From: Harold Miller <[email protected]> Subject: Alternate routes across the south Resent-Message-ID: <[email protected]> To: [email protected] Resent-From: [email protected] X-Mailing-List: <[email protected]> archive/latest/1980 X-Loop: [email protected] Precedence: list Resent-Sender: [email protected] >From: [email protected] (Kay Rockett) >Date: Sat, 31 Jul 1999 14:12:54 -0400 (EDT) >I have several ancestors who didn't take the "usual" route through SC, >GA, AL, and MS, etc. What were some of the other routes they might have >taken, going from VA or NC towards AL and MS? First of all - can you give some dates? Also, remember that at one time Tennessee was North Carolina, so were they coming from what is today NC or what is today TN? A lot of the families coming out of the Shenandoah Valley of VA - and also from the area of Patrick Co VA - ended up in Tennessee. Once they were there - it was easy to use the river. This would be 1815-1820 - to settle St Claire Co AL....Morgan Co. Just look at the Tennessee river, many of the people in Knoxville TN area used it to move to AL. Maybe with some dates, I can help you more. Mary [email protected] ==== Southern-Trails Mailing List ==== To unsubscribe from the list, send a message to [email protected] if you are subscribed to the list, or [email protected] if you are subscribed to the digest. In the body of your message put only the word unsubscribe --WebTV-Mail-12901-10372--

I have several ancestors who didn't take the "usual" route through SC, GA, AL, and MS, etc. What were some of the other routes they might have taken, going from VA or NC towards AL and MS? ************************************ Please visit Rockett's Genealogy Web, a recommended website of The History Channel http://www.kayrockett.com ************************************

Linda, I read your article about the Methodist Church with great interest. I am looking for info about a church in Wacoochie Valley, AL. My great grandfather and wife, William David & Frances Parker, were members of the Methodist E. Church South at Wacoochie Valley Society, Alabama Conference, Crawford circuit, as of November 16, 1857. Your help in locating tis info will be appreciated. [email protected]

>From: [email protected] (Kay Rockett) >Date: Sat, 31 Jul 1999 14:12:54 -0400 (EDT) >I have several ancestors who didn't take the "usual" route through SC, >GA, AL, and MS, etc. What were some of the other routes they might have >taken, going from VA or NC towards AL and MS? First of all - can you give some dates? Also, remember that at one time Tennessee was North Carolina, so were they coming from what is today NC or what is today TN? A lot of the families coming out of the Shenandoah Valley of VA - and also from the area of Patrick Co VA - ended up in Tennessee. Once they were there - it was easy to use the river. This would be 1815-1820 - to settle St Claire Co AL....Morgan Co. Just look at the Tennessee river, many of the people in Knoxville TN area used it to move to AL. Maybe with some dates, I can help you more. Mary [email protected]

Thank you Ian for the detailed and informative essay on the Gypsies. I had no idea of their heritage, nor their customs and culture. Debbie

Hi all, don't know if this is so but in a booklet by Skipwith of E. Feliciana parish, Louisiana, there is an article about Lorenzo Dow, the preacher - to paraphase briefly (lots to type) Rev Johnny Higginbotham was methodist preacher in Part of E. Feliciana - very popular - mentioned as a very early settler - prob. 1810. He invited Lorenzo Dow from AL to come to E. Feliciana. They waited on REV LORENZO DOW from AL to take over the Church for a year, and then when he came to preach in E. Feliciana and live - he was quite old by then - he preached to a huge crowd and died that very night - buried right there. below is a list of surnames, some or cousins and some or not - i did a search on my HD. josie South Carolina to Louisiana 7 Julia Ann Corley 1828 +[5] Andrew Wollard Horn 1825 - 1874 ........... 8 [6] Chestina A. Horn 1845 -1924 +Alfred W. Mifflin ........... 8 Benjamin Franklin Horn 1845 -1874.+Martha Ann Capel 1848 -1924 ........... 8 William Madison Horn 1848 - ........... 8 Elbert Marshal Horn 1849 -1927 ........... 8 Nancy Eveline Horn 1851 +William A. Ginn ........... 8 Lorenzo Dow Horn,MD 1853 - *************** MARTHA ELIZABETH5 CONERLY (DR. JOHN RUSSELL (JACKIE)4, OWEN3, CULLEN2, JOHN1) was born December 10, 1848 in MERIDIAN, MISSISSIPPI81, and died October 14, 1895 in TYNE, SABINE PARISH, LOUISIANA82. She married LORENZO DOW WILLIAMS December 28, 1863 in NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA83, son of SAMUEL WILLIAMS and NANCY PARKER. **** Limestone Co. AL 1. Benjamin HARRISON - 1490 (1790 - 1816/1817) & Anna WALKER - 1491 (1794 - ) 1.1a Lorenzo Dow HARRISON* - 1875 (13 JUL 1813 - 30 DEC 1882) & Joanna R. HOWELL( - BEFORE 1847) 1.1a.1 David Howard HARRISON (6 FEB 1839 - ) & Nora Tabitha CRAIG 1a.1.1 George Miles HARRISON (24 JUL 1866 - ) & Pruda ARTHUR 1.1a.1.2 James David HARRISON 1.1a.1.3 William Thomas HARRISON 1.1a.1.4 Charles S. HARRISON 1.1a.1.5 John Franklin HARRISON 1.1a.1.6 Edgar Alvin HARRISON 1.1a.1.7 Rufus Collie HARRISON (ABOUT 1877 - ) & Mary E. "Molly"SMITH 1.1b Lorenzo Dow HARRISON* (13 JUL 1813 - 30 DEC 1882) & Lucinda SMITH 1.2 John HARRISON (ABOUT 1815 - ) & Winnie 1.3 James Walker HARRISON (6 MAY 1816 - 22 FEB 1854) & Naretta Cuprena JONES (5 FEB 1815 - 4 MAR 1895) Nora Tabitha Craig (b. 1846-d. 1896) married David Howard Harrison (b. 6 Feb. 1839-d.4 Dec. 1925) on 22 Dec. 1859. He was probably born in Lincoln Co., TN since the family was there in 1850. He died in Limestone Co., Alabama. Markers at Craig Cemetary in Salem, Alabama (next to Craig Chapel--land donated by Craig family) read "Tabitha Craig (wife of D.H.) D. June 28, 1896--Aged 49" and "D. H. Harrison Feb. 6, 1839-Dec. 4, 1925." ****** Wallace HARRISON [Wallace name associated with our HARRISON family of Lawrence co. AL]. Wondering if these H's weren't from Moulton, Lawrence Co., AL. There may also be a conneciton with Gideon Valsane HARRISON who had a number of MOULTON in his family. First Generation - -------------------------------------- 1. Michael Moulton HARRISON, 3145. Residence: Hinds Co., MS In 1833 > Washington Co., TX In 1840. References: See:.[146] Some records indicate he may have come from North or South Carolina; his ancestors most probably came from Virginia. Other families with this Harrison line: Lawhon, Reams, Hutson, Jackson, Heffington. James G. Heffinton friend or relative also moved to TX 1837? Michael Moulton first married Martha VEACH[947]. On 6 Aug 1837 Michael Moulton second married Mary Reams JONES[947] (or Mary Jones REAMS) in Caroll Co., MS. They had the following children: i. Albert Burton[947] ii. William Henry[947] Born ca 1842. iii. Lorenzo Dow[947] Born ca 1844. 2 iv. Thomas Jefferson (ca1846-) 3 v. Clarinda Holland (ca1850-) In 1854 Michael Moulton third married Mary Ann KEMP[947]. ********** Elizabeth WALKER m. (1) Mottrom /Mottram LEWIS, son of John Lewis IV and Hannah HARDING. They went to St. Charles CO., MO, where Mottrom claimed land on the Peruque River in 1805, next to that of his brother Samuel Harding LEWIS. In 1804 their only child, William Harding LEWIS was born; and in 1806 Mottrom was killed by a bear or by Indians. Elizabeth later married William B. O'BANNION, and bore him two sons, Bryant O'BANNION and LORENZO DOW O'BANNION. The last trace I have found of Elizabeth is 1819, Opelousas, St. Landry Parish, LA, when she is in the succession of her deceased husband WM. B. O'BANNION, and is made guardian of her minor sons Wm. Harding LEWIS, and William Bryant and Lorenzo Dow O'BANNION. She is listed there in the 1820 census, but I find no farther record of her in St. Landry Parish. There is a succession for Lorenzo Dow O'Bannion, who died in St.Landry Parish some years later. ************* Name: John Lorenzo Dow STINSON, owned land in Louisiana and served in the Civil War while a resident of LA. - -------------------------------------- Death: 1883 TX Occupation: CSA - LA Residence: LA & Evergreen, TX Sources: See: [11],[548] Spouses: - -------------------------------------- 1: Mary Melvina PURSLEY, 7517 Birth: 1825 Death: 1920 Residence: Evergreen, TX Sources: See:[11],[548] Marriage: 12 Jun 1873 Walker Co. TX Notes for Mary Melvina (Spouse 1) page 87 of "Marriage Records of Walker County, 1846 - 1880"; Walker County Genealogical Society, Huntsville Public Library, Huntsville, TX 77340, 1978]. Stinsen, L. D. Mary Pursley 12 June 1873 1097 By: Wm. Whitley, J.P. house of Mary Pursley [548] William Pursley (b. 1780, d. ?) married Lydia Little child: Guion Black Pursley (b. 1827, d. c. 1870) Guion Black Purlsey married Martha Ann Parker (b. 1827, d. 1900 - 1910) child: MARY MELVINA PURSLEY (b. 1825, d. 1920) Mary Melvina Pursley married (first) John Lorenzo Dow STINSON (b. ?, d. 1883) children: Lydia Ann Stinson (b. ?, d. 1944) David Preston Stinson (b. 1878, d. 1902) Nancy Jane "Nannie" Stinson Solomon Black Stinson (b. 1881, d. 1884) married (second) Samuel John McCants (b. 1842, d. 1918) children: William Harris McCants (b. 1891, d. 1972) Eliza McCants Frances "Fannie" McCants STINSON CHILDREN: Lydia Ann Stinson married James Francis Martin (b. ?, d. 1947) children: Henry Lee Martin (b. 1893, d. 1956) John Valentin Martin (b. ?, d. 1927) Amelia Melvina Martin (b. 1902, d. 1988) Louis Preston Martin David Preston Stinson never married, no known children Nancy Jane "Nannie" Stinson married Louis (or Lewis) Isaacs children: Jim Isaacs Herman Isaacs Lillian Isaacs Dagmar Isaacs Hub Isaacs Solomon Black Stinson never married, no children Henry Lee Martin married Lillie Lenora Gartman (b. 1899, d. 1955) children: Dora Lee Martin (b. 1917, ) Lillen Inez Martin (b. 1918, d. 1992) Katia Christine Lydia-Ann Martin (b. 1920, d. 1922) James Millage Martin (b.1924, d. 1926) James Cullen Martin (b. 1927, ) Sources 11. McCants, Wall and Related Families, Robbie McCants Jones, D. Armstrong Co., Inc. Houston, TX, 1982. P.O. Box 1323, Livingston, TX 77351 548. "Sheri L. Anderson" <[email protected]> 11/97 Mrs. Dora Lee Martin Love is the descendant, who I am putting this together for. She has a family bible, some newspaper clippings, her mother's sister is still alive. The source for some of this information is "Dim Trails and Blurred Footprints: A History of San Jacinto County, Texas." It was published by the San Jacinto County Historical Commission, Coldspring, Texas, in 1982. Call no. is T976.42 D582. ***************** STANAFORD REUNION. The descendents of Lorenzo Dow Stanaford and Rachel Eva Meadows of Nimrod, Texas will hold a family reunion on Saturday, 1 May 1999 at the Cisco Motor Inn, Cisco, Texas. For more information contact Melba Barger, 4309 Mimosa, Brownwood, TX 76801 or e-mail Chet Allen <[email protected]>. ************* Edmond Hodges Jr. B. c 1770 m. 1800-1805 sp. Elizabeth ______ B. c 1781 The whole family moved to Lawrence Co.,Ind. in c 1835 Dau: Elizabeth HODGES B. 2//1813 D. after 1880 in Putnam Co., Mo.. Buried in the Lipps Cemetery m. 6/18/1832 Surry Co., NC sp. Lorenzo Dow Howard Elizabeth Hodges-Howard died in Putnam Co., MO. after 1880. She is buried in the Lipps Cemetery there. She was born in Surry Co., in Feb. of 1813. She married Lorenzo Dow Howard in Surry Co., NC on June 18, 1832. ********************* Searcy Co. AR 1900 census: Lorenzo Dow Hodges ************** Lorenzo Dow NORWOOD (IGI-AFN:1228-T4L) Born: 1807 Place: <French Santee , Darlington, SC> Died: 1888. John HICKS Hodges b 1851 d. 1926, age 74.starts out in Perry Co. GA. in 1879 he m. Catherine Victoria NORWOOD, dau of Lorenzo Dow Norwood and Catherine Ann McLAUGHLIN they had 10 children and she has a bible record of them. these children : Mary m. Thomas L. Hendrix; Katherine Anna m. Samuel Pooser Houser; John Lorenzo m. Ruby Couch; Gen Courtney Hicks Hodges, Cmd of 1st Army WWII; Samuel Norwood Hodges m. Marian Wells; Theresa DUBOSE Hodges; Edna Dow Hodges m. Thomas Dovert Mason; and Ethel Jean Hodges m. Walter Russell Williams. (Marlboro Co SC surnames and middle names in this line). Her Hodges History: father was James HICKS Hodges and Mary Anne RICE, his father, James HICKS Hodges b 1823 d 1885, son of JOHN Hodges b 1795 d. 1845 and Sarah HICKS, dau of James Hicks of SC. ******************** Samuel {? ?} HODGES b 1780-1790 m1 Jane BLACK, parents of Sarah Jane HODGES b c 1811 m 8 Feb 1831 Screven Co GA d > 1880 m Lorenzo Dow SHEPPARD b c 1804 d > 1880, parents of Jane B. SHEPPARD b 1840. ********************** Anthony Wayne LINDSAY. He was born Aug. 15, 1826. He married Mary Ann RICHARDSON. Athony died Sep. 15, 1880 and is buried in Barry Cemetery in Kansas City, Clay County, Missouri. Their children are: Scott Henry 1849-1895 Lorenzo Dow 1851-1852 Lenora Belle 1853-1853 George Dorsey 1854-1929 married Martha Ellen CONWAY Viola Ann 1857-1857 Eldorah Mariah 1860-1921 married Thomas HUSTON Mary Angevine 1863-1942 married John PRESTON *********** William Riley GUTHRIE (Dec 10, 1847 Jefferson County, AL-??) m. Nancy Marie CREEL (??dates). Their children were Celia, Lorenzo Dow, Eli Erskine, Henry Taylor, Peter Grover, Alzora. William Riley was the son of John Barney GUTHRIE (?dates). ************* 1 Richard Emberton . +Susannah Coulter b: Bef. 1765 .... 2 John Emberton b: April 18, 1783 in Sullivan Co., State of Franklin, later TN, poss. VA +Elizabeth Keen b: May 25, 1786 in VA .......... 3 James R. Emberton b: June 1, 1807 in KY .............. +Malinda // .......... 3 Jonas C. Emberton b: May 18, 1809 in Barren Co., KY +Mary Ann Cunningham .......... 3 Nancy Emberton b: June 18, 1811 in KY +William Auxley Hammer .......... 3 Mary Elizabeth Emberton b: July 15, 1813 in KY +Samuel Brown .......... 3 Reuben Emberton b: January 23, 1816 in Barren Co., KY +Margaret Walker .......... 3 Eunice Emberton b: May 7, 1818 in KY +William F Jackson .......... 3 Kizziah Emberton b: 1820 .......... 3 Sarah S. Emberton b: November 7, 1821 +Jonas A. Copass .......... 3 John Thomas Emberton b: May 15, 1822 in Monroe Co., Ky +Mary E. Parker .......... 3 Elizabeth Emberton b: February 1825 in KY +William M. Brown .......... 3 Lorenzo Dow Emberton b: March 18, 1827 in Monroe Co.,Kentucky .......... 3 Jane J. Emberton b: August 20, 1829 in KY +Nathan M. Brown .... *2nd Wife of John Emberton: ........ +Margaret Kingery [email protected] 216 Beach Park Lane Cape Canaveral, FL 32920-5003 Home of The *HARRISON* Repository & *MY FAMILY* http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/harintro.htm My Family WWW: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/index.htm LINDSAY & HARRISON Surnames & CSA-HISTORY Roots Mail List GENCONNECT: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/indx/FamAssoc.html Data Managed by beautiful daughter Becky Bass Bonner and me, Josephine Lindsay Bass

ANCESTRY'S REDBOOK The Baptists (Southern Convention) form the largest denomination in Alabama. The first Baptist church was founded 2 October 1808 on Flint River near Huntsville. The Baptists are the only denomination having some form of centralized state and congregational historic records. Their records are housed in the Samford University Library, Birmingham, Alabama. Included are not only microfilmed minutes of defunct and active congregations, but also the personal papers of many churchmen and a run of the denomination's state newspaper, the Alabama Baptist (1835–present). The state's oldest denomination, Roman Catholic, has records dating from the coming of Iberville's colony near Mobile in 1699. Most parish records are maintained by the local parish. The first ordained Episcopal minister in the state was licensed in 1764 to minister to British settlers. The WPA Historical Records Survey in 1939 compiled a volume surveying the records of the Protestant Episcopal church in Alabama. The inventory contains a brief history of each parish, a statement on extant parish records, and an index by location and by parish names. Parish records are maintained by the parish. Unfortunately, the survey did not inventory any other denominational records. A copy of Alabama Historical Records Survey, Inventory of the Church Archives of Alabama, Protestant Episcopal Church (Birmingham, Ala.: Historical Records Survey Project, 1939), is at the Birmingham Public Library. In 1803 Lorenzo Dow, who claimed to be a Methodist, did his first preaching in Alabama. Methodist missionaries were sent by the South Carolina Conference into the Tombigbee area in 1809. Today, some Methodist records for north Alabama churches are housed at Birmingham Southern College, and south Alabama church records are housed at Huntingdon College, Montgomery. Birmingham Southern College has a run of the state denominational newspaper, the Christian Advocate (1880–present). The first Presbyterian church was organized in 1818 at Huntsville. Historical records for active Presbyterian churches are usually maintained by the local congregation. Some records of defunct churches are held by Samford University and the Alabama Department of Archives and History. [email protected] 216 Beach Park Lane Cape Canaveral, FL 32920-5003 Home of The *HARRISON* Repository & *MY FAMILY* http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/harintro.htm My Family WWW: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/index.htm LINDSAY & HARRISON Surnames & CSA-HISTORY Roots Mail List GENCONNECT: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/indx/FamAssoc.html Data Managed by beautiful daughter Becky Bass Bonner and me, Josephine Lindsay Bass

DENTON, DOW. DENTON genealogy and links, and "The Original Lorenzo Dow, Circuit Riding Preacher (1777-1834)" and related information. <http://www.acun.com/dentons/> [email protected] 216 Beach Park Lane Cape Canaveral, FL 32920-5003 Home of The *HARRISON* Repository & *MY FAMILY* http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/harintro.htm My Family WWW: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/index.htm LINDSAY & HARRISON Surnames & CSA-HISTORY Roots Mail List GENCONNECT: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/indx/FamAssoc.html Data Managed by beautiful daughter Becky Bass Bonner and me, Josephine Lindsay Bass

DANGLING NAMES ON FAMILY TREES by Myra Vanderpool Gormley, CG Found an unusual given name dangling from a branch of your family tree? If your genealogical research has failed to uncover for whom that child was named, venture down some historical pathways. Many given names found on our pedigree charts or family group sheets reflect our ancestors' admiration for ministers, military heroes and politicians as well as beloved friends and neighbors. It is easy to recognize some of these -- George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Francis Marion, Abraham Lincoln and Robert E. Lee -- but, you may have to dig a bit deeper in the history of the locality where your ancestors resided or expand your research into the events happening at a particular time in order to determine for whom a child was named. Often we just assume that a particular given name is somehow connected to the family "way back there" and neglect opportunities to put some flesh on the bones of our ancestors. Does the name Lorenzo Dow appear in your genealogical database? It does in many. Wyatt Earp, one of the personalities at the Gunfight at OK Corral, had a paternal uncle, born in 1809 in North Carolina, so named. So who was Lorenzo Dow? He has been described as a large, raw-boned man, stoop- shouldered, with a beard reaching to the middle of his body, his hair loose and flowing to his shoulders. Dow was born in 1777 in Connecticut, of English ancestors, and died in Washington, DC in 1837. He spent 39 of his 57 years in the ministry and traveled in every state, Canada, England, Ireland and Wales. He was not formally educated and some thought him insane, but many Americans named sons for him. He began as a Methodist, but was never officially accepted by them. He first visited Ireland in 1799 where he was jeered and persecuted. He returned the following year to America and preached in New York, Alabama, and Kentucky. In 1805 he revisited both Ireland and England, where he instituted the camp meeting. This custom was such an innovation that it led to controversy, resulting in the organization of the Primitive Methodists in England. While Dow was generally looked upon as an eccentric, it is also said that he was singularly pious, self-sacrificing, zealous, industrious and useful as a wandering evangelist. He asked no pecuniary compensation for his services. Sometimes he would sell his watch and use the funds to help a poor community erect a place for public worship. He sold his own clothes to raise a few dollars to pay his travel expenses in order to meet his speaking engagements, which were often published a year or more beforehand. It is said that he was a powerful orator. No doubt many of our ancestors, particularly those who lived in Kentucky, Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, heard him speak in camp meetings. Others may have read his books as he also was a voluminous writer. "Holston Methodism," by R. N. Price, which was published in 1906, provides a great deal of information about Lorenzo Dow. You may be able to obtain a copy of this tome via interlibrary loan. [Special thanks to Prodigy member Sue Montgomery-Cook who discovered and shared with me a wonderful history of Lorenzo Dow.] [email protected] 216 Beach Park Lane Cape Canaveral, FL 32920-5003 Home of The *HARRISON* Repository & *MY FAMILY* http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/harintro.htm My Family WWW: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/index.htm LINDSAY & HARRISON Surnames & CSA-HISTORY Roots Mail List GENCONNECT: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/indx/FamAssoc.html Data Managed by beautiful daughter Becky Bass Bonner and me, Josephine Lindsay Bass

mggf was a Methodist Preacher Rev William Collinsworth. William was a Methodist Preacher licensed in Charleston, SC in 1813. American General Index, Vol. 32, p. 598, by Ester Fremont Rider. (Colburne-Amersene ). On p. . 297 Henry County was a place he was stationed as preacher. The two brothers William & John preached in GA for a time and there is a Collinsworth Rd and a College they started, there are other things named for them and lots of babies. ®342 His appointments included Brunswick Co. GA 1814; Ocmulgee, GA 1815; Broad River Dist NC 1816; Camden SC 1817; Apalachee, GA 1818. He joined his brother Thomas in Amite Co. MS later moving to St. Helena Parish, LA. HIS BROTHER - Rev John Collinsworth (1786-1734) Methodist Preacher licensed in Charleston SC in 1807; he was Presiding Elder, Edisto Dist., 1814-1815. "History of Methodism in AL and West Florida by M. E. Lazenby mentions Collinsworth Institute, a school probably established by John Collinsworth. Will proved June 18, 1835, by his widow Mildred Louisa Lawson Collinsworth. He left seven children. (GA. GEN. MAG. #18 p. 1201) ®11 John started the first leper colony in GA - 1807 Camden SC Brunswick. He had a probable younger brother with him in 1820 (15/20 yers old). John started preaching at 9 years old, according to the Baptist Preacher books in SC. Minister Coweta GA on p. 598 "American Gen. Index, Vol 32, Colburne-Amersons US A 55 Editor Freemont Rider #L5313, William p. 598, Henry p. 297, and Horace p. 287. ®342 Lookin for info on William Collinsworth's wife Ann, dau of JOHN HODGES(1755-1821) & ANN STANDERD - who was in Greenville, SC very early - migrated to GA then St. Helena Par. LA. wonder if there was a mission to the Indians at Greenville very early. Sorry to take up so much of your time - i find this fascinating. another in my family was Brother LAND. Bur: Good Exchange, TX on the LA line near Shreveport, LA. Rev Land was a circuit rider Methodist Preacher. He was known all over the area as a good man. Every Sunday they served a huge dinner for 50 or more after church. It was great fun. They had a large family, and a farm. Always kind, and never preachy. When the United Gas Co. of Shreveport, LA. wanted to build a pipeline and bring natural gas to the area, they met resistance, people were not going to have this on their land; Brother Land rode out to each and every one explaining the benefits. Through his efforts, The United Gas was able to procure the leases they needed, and it was a benefit to the community. ®18 A Rev Dawson Phelps, a cousin, could provide valuable clues to my Harrison & Lindsay lines in Athens, Limestone co. Alabama. Requesting more info please. He is said to have written a book or manuscript on the family. Dawson Phelps was the Methodist preacher md Mary Hancock 20 July 1836 in Limestone Co. AL. Let's see if we can tackle the Methodist part first. I'm a United Methodist clergy and have a lot of info on researching Methodist History and Church Records at: http://history.cc.ukans.edu/heritage/um/um.html select the "Methodist History Research Aids" from this index page. Lots of info there that you might find interesting, especially the article I've written on "How to research Methodist Records and History". But also check out the information about the archives at Drew University. If all else fails you may need to contact them. If you can't find the "how to" article in the long list of stuff on on the Research Aids page, this is the URL http://history.cc.ukans.edu/heritage/um/howtorsrch.htmll Then go back to the main page and find the United Methodist Websites link. Look for the links to locating UM districts and conferences. That way you can find an address, snail or email, for the Alabama Conference. Also check out the Interactive Jurisdictional Map link. That will take you to addresses of all kinds as well. You need to locate the archives for the Alabama Conference and an address for the Alabama Conference Commission on Archives and History as well as their Alabama Conference Historical Society. Any of those contacts should be able to tell you if there was such a church and what happened to it and when. If it's a discontinued Methodist Church, its records will probably be archived at an Alabama Methodist College (this is the usual pattern for Methodists). Often you can email their archivists or librarian for assistance. If my memory serves me correctly, part of South Alabama is in the South Alabama/West Florida Conference. So be sure to locate the correct conference for Shoals Ford > >Now if you have a Baptist Church, we've got a different set of problems. >So I'm hoping you're looking for a Methodist Church. > >As for the Salem part, not an uncommon name in the South. Seem to >remember a Salem, AL. (I used to live in Columbus, GA). However, it is >a biblical word; Hebrew variation of Shalom. Remember Jeru-salem? Salem >gets attached to a lot of Christian churches. The double name on your >Shoals Ford Salem Church may indicate a merged congregation, or even an >old "circuit" that had a Shoals Ford preaching point and a Salem >preaching point on it. > >Keep in touch. Hope you find my Methodist Site helpful, even though it's >slanted toward Kansas Methodism. I've tried to include research info >that would be helpful to anyone looking for Methodist records and/or >history anywhere. > >If you get stumped again, let me know. If you find something on my site >that you don't understand, or have suggestions for additions to it, >please write. > >Linda > > [email protected] 216 Beach Park Lane Cape Canaveral, FL 32920-5003 Home of The *HARRISON* Repository & *MY FAMILY* http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/harintro.htm My Family WWW: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/index.htm LINDSAY & HARRISON Surnames & CSA-HISTORY Roots Mail List GENCONNECT: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/indx/FamAssoc.html Data Managed by beautiful daughter Becky Bass Bonner and me, Josephine Lindsay Bass

Missing Links, Vol. 3, No. 38 SUCCESSFUL LINKS: WRESTLING WITH LINCOLN by Joyce Loflin <[email protected]> Alonzo THOMPSON is my grandfather, his father, William Cornell Thompson, would be my great-grandfather, and his father, my great-great-grandfather, would have been born in the 1830s, so it would be his father, Lorenzo Dow Thompson, of St. Clair County, Illinois, who was probably born about 1810. On page 29 of "Honor's Voice," by Douglas L. Wilson, it says: "...a report exists that purports to feature Lincoln's own account, albeit at second hand, of his other famous wrestling match, which took place during the Black Hawk War. In 1904 Colonel Risdon Moore, a professor of mathematics at McKendree College, published his recollection of a conversation he had with Abraham Lincoln in 1860, in which the presidential candidate described his match with Lorenzo Dow Thompson, the champion of St. Clair County company that was contesting Lincoln's own company for the right to a particular campground at the rendezvous of volunteer militia near Beardstown, Illinois. "Moore remembered Lincoln's account as follows: 'Gentlemen, I felt of Mr. Thompson, the St. Clair champion, and told my boys I could throw him, and they could bet what they pleased. You see, I had never been thrown, or dusted, as the phrase then was, and, I believe, Thompson said the same to the St. Clair boys, that they might bet their bottom dollar that he could down me. You may think a wrestle, or wrastle, as we called such contests of skill and strength, was a small matter, but I tell you the whole army was out to see it. We took holds, his choice first, a side hold. I then realized from his grip for the first time, that he was a powerful man and that I would have no easy job. The struggle was a severe one, but after many passes and efforts he threw me. My boys yelled out 'a dog fall,' which meant then a drawn battle, but I told my boys it was fair, and then said to Thompson, 'now it's your turn to go down,' as it was my hold then, Indian Hug. We took our holds again and after the fiercest struggle of the kind I ever had, he threw me again, almost as easily at my hold as at his own. My men raised another protest, but I again told them it was a fair down. Why, gentlemen, that man could throw a grizzly bear.' " On page 48 and 49 of the same book it again mentions "...his [Lincoln's] only defeat came, as we have seen when he met a man, some said the only man, who could throw him: Lorenzo Dow Thompson of St. Clair County. Another book, "Abraham Lincoln: The War Years," by Carl Sandburg, only mentions Thompson on page 158. "... men in all parts of Illinois tried him out. The Clary's Grove Boys said no man in the army could throw him (Lincoln). This reached the ears of a wrestler named Thompson, who had friends. "A championship match was arranged, and Lincoln's friends bet money, hats, whisky [sic], knives, blankets, and tomahawks. On the day of the match, as the two wrestlers tussled in their first feel-outs of each other, Lincoln turned to his friends and said, 'Boys, this is the most powerful man I ever had hold of.' "For a while Lincoln held him off; then Thompson got the 'crotch holdt' on him, and he went under, fairly thrown. The match was for the best two out of three falls. In the second grapple, Lincoln went to the ground pulling Thompson down with him. It looked like a 'dog fall' [and] the boys from Clary's Grove swarmed around; an all-round fight seemed next on the program of the day's events, when Lincoln raised his head over the crowd ... and in the silence that followed, he said: 'Boys, give up your bets. If this man hasn't thrown me fairly, he could.' . . . At a later time Lincoln told friends about Thompson: 'I never had been thrown in a wrestling match until the man from that company did it. He could have thrown a grizzly bear.' " Isn't that a fun thing to learn? Now how do I check it out to see if this Lorenzo Dow Thompson is really my ancestor? [Editor's note: A check with Illinois State Archives, which has indexes to soldiers serving in the Blackhawk War, et al, and with the National Archives for military records and any pension application files may further identify the Lorenzo Dow Thompson who served from St. Clair County, Illinois. Additionally, search Illinois census records, as well as land and marriage records of St. Clair County. If you're lucky there will be only one man of this name, but if there is more than one, you'll need to identify each by where they lived (determining townships is valuable), ages, wife or wives' names, birth places, etc.] * * * * * [email protected] 216 Beach Park Lane Cape Canaveral, FL 32920-5003 Home of The *HARRISON* Repository & *MY FAMILY* http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/harintro.htm My Family WWW: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/index.htm LINDSAY & HARRISON Surnames & CSA-HISTORY Roots Mail List GENCONNECT: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/indx/FamAssoc.html Data Managed by beautiful daughter Becky Bass Bonner and me, Josephine Lindsay Bass

Imprisioned On Morris Island John O'Neille Frink (1 of 600) 3 brothers joined; William Pinkney Frink, (married Amanda Lennon). He was killed in the Civil war 17 December 1862 at the battle of Goldsboro Bridge. Lorenzo Dow Frink, killed in the Civil war at age 17. John O'Neille Frink survived and wrote: " I was with about 3,000 others sent to Fort Delaware, Delaware in August, 1864, a Leiutenant in charge of the prision came in one morning and gave us to understand that he was after 600 officers ranking from Lieutenants to Colonels, and hinted that we were to be exchanged. So he commenced calling the names out, and I became one of the 600." "All thought we were going to be exchanged, but we were landed, after about eighteen days on that steamer, it was at Morris Island in front of Charleston, NC." " We were kept there for 42 days and nights, and our only rations was three and a half pints of corn meal gruel a day; no meat; coffee or anything else. After this forty two days, we were moved to Fort Pulaski Georgia until General Lee surrendered. We were sent back to Fort Delaware, Delaware. While down there I contracted the scurvey and I did not get able to travel until the 11th day of June, 1865." "I was paraoled and sent to Philadelphia, thence to Baltimore and then to Petersburg, Virginia and from there to Wilmington, North Carolina. I was then 45 miles from home. There was a railroad past my home but it was not in operation. I was not able to walk except upon crutches and I started to walk home on my crutches. I walked about ten miles the first day and stayed at a farm house for the night. Next morning, I started out again and had to sit down to rest about 10 o'clock. While sitting there a covered wagon came up. I hailed the driver and he was a man who lived about two miles from my home and I got home O.K., but walking on crutches". (John O'Neille Frink) Born 9 July 1843, Columbus Co., NC. Son of John and Annie Jane (Gore) Frink, farmer. 1860 census: Whiteville PO, Columbus Co, NC; farmer; single, living w/parents. Enlisted as PVT, 23 Apr 1861, in Co. H "Columbus Vigilants", 18th NC Inft. in Columbus Co. Promoted to CPL, Nov/Dec. 1862. Promoted to SGT, Jan/FEb 1863. Captured at Chancellorsville 3 May 1863. Exchanged at City Point, VA, 13 May 1863. Cited "for bravery at Chancellorsville for carrying the colors after two color-bearers had been shot down." Promoted to Color SGT, 3 July 1863 and transferred to F&S . Appointed Ensign (1st Lt), 2 May 1864, Captured at Spotsylvania Courthouse, 12 May 1864. Recieved at Ft. Delaware from Belle Plain, 17 May 1864. Forwarded to Charleston, SC., 20 Aug 1864. Transferred to FT. Pulaski, GA, 21 Oct 1864. On roll, Ft. Pulaski, 26 Dec 1864. Received at Ft. Delaware, 12 March 1865. In hospital, Ft. Delaware, 13 March - 7 May 1865, 6 - 13 June, 1865. Took Oath and released, Ft. Delaware, 10 June 1865. Residence: Coumbus Co., NC; light conplexion, brown hair, blue eyes, 6'0", lived in Div. 38. He went to Texas in 1871; postmaster at Taylor, Williamson Co., TX, for ten years and mayor of the town for four years. Moved to San Angelo, Tom Green Co., TX in 1906; Justice of Peace from 1920 - 1926. Brig. Gen. of Texas Div., UCV in 1923. Married (1) Amanda Mortimer Powell, 31 May 1866, in Columbus Co., NC had two children. (2) Frances Adalaide Powell, in Texas (cousin of 1st wife); ca. 1872 had three children. Died 13 Apr 1926. Buried in Fairmount Cem., San Angelo.) Date: Tue, 19 May 1998 From: Doris Pyle Haynes <<[email protected]> On 20 August 1864, a chosen group of 600 Confederate Officers left Ft. Delaware, as prisoners of war, bound for the Union Army base at Hilton Head, SC. They were to be placed in a stockade in front of Union batteries at the seige of Charleston. They were placed on Morris Island, at the mouth of the harbor in an open 1 1/2 acre pen, under shelling of friendly artillery fire. This was in retaliation for the conditions of Union prisoners at Andersonville, GA. and Salisbury, NC. On Oct 21, after 45 days under fire, the weakened survivors were removed to Ft. Pulaski, Ga., here crowded into the cold, damp casemates of the fort. On 19 Nov., 197 of the men were sent back to Hilton Head to relieve the overcrowding. Here they spend another 45 days on starvation rations. 13 died at Ft. Pulaski and 5 more at Hilton Head. On 12 March, 1865, the remaining members of this group were returned to Ft. Delaware where an additional 25 died., thus leaving their numbers about one-third what it began. They were not released until July 1865. This group of men became known throughout the south as The Immortal Six-Hundred. Several books have been written about them. ["Immortal Captives" tells their story from letters, diaries and records from the Archives. And "The Biographical Sketches of the Immortal Six Hundred" (what I quoted from) both were written by Mauriel Joslyn 837 Jones St. - Sparta, GA. 31087. Also available at the White Mane Publishing Co., Inc. - P.O. Box 152 - Shippenburg, PA - 17257-0152] (Portion above From: Doris Pyle Haynes <[email protected]>) submitted by: ken frink [email protected] [email protected] 216 Beach Park Lane Cape Canaveral, FL 32920-5003 Home of The *HARRISON* Repository & *MY FAMILY* http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/harintro.htm My Family WWW: http://moon.ouhsc.edu/rbonner/index.htm LINDSAY & HARRISON Surnames & CSA-HISTORY Roots Mail List GENCONNECT: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/indx/FamAssoc.html Data Managed by beautiful daughter Becky Bass Bonner and me, Josephine Lindsay Bass

From: "Virginia Ewing" <[email protected]> Lorenzo Dow was not in my family line but, as I child, I attended the old Methodist church that he had built. It is located in Adams co. Ms, in the old Kingston settlement. My Uncle's family still attend every Sunday. It was the first protestant church in the MS territory. There are some stories about him in "Natchez on the MS' by Hernett T. Kane One says he was such a fire and brimstone type preacher that he was often asked not to come back, and that he had problems keeping his audience until he started locking the doors so no one could leave. One story is about him placing a small Negro boy in a tree, during an open air meeting, and when Low got to the point about 'What would you do if Gabriel was to blow his horn", the little Negro boy blew his horn and the people trampled each other trying to get away. Later the men took whips to Low and the boy. Low was unafraid and responded that if they were that upset when a little boy blew a tin horn, what were they going to do when Gabriel blew his horn? He did not cut his hair or shave, scared the women when he showed up begging for bread, but was strong in his faith. He gave up his watch for the land to build the church and provided that, should he ever renounce the teaching of that church, that he be barred from entering it. Seemed to be an interesting, if strange, fellow. ___________________________________________________________________ Get the Internet just the way you want it. Free software, free e-mail, and free Internet access for a month! Try Juno Web: http://dl.www.juno.com/dynoget/tagj.

From: "Kelly Sullivan" <[email protected]> My Mother was from Shattuck Oklahoma, there as a child she remembered the Gypsies coming to town. She told me that they usually camped on the outskirts of town, arriving on foot, horse back and in wagons. After they settled in camp the women usually walked into town combing the alleyways and areas were folks through things away, looking for usable or salvageable items. This also inspired the town folks to send word on ahead of the women for folks to put away anything that may be misinterpreted as junk. The one thing Mama remembered most were their skirts.. she said that they were brightly colored very full long skirts, having lots of ruffles, layers and pockets. She said when they would walk through the store their skirts would touch both sides of the aisle. She too, remembered their speech was accented, but she did not know what kind of accent, only that it was different to her. Some times while they were camped out side of town Gypsy men would come into town to put on a show. That is where they would bring in a small wagon and put on a form of entertainment for the town people, like a play and then midway through it stop the play and have something to sell, while one man would be giving the sales pitch children and women would circulate through the crowd to collect the sales and give them what ever it was that they were selling.. then after as many sales as they felt could be made they finished the entertainment, afterwards usually making a few more sales before departing. When they left their camp to go else where, they would just be gone Mama said. It was like they left at night or so very early no one ever saw them leave nor which way they went, almost as if "Poof they were gone". I know this is not any thing with names or dates, only that I am able to tell you that this would have been about 1911 - 1925 around that time frame. Just some of my Mama's memories about the Gypsies who use to travel through Shattuck, Oklahoma. ___________________________________________________________________ Get the Internet just the way you want it. Free software, free e-mail, and free Internet access for a month! Try Juno Web: http://dl.www.juno.com/dynoget/tagj.

With thanks to Judi for this very educational material: From: Judi McSween <[email protected]> I found this article in the Handbook of Texas Online to be interesting, so I thought I would share it with you. (snip) Judi McSween GYPSY POPULATION IN TEXAS ROMA. There are about 20,000 Romani Americans (Roma) in Texas, out of a national population of about one million. Romani people, commonly known as Gypsies, have been in the America since 1498, when Columbus brought some on his third voyage to the West Indies. Their subsequent forced transportation brought most Gypsies across the Atlantic. To understand why Gypsies were shipped to the American colonies, it is necessary first of all to examine the circumstances of their presence in Europe. They arrived in the Balkans from India in the middle of the thirteenth century because of the spread of Islam into the Byzantine Empire; the ancestors of the Gypsies had in fact left India in the first place during the first quarter of the eleventh century as troops resisting Islamic incursions. Gypsies were at first associated with the Muslim threat. Being non-white, having no country, alien in language, dress and religion, they were quickly and easily targeted as scapegoats. Nevertheless their artisan skills, particularly in metalworking, made them indispensable to the Balkan economy; as they started to move away from southeastern Europe to escape the increasingly rigorous demands upon them, legislation began to be put into effect making them the property of their employers. By the early fourteenth century, they had become slaves in Moldavia and Wallachia (present­day Romania). Slavery was not fully abolished there until 1864, after which date an ongoing migration out of the area to America and elsewhere began. Gypsies originating in this part of Europe are known collectively as Vlax (x as ch in German Achtung), and are divided into a number of distinct groups, depending upon their occupational or regional background in the Balkans. The two biggest groups in Texas (as well as in the rest of the country) are the Kalderasha and the Machwaya, who have been in the United States for about a century. Those who moved on into the rest of Europe had reached all of the countries in the North and the West by A.D. 1500. There, strict laws came into effect rooted in fear of the foreign intruders; Gypsies were the first people of color to come into Europe in large numbers-their descendants there today number about eight million. Having no country of their own, denied access to housing and schooling, they were in every sense outsiders, a fact that is having serious consequences today. During the colonial period, western European nations dealt with their "Gypsy problem" by transporting them in large numbers overseas; the Spanish shipped Gypsies to their American colonies (including Spanish Louisiana) as part of their solución americana; the French sent numbers to the Antilles, and the Scots, English, and Dutch to North America and the Caribbean. Cromwell shipped Romanichal Gypsies (i.e., Gypsies from Britain) as slaves to the southern plantations; there is documentation of Gypsies being owned by freed black slaves in Jamaica, and in both Cuba and Louisiana today there are Afro­Romani populations resulting from intermarriage between freed African and Gypsy slaves. Other well­represented Romani populations in America include the Bashaldé or "musician" Gypsies who immigrated after the collapse of the Austro­Hungarian Empire, the Xoraxaya or Muslim Gypsies from Turkey and southeastern Europe, the Lovara, a Vlax group mainly from Poland, and a number of smaller groups. There is little social contact among these various Romani populations in this country, due mainly to considerable differences in dialects of the Romani language. Since the collapse of Communism and the resulting sharp increase in ethnic nationalism, incidents of anti-Gypsyism have become common in Europe. As a result, a small but growing number of (mainly illegal) Romani immigrants are coming into the United States. Being of Indian descent, Gypsies have retained an Indian cultural and linguistic heritage as well; Romani is widely spoken, and is certainly one of the healthiest immigrant languages in the country, transmitted from generation to generation with little danger of dying out in the foreseeable future. This is because language is a principal factor of Romani ethnic identity, and because certain cultural events require its exclusive use. If one cannot speak the language, he simply cannot participate. One such event among the Vlax is the kris or Romani Tribunal, a kind of internal "court" which deals with problems within the community. Such courts take place several times a year, usually in Houston or Fort Worth, and have their origins in the Indian panchayat. Also of Indian origin, and fundamental to Romani existence, is the concept of untouchability or ritual pollution. In Romani there are right and wrong ways to prepare food, for example, or wash clothes, or interact with other people, especially non­Gypsies (called gadjé, singular gadjó), who have the potential to "pollute." For this reason more than any other, Gypsy life is maintained quite separate from the non-Gypsy world, and parent are reluctant to send their children to school, especially after puberty, because of this. Unlike the situation in Europe, where Gypsies are much in evidence, Roma in the United States have been called the "hidden Americans" because they remain by choice largely invisible. There are two reasons for this: first, the United States is made up of minority groups of all complexions, and so it is easy for Gypsies to present themselves as American Indians, Hispanics, or southern Europeans, and they usually do this rather than identify themselves as Gypsies. Second, most Americans know very little about actual Roma but a great deal about the Hollywood "gypsy" (with a small "g"), and since people fitting the romantic gypsy image are not actually encountered in real life, the real population goes unnoticed. In Texas, the two main Romani populations are Vlax and Romanichal. Their main centers are Houston and Fort Worth, though significant numbers of families live in Dallas, San Antonio, Austin, and El Paso. Nearly every large town has some Romani residents. Various occupations are represented among the Romani Texans; some are traditional, such as stove and boiler repair or fortune­telling, but other Gypsies include musicians, teachers, university professors, and a documentary filmmaker. Their principal festivals are, for the Vlax who are Eastern Orthodox, Christmas (Kri_uno) and Easter (Patrad_i), celebrated by the old calendar, and various slavi or saints' days. For the Romanichals, many of whom are now Born-Again Christians, the main Protestant holy days are observed. Born-Again Christianity has also made considerable inroads into the Vlax community, and there are Gypsy churches throughout Texas. This has caused some conflict with those who maintain the older traditions, who see the new church as opposing and ultimately destroying various aspects of cultural behavior such as arranged marriages, dowries, and fortune telling. An effort was made in the 1970s to establish a mobile Romani­language school in Texas that would travel between Houston, San Antonio, Austin and Dallas-Fort Worth to bring literacy in English and Romani to the community, but changes in the national administration curtailed those plans. Today, the University of Texas is the only institution of higher education in the country that regularly offers a course in Romani language, history, and culture, and it attracts scholars from as far away as India. The university also has an extensive collection of Gypsy­related materials; both the famous Rupert Croft-Cooke collection and the library of the International Romani Union are located on its campus, making it a world center for Romani Studies. by Ian F. Hancock BIBLIOGRAPHY: Rena C. Gropper, Gypsies in the City: Culture Patterns and Survival (Princeton, New Jersey: Darwin Press, 1975). Ian F. Hancock, The Pariah Syndrome: An Account of Gypsy Slavery and Persecution (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Karoma, 1987). Anne Sutherland, Gypsies: The Hidden Americans (New York: Free Press, 1975). ___________________________________________________________________ Get the Internet just the way you want it. Free software, free e-mail, and free Internet access for a month! Try Juno Web: http://dl.www.juno.com/dynoget/tagj.