Very interesting stuff...Thought I'd pass it along -Ed Hudson "X" THE SIGNATURE OF THE LITERATE In the Middle Ages, when most of the population was illiterate, it was common practice to use the X as a substitute for an individuals signature. Later, the practice was taken up by well educated people quite capable of signing their name. In fact, it was not uncommon for kings and queens to sign with an X. The X became an important symbol for many reasons. The sign of one of the twelve apostles, St. Andrew, was an X therefore using his mark indicated you would honor your agreement in his name. Also, according to the Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1 of the 1965 edition, the Romans crucified St. Andrew on a decussate (X shaped) cross which then came to be known as the Cross of Saint Andrew. It is also, like the swords of the early knights, a visual representation of the Cross of the Crucifixion. So the use of the X was deeply rooted in Christian symbolism. The early settlers brought many customs from England to the Colonies. Therefore, you must consider the religious temperament, English custom and the education level of the parents and children of an individual to try to learn whether he could read and write. Do not be surprised if an important document, i.e. will or deed, was signed with an X instead of the signature of someone known to be educated. It was a common practice and, in some cultures, a document would not be considered legal and binding without it. When going through early American court records keep this in mind. Do not automatically assume a person was illiterate if he or she signed with a X. In fact, it could prove to be quite the contrary. Source: IMPONDERABLES, by David Feldman, William Morrow and Co., Inc., copyright 1986, 1987, and was used with their permission. ***