-------- Original Message -------- Subject: CLAN Graham S of Glasgow and along the road to Edinburgh Date: Mon, 23 Jul 2001 10:44:18 -0600 From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Any details available, to find clan crest and tartan info., and to find birth record in NOV 1834, which may be in Kilmarnock, Ayrshire for James B. Graham? Family of Robert & Jennie ____ Graham (?# of eight children with them, beyond James, at 12 yr., or of Robert's eight siblings, or Jennie's family members...) emigrated from Ayrshire in 1846.

Hi, am looking for any information on the undermentioned members of my family who were born in Scotland - Lanarkshire I think, but not certain. Alexander SCOTT born 1822/3 Scotland - engineer/engine fitter Catherine (?) wife born 1826/7 Scotland Hen(d)ry son born 1852/53 Scotland They also had the following children born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England: James son born 1856/58 Robert Alexander son born 1862/3 George son born 1868/69 Robert Alexander was my great-grandfather and married Mary Ann GRAHAM whose family also came from Scotland. Hen(d)ry may also have married a GRAHAM, so the families may have come to England together. In Northumberland surnames are often used as Christian names. Does this happen in Scotland too as I know that HENDRY is a Scottish name, but is it also a Christian name or did the census enumerator mishear their Scottish accent? Any help appreciated. Pat - Newcastle upon Tyne

Hello all on the list's, I know many of you have already seen my several postings I have put out about my Miller's. But here it goes again. I am searching for Miller's of Scottish decent, The first on the list is My 5th great grandfather Joshua Miller unknown year of birth on him & the last is my G grandfather Ralph Waldo Miller. Doing it this way was cheating but a lot quicker then typing it all out to say the same thing. Any more info would be grateful I have info past Ralph also. Thank you all in advance. Kevin Miller 1.  JOSHUA1 MILLER Children of JOSHUA MILLER are: 2.    I.    JOSHUA2 MILLER, b. 1779; d. November 11, 1851. 3.    ii.    JOHN MILLER, b. 1784, United States. 4.    Iii.    JACOB MILLER, b. 1786, Erie Co NY USA; d. October 28, 1869, Markham Twp York Co ON CA. Generation No. 2 2.  JOSHUA2 MILLER (JOSHUA1) was born 1779, and died November 11, 1851.  He married (1) ELIZABETH DARRER. She was born 1784.  He married (2) RACHAEL. She was born 1791 in Nova Scotia Canada.     Children of JOSHUA MILLER and ELIZABETH DARRER are:     i.    ANNA3 MILLER.     ii.    JOHN M MILLER.     iii.    PHEOBE MILLER.     iv.    ROBERT MILLER, b. 1801.     v.    HANNAH MILLER, b. 1802. 5.    vi.    JACOB J MILLER, b. 1806, ON CA; d. July 7, 1884, ON CA. 6.    vii.    LUTON MILLER, b. April 1809. 7.    viii.    ELISHA MILLER, b. 1811, York Co ON CA.     ix.    LAURA B MILLER, b. 1819; d. April 5, 1896.     Children of JOSHUA MILLER and RACHAEL are: 8.    x.    WILLIAM SHANON3 MILLER, b. 1823, Markham Twp York Co  ON CA.     xi.    SARAH MILLER, b. 1825, Markham Twp York Co  ON CA. 9.    xii.    DANIEL MILLER, b. 1832, Markham Twp York Co  ON CA. 3.  JOHN2 MILLER (JOSHUA1) was born 1784 in United States.  He married BETSY.  She was born 1804 in Scotland.     Child of JOHN MILLER and BETSY is:     i.    GORGE3 MILLER, b. 1831, ON CA. 4.  JACOB2 MILLER (JOSHUA1) was born 1786 in Erie Co NY USA, and died October 28, 1869 in Markham Twp York Co  ON CA.  He married PHOEBE GOULD.  She was born 1793 in United States.     Children of JACOB MILLER and PHOEBE GOULD are:     i.    ELIJAH3 MILLER.     ii.    JAMES MILLER.     iii.    MARTHA MILLER.     iv.    MARY MILLER. 10.    v.    HIRAM MILLER, b. 1810. 11.    vi.    AVERY MILLER, b. 1812, ON CA. 12.    vii.    ALFRED MILLER, b. 1813, ON CA.     viii.    JOSHUA MILLER, b. 1813. 13.    ix.    JOHN B MILLER, b. 1814, ON CA. 14.    x.    ROBERT MILLER, b. 1818, ON CA.     xi.    JACOB MILLER, b. 1819, ON CA; m. JANE; b. 1824. 15.    xii.    ABEL MILLER, b. December 1, 1821, Markham Twp York Co  ON CA; d. August 12, 1879, Richfield Twp Genesee Co MI USA. 16.    xiii.    WARREN MILLER, b. 1825, ON CA.     xiv.    ELIZA MILLER, b. 1830.     xv.    NATHAN MILLER, b. 1832.     xvi.    NANCY MILLER, b. 1835.     xvii.    LORINDA MILLER, b. 1842. Generation No. 3 5.  JACOB J3 MILLER (JOSHUA2, JOSHUA1) was born 1806 in ON CA, and died July 7, 1884 in ON CA.  He married HANNA.  She was born 1808 in ON CA.     Children of JACOB MILLER and HANNA are:     i.    GEORGE4 MILLER, b. 1828.     ii.    JOSHUA MILLER, b. 1830.     iii.    ELIZABETH MILLER, b. 1831.     iv.    NANCY MILLER, b. 1833.     v.    MARIA MILLER, b. 1835.     vi.    SUSAN MILLER, b. 1836.     vii.    CATHARINA MILLER, b. 1838.     viii.    SARAH J MILLER, b. 1843.     ix.    RACHEAL MILLER, b. 1846.     x.    LIBERTY MILLER, b. 1849. 6.  LUTON3 MILLER (JOSHUA2, JOSHUA1) was born April 1809.  He married ABIGAIL ANDERSON 1831, daughter of WILLIAM ANDERSON and REBECCA OSBOURNE.  She was born 1816.     Children of LUTON MILLER and ABIGAIL ANDERSON are:     i.    HIRAM4 MILLER, b. 1833.     ii.    REBECCA MILLER, b. 1836.     iii.    ADELAIDE MILLER, b. 1838.     iv.    SARAH MILLER, b. 1840. 7.  ELISHA3 MILLER (JOSHUA2, JOSHUA1) was born 1811 in York Co ON CA.  He married MARY KESTER July 1, 1834 in Markham Twp York Co ON CA, daughter of JACOB KESTER and SARAH MORDEN.  She was born September 13, 1816 in York Co ON CA, and died November 3, 1891 in Macomb Co MI USA.     Child of ELISHA MILLER and MARY KESTER is:     i.    ELIZABETH4 MILLER, b. 1835, Markham Twp York Co ON CA; m. (1) JONATHAN S GEROW; b. 1834, York Co ON CA; m. (2) JAMES KESTER; b. 1836, Pickering Twp York Co ON CA. 8.  WILLIAM SHANON3 MILLER (JOSHUA2, JOSHUA1) was born 1823 in Markham Twp York Co  ON CA.  He married ELIZABETH.  She was born 1827.     Children of WILLIAM MILLER and ELIZABETH are:     i.    RACHAEL4 MILLER, b. 1847.     ii.    JOSHUA MILLER, b. 1849.     iii.    AYHIMER MILLER, b. 1851. 9.  DANIEL3 MILLER (JOSHUA2, JOSHUA1) was born 1832 in Markham Twp York Co  ON CA.  He married HARRIET ANDERSON 1864 in Markham Twp York Co ON CA, daughter of JAMES ANDERSON and ABIGAIL VAN ZANT.  She was born 1843. More About DANIEL MILLER: Note: Note found with mother, also found as David Fritzallen     Children of DANIEL MILLER and HARRIET ANDERSON are:     i.    SICELIA4 MILLER, b. 1859.     ii.    ALBERTIMA MILLER, b. 1866. 10.  HIRAM3 MILLER (JACOB2, JOSHUA1) was born 1810.  He married REBECCA ANDERSON 1833, daughter of WILLIAM ANDERSON and REBECCA OSBOURNE.  She was born 1814.     Children of HIRAM MILLER and REBECCA ANDERSON are:     i.    JAMES4 MILLER, b. 1834.     ii.    MARGARET MILLER, b. 1842, ON CA.     iii.    HENRY MILLER, b. 1847, ON CA. 11.  AVERY3 MILLER (JACOB2, JOSHUA1) was born 1812 in ON CA.  He married SUSAN WILSON May 9, 1832 in Markham Twp York Co ON CA.  She was born April 20, 1813 in ON CA, and died November 8, 1873 in Richfield Twp Genesee Co MI USA. More About AVERY MILLER: Note: found 1870 MIchigan census Genessee Co Richfield Twp p364     Children of AVERY MILLER and SUSAN WILSON are:     i.    CHARLES4 MILLER, b. 1846, ON CA; d. April 5, 1914, Genesee Co MI USA; m. FLORA MATTHEWS; b. March 4, 1853, MI USA; d. November 18, 1910, Genesee Co MI USA. More About CHARLES MILLER: Note: found 1870 MIchigan census Genessee Co Richfield Twp p363R, Assigned to Avery as most likely parent     ii.    JUDSON MILLER, b. 1852, ON CA. 12.  ALFRED3 MILLER (JACOB2, JOSHUA1) was born 1813 in ON CA.  He married MARGARET.  She was born 1812 in ON CA.     Children of ALFRED MILLER and MARGARET are:     i.    PETER4 MILLER, b. 1841.     ii.    THOMAS MILLER, b. 1843.     iii.    CATHERINE MILLER, b. 1850. 13.  JOHN B3 MILLER (JACOB2, JOSHUA1) was born 1814 in ON CA.  He married BETHINA.  She was born 1817 in ON CA.     Children of JOHN MILLER and BETHINA are:     i.    HARRISON4 MILLER, b. 1841.     ii.    COURTLAND MILLER, b. 1843.     iii.    ERATUS MILLER, b. 1850. 14.  ROBERT3 MILLER (JACOB2, JOSHUA1) was born 1818 in ON CA.  He married REBECCA.  She was born 1818.     Children of ROBERT MILLER and REBECCA are:     i.    AVERY4 MILLER, b. 1845.     ii.    ROBERT MILLER, b. 1850. 15.  ABEL3 MILLER (JACOB2, JOSHUA1) was born December 1, 1821 in Markham Twp York Co  ON CA, and died August 12, 1879 in Richfield Twp Genesee Co MI USA.  He married LORETTA WIXSOM April 27, 1842 in York Co ON CA.  She was born October 7, 1825 in Brock Twp ON CA, and died February 12, 1907 in Richfield Twp Genesee Co MI USA.     Children of ABEL MILLER and LORETTA WIXSOM are:     i.    MARY ANN4 MILLER, b. 1843, Canada; d. April 6, 1863, Kalamazoo Co MI USA. 17.    ii.    CHARLES J MILLER, b. October 4, 1846; d. May 14, 1914. 18.    iii.    ASA MILLER, b. 1849, MI USA; d. October 10, 1917, Burton MI USA. 19.    iv.    JACOB MILLER, b. May 18, 1855, MI USA; d. July 30, 1917, Tecumseh MI USA. 20.    v.    JOSEPH WIXON MILLER, b. September 9, 1865, Richfield Twp Genesee Co MI USA; d. September 29, 1941, Davidson MI USA. 16.  WARREN3 MILLER (JACOB2, JOSHUA1) was born 1825 in ON CA.  He married BETSY.  She was born 1826 in ON CA. More About WARREN MILLER: Note: 1870 Michigan Census found Genessee Co Richfield Twp p363R     Children of WARREN MILLER and BETSY are: 21.    i.    EZIEKIEL4 MILLER, b. 1848, ON CA.     ii.    EMMA MILLER, b. 1850, ON CA.     iii.    MARSHAL MILLER, b. 1852, ON CA.     iv.    MARY A MILLER, b. 1856, ON CA.     v.    JACOB MILLER, b. 1862, ON CA.     vi.    ISABELLA MILLER, b. 1863, ON CA.     vii.    JAMES MILLER, b. 1865, ON CA.     viii.    WARREN MILLER, b. 1867, MI USA. Generation No. 4 17.  CHARLES J4 MILLER (ABEL3, JACOB2, JOSHUA1) was born October 4, 1846, and died May 14, 1914.  He married FLORA MATTHEWS 1869 in MI USA.  She was born March 4, 1853 in MI USA, and died November 18, 1910 in Genesee Co MI USA.     Children of CHARLES MILLER and FLORA MATTHEWS are:     i.    DURWOOD B5 MILLER, b. November 1871, Richfield Twp Genesee Co MI USA; d. June 25, 1913, Rose City MI USA; m. ETHEL TEACHOUT, November 13, 1892.     ii.    VERNA MILLER, b. July 24, 1873; d. November 8, 1881, Richfield Twp Genesee Co MI USA.     iii.    ALEXANDER MILLER, b. August 5, 1875; d. June 22, 1957, Delhi Rural Inghan Co MI USA; m. ETHELEEN REED.     iv.    BERTHA J MILLER, b. September 18, 1881; d. September 20, 1946, Flint MI USA; m. FRANK FENNER, December 12, 1898.     v.    GALE R MILLER, b. July 17, 1886, Millington MI USA; d. May 11, 1959, Saginaw MI USA; m. ADA HUSTON.     vi.    RALPH WALDO MILLER, b. March 8, 1877; d. December 21, 1959, Surrey Twp Clare Co MI USA; m. ELLEN LAVINA HUBBARD, February 11, 1897, Richfield Twp Genesee Co MI USA; b. January 8, 1880; d. March 26, 1942, MIdland Co MI USA.

Hi all Mary McMartin (b. c 1800) emigrated from Scotland to Canada in 1849 or 1850 and I believe she may have come with her daughter, Catherine (b. c 1820 in Killen) and Catherine's husband, Robert Moir (b. Oct. 12, 1823 in Callander Scotland). Mary's husband was John McMartin but I have no record of his ever coming to Canada. Mary, Catherine and Robert settled in Usborne Twp., Huron County, Ontario and although Catherine died Oct. 20, 1860 and her husband remarried, Mary continued to live in Robert Moir's home until she died Feb. 11, 1881. Any help would be appreciated. Ron Dobson

Hi all I am trying to find out more about my gggrandfather Henry McArter (sometimes spelled McCarter) who was born in 1798 in County Down Ireland, was orphaned at an early age and moved to Glasgow when he was about 11. He emigrated to Canada in 1841, with, I believe two children, John (b. c 1828) and Margaret (b. c 1839) and settled in Dalhousie Township, Lanark County, Ontario. In 1852 he and his family moved to Usborne Township, Huron County, Ontario. He died in 1885 and is buried in the Brussels Cemetery, Huron County. Any help would be appreciated. Ron Dobson

I would very much appreciate any help regarding the following village or town. I have just obtained a marriage certificate which gives the groom's residence as: GASTENRROW part of FINTRY. There is a strike over after the T in GASTENRROW and it could be GASTEARROW. I have tried all the maps I can find and have had no luck. I do not know if this FINTRY OR FINTERY is in Aberdeenshire or Sterlingshire and knowing where the above village or town is would be of great help. Catherine Guest Canada

I hope someone could look up for me the Census that was taken just before and after 1881 for Dundee, Scotland, for my Grandparents: Isabella Dick - 8 years old in 1881 and Stewart Forbes - 28 years old in 1881 "Any " info. will be appreciated. Annie Fairchild (Forbes) Canada

I hope someone could look up for me the Census that was taken just before and after 1881 for Dundee, Scotland, for my Grandparents: Isabella Dick - 8 years old in 1881 and Stewart Forbes - 28 years old in 1881 "Any " info. will be appreciated. Annie Fairchild (Forbes) Canada

I hope someone could look up for me the Census that was taken just before and after 1881 for Dundee, Scotland, for my Grandparents: Isabella Dick - 8 years old in 1881 and Stewart Forbes - 28 years old in 1881 "Any " info. will be appreciated. Annie Fairchild (Forbes) Canada

Could SKS do a look-up in the 1891 census for the David STEWART family. David's age-43, born in Kilwinning Co. Ayr, occ coal miner. Married to Martha Stewart m.s. Fleming. The 1881 census had the Stewart family in Duntocher, Old Kilpatrick, Co. Dunbarton with 3 children. I was unable to locate the Stewart family in the 1891 census being a miner he probably moved from pit to pit. On 9 June 1892 the Stewart family lived in Abbey Parish, Paisley, Co. Renfrew where a son, William, was born. David's occupation was iron miner. TIA. Regards, Jim Stewart.

At 09:09 24/07/01 -0400, [email protected] wrote: >Iain, > > Thank you so much for the information on the 8th Army. These were > all >names of places that I heard as a child. Unfortunately, I did not pay much >attention and frankly at that time it bored me. (Dad, where ever you are up >there I'm sorry!). > > Do you happen to know if there is a web site that I can track his >records. I do have his service number.. > > Thank you again, > > Eva Anne Eva Anne, There is no such web site with that sort of information. The surviving records of all officers and soldiers who joined the British Army and who were discharged after 1922 are stored in the Ministry of Defence Record Office CS(R)2b at Bourne Avenue, Hayes, Middlesex. This includes territorial, volunteer, militia and home-defence forces, the women's corps and some colonial forces. The MOD Record Office also held the WWI records that have been progressively released to the Public Record Office over the past six years. You should note that there is some risk that the official archives of the British Army personnel records between 1922 and 1940 are incomplete. This is because up to half of the original pre-World War II British Army soldier's personal records were destroyed or badly damaged following a World War II German fire-bombing raid on the War Office documents repository at Hayes in 1940. Those that survived are often in a poor condition having been damaged by both fire and water. Information on the service records of an individual serviceman or woman may be obtained by application to: Ministry of Defence Records Office CS(R)2, Bourne Avenue, Hayes, Middlesex UB3 1RF, United Kingdom. {Telephone ++44 (0) 208 573 3831}. They will send you an application form that will require a search fee of £25 per person being enquired after. Payment of the search fee does not guarantee a successful result. The MOD now requires applicants to certify that they are the individual concerned or their next of kin, together with a copy of the death certificate, as appropriate. The form asks for details of the other kin between the enquirer and the subject. This recent preoccupation seems to have arisen out of concerns caused by the Data Protection Act 1999, required by European Union legislation. There is reportedly a long delay in getting the response, the result will now be a statement of service and not copies of the original documents. Yours aye, Iain Kerr in Windsor, Berkshire Web Page at: http://home.clara.net/iainkerr/index.htm RootsWeb Sponsor and Listowner for the KERR; McTURK and SOUTHON lists and the WORLDWAR2 List. Maintainer of the Ayrshire Surnames Index Database at: http://home.clara.net/iainkerr/genuki/AYR/SID/indexsid.htm Maintainer of the GENUKI Ayrshire pages at: http://home.clara.net/iainkerr/genuki/AYR/index.htm

Can anyone tell me where I can find documented evidence about the ancestry of the family of The hereditary Abbacy of Dunkeld alsa known as the Mormaers of Atholl. One of the earls was said to Duncan, who was the grandfather of Maldred mac Crinan whose wife was said to be the Lady of the Western Isles. Le NetZero Platinum No Banner Ads and Unlimited Access Sign Up Today - Only $9.95 per month! http://www.netzero.net

At 21:56 23/07/01 -0400, [email protected] wrote: >Anne Fairchild, > > My father was also in the Eighth Army during World War >II. He too was in Africa and Italy and came from Dundee. His name was James >McIntosh. > > What, if any, information do you have? > > Eva Anne > > [email protected] Eva, See my response to Anne. I am emailing you a short history of the Eighth Army that may help. Yours aye, Iain Kerr in Windsor, Berkshire Web Page at: http://home.clara.net/iainkerr/index.htm RootsWeb Sponsor and Listowner for the KERR; McTURK and SOUTHON lists and the WORLDWAR2 List. Maintainer of the Ayrshire Surnames Index Database at: http://home.clara.net/iainkerr/genuki/AYR/SID/indexsid.htm Maintainer of the GENUKI Ayrshire pages at: http://home.clara.net/iainkerr/genuki/AYR/index.htm

At 20:20 22/07/01 -0400, Bruce Fairchild wrote: >I would be interested to know if anyone had a family member in the >British 8th Army during W.W.2. > >My Father's name was Albert (Jock) Forbes, from Dundee, Scotland, and >was in North Africa and Italy. >I would appreciate "any" information. > > Sincerely, Annie Fairchild (Forbes) Canada Annie, The Eighth Army was an extremely large formation consisting of a number of Corps and specialist formations referred to as Army Troops. Each of those corps consisted of a number of divisions. A division was made up of a number of brigades and units acting as divisional troops. An armoured brigade consisted of three or four armoured units plus support units; an infantry brigade contained three or four infantry battalions and support units. A battalion was some 600 to 700 men strong. During its operational history between September 1941in Egypt and 2 May 1945 in northern Italy, the organisation of the Eighth Army changed considerably at Allied formations were added and withdrawn to meet different operational needs. So, your Father will have had many British, Australian, New Zealand, Indian and Polish comrades over those years. It would be easier to identify old comrades if you could clarify what unit he served in. I am emailing you a short history of the Eighth Army that may help. Yours aye, Iain Kerr in Windsor, Berkshire Web Page at: http://home.clara.net/iainkerr/index.htm RootsWeb Sponsor and Listowner for the KERR; McTURK and SOUTHON lists and the WORLDWAR2 List. Maintainer of the Ayrshire Surnames Index Database at: http://home.clara.net/iainkerr/genuki/AYR/SID/indexsid.htm Maintainer of the GENUKI Ayrshire pages at: http://home.clara.net/iainkerr/genuki/AYR/index.htm

Hello List-readers. I don't know if my request is off topic or not. But if so please forgive me and just disregard my request. I am looking for information of a Margaret (Peggy) Clark or Clarke. All I know is she came from Scotland (no knowledge of area or district). During WWII (1942-1943) she used to work in Hereford (England) in the Rotherwas Ammunitions Factory. She stayed at the hostel attached to the factory until she had to leave due to being pregnant. She went to stay at a friend's home in Hundington. After she had her child, a girl, on Jan. 24th. 1943, she left her friends' house and nobody heard anything anymore from her. Did she go back to the hostel or did she go back to Scotland? As she wasn't married at the time,(is not mentioned on the birth-certificate of her child) she might have married after the war and her name would have changed. Maybe she emigrated abroad. All information would be greatly appreciated as her daughter who lives in Belgium, has been looking for her for more than 35 years. Thanks in advance. [email protected]

Anne Fairchild, My father was also in the Eighth Army during World War II. He too was in Africa and Italy and came from Dundee. His name was James McIntosh. What, if any, information do you have? Eva Anne [email protected]

I have been a member of the list for awhile now, but I've never written, now I need your help! I have a Nahaniel Spears who came to VA. about 1750. I have not been able to find him on any passenger records or other records. I don't know if he was sent as a convict to VA. or if he just came over, whom he came with or if he came alone. I see that some of you have searched back to 1600, and I thought perhaps you would tell me how. Any help would be greatly appeciated. I am told that the name began as Spiers or Speirs and changed to Spears in America. Thank you again for any help you can give me. Carolyn

Sonja, I have just returned from Scotland where I attended the Annual General Meeting of Clan Donnachaidh (Robertson), at Pitlochry. That is the region where the Robertson's hail from. What specifically did you want to know. Carole in Kentucky -----Original Message----- From: [email protected] <[email protected]> To: [email protected] <[email protected]> Date: Monday, July 23, 2001 9:48 AM Subject: [SCOTS~GEN] Clan Robertson >Who knows details of the predominent region the Clan Robertson was from? >Coats of Arms, etc? > >Sonja Lende > > >==== SCOTLAND-GENWEB Mailing List ==== >Want to leave the list ? >mailto:[email protected]?subject=unsubscribe&body=unsu bscribe >or >mailto:[email protected]?subject=unsubscribe&body=unsu bscribe > >

My gr'gr'grandparents, James OSTLER (b c1840+/-) and Margaret McINTOSH, supposedly came from the Dundee area of Scotland. They emigrated to the U.S., most likely New York state. Their daughter, Margaret, was born in 1866 (possibly AFTER they reached New York). Margaret married Charles Meritt HARDING c1886, and they settled in Canton, Massachusetts, where they had two sons. Margaret died in 1888 shortly after the birth of her second child, and I've not been able to find out anything more about her/them. Any information or suggestions regarding this family would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. June Young

Hello list I am trying to trace my mother in laws past life for my wife,and we are doing this by tracking down old freinds and aquaintances, I am trying to trace a George Ramsey,who was a Royal Navy Stoker and stationed In Cornwall,Cica1943-44.he was one of a group of freinds who used to knock around together during those troubled times.We Know that he came from Goven in Glasgow if that helps. Len Blunt Queensland,Australia.