Hello All, Thinking about the short history of the UK I would add the following: 1069 William was merciless in crushing opposition. For example, in his campaign in the north he ordered that anything living between York and Durham (about 60 miles) should be killed and everything else should be burned. 1400-1410 The Welsh led by Owain Glyndwr (Shakespeare spells him Owen Glendower) rise in revolt and are very successful at first. As the English regain control Owain slips away but one day he will return to lead Wales. 1800s The Highland Clearances Landlords clear their land of people to replace them with sheep. Some of the people are taken straight to local ports for forced emigration. The area is still one of the least populated in Europe. Some Scots say the clearances are the equal of the famine in Ireland. 1847-1851 The Great Famine. Perhaps a million Catholics and Protestants died and perhaps more than a million emigrated. The province of Leinster (in the east, around Dublin) is least affected; then Ulster in the north, which loses 1 in 7 of its population. Munster in the south and Connacht in the west are more rural areas and suffer most. Rob Doragh Liverpool UK