Thank you Mike, But, as I tried to point out; it was not my presentation. I plead guilty of copy pasting from the Genealogy-DNA list to try to show that there are two complete chromosomes in each chromosome pair. That is so important to know, to understand genetic testing. I wish I was that experienced in explaining atDNA. I would not have had to copy paste someone else's words. It is so much better to go to the mailing lists where the real genetic experts are. Nelda Nelda L. Percival, Administrator of Y-DNA surname projects Gilpin, Cupp, Bonstein and Gillock My Genealogy - http://freepages.folklore.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bonsteinandgilpin/index.htm GeneticGenealogy - http://www.geneticsand.us Blog - http://aircastles-lets-talk.blogspot.com/ GilpinGenetics: http://www.gilpingenetics.us/ Web Mistress for LCRG - http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~molcgdrg > From: mharmer@carolina.rr.com > To: roots-l@rootsweb.com > Date: Sun, 20 May 2012 10:28:06 -0400 > Subject: [ROOTS-L] Nelda's Comment on Chromosomal effects > > Nelda, > > you are exactly correct in your presentation. It also a time to point out > that when in comes to passing on traits of the parents there are Dominant > and Recessive type of characteristics that are the ones that determine > characteristics of an individual and help trace parentage. > > People today rely too much on something else how to think versus using their > own minds to understand, thus they wind up without the ability to do logical > and deductive thinking. > > Mike >