Hi Sherrie, I lived in Germany for 10 years and can confirm that the double "ss" is still written as "fs" in Europe. When searching for ROSS in old documents, be sure to look for ROFS. > I'm interested that you have written Rofs/Ross. > I've been researching a Martin August Christian > Albert Ross c.1838 Holtstein, Denmark. [snip] -- Peace and Gentle Sunsets, Pam