Listers, please notice free subscription notice here. ----- Original Message ----- From: <[email protected]> To: <[email protected]> Sent: Wednesday, May 11, 2005 7:39 PM Subject: Facts & Genes from Family Tree DNA Facts & Genes from Family Tree DNA ================================== May 11, 2005 Volume 4, Issue 3 In This Issue ============= Editor's Corner In the News: The Genographic Project In the News: Family Tree DNA Announcements Educational Resources: Upcoming Events Educational Resources: Genealogy by Genetics Video mtDNA: Selecting a Vendor Y DNA: How Many Markers to Order? Recruiting Participants: Understanding Participants Managing a Surname Project: Surname Distribution and Population For Group Administrators: Action Items Case Studies in Genetic Genealogy In the Next Issue ============================================================== To make sure that you receive all of our newsletters, please add [email protected] to your address book. ============================================================== Editor's Corner =============== Welcome to this issue of Facts & Genes. Our newsletter contains articles about Genetic Genealogy, and keeps you informed of the latest scientific advances in this exciting new field. Facts & Genes is the only publication devoted to Genetic Genealogy. Group Administrators are encouraged to inform their participants that our newsletter is available, and to provide the link below where they can sign up for a free subscription. Link to subscribe to Facts & Genes: http://www.familytreeDNA.com/fgregister.asp Subscribing to Facts & Genes will keep participants informed about new products and enhancements from Family Tree DNA. In addition, participants and potential participants will find the articles educational, and often many of their questions will be answered. In February, 2005, we announced that the Setup Preferences tab is now available on the Personal Page for those who have taken a Y DNA test. On your Personal Page, click on Setup Preferences. On your Setup Preferences Page, you can set your search preferences, matching preferences, and provide information for both your most distant known direct male ancestor and your most distant known direct female ancestor. You can set or modify your preferences at any time by clicking on the Setup Preferences tab on your Personal Page. If you are "not" a member of a Surname Project, the search choice does "not" appear on your Setup Preferences Page. For those who are not a member of a Surname Project, the selection Y DNA matches searches the entire database of customer results for matches. If you have taken a 37 Marker test or 25 Marker test, you may not want to see Matches on 12 Markers, and receive 12 Marker match emails. You can eliminate these match emails and also eliminate the 12 Marker matches appearing on your Match Results Page, by removing the check mark for 12 Marker matches on the Setup Preferences Page. For detailed information about Setup Preferences, see the following issue of Facts & Genes: Setup Preferences is covered in the Announcements http://www.familytreeDNA.com/facts_genes.asp?act=show&nk=4.1 Send your comments, suggestions, tips, and feedback to: [email protected] We hope you enjoy this issue. Dexter ==================***** Important Links *****==================== Tell a Friend ============= If you have fellow genealogists, friends, family members, or participants in a Surname Project who you think would enjoy receiving our monthly newsletter, send them the link below, to register for a free subscription: http://www.familytreeDNA.com/fgregister.asp Past Issues =========== If you missed any of the past issues, they can be found online at FamilyTreeDNA.com. Click on the link below for the past issues of Facts + Genes: http://www.familytreeDNA.com/facts_genes.asp?act=past ============================================================== In the News: The Genographic Project ======================================================== The National Geographic Society and IBM, with support from the Waitt Family Foundation, launched on April 13, 2005, a groundbreaking research initiative that will trace the migratory history of the human species. The Genographic Project is a real time effort to map how humankind populated the earth. It is a five-year research partnership between National Geographic and IBM with support from the Waitt Family Foundation, and public participation through Family Tree DNA.The resulting public database will house one of the largest collections of human population genetic information ever assembled and will serve as an unprecedented resource for geneticists, historians and anthropologists. For more information about the Genographic Project and Family Tree DNA's involvement, please check this page: FAQ - Genographic Project/Family Tree DNA. In the News: Family Tree DNA Announcements =========================================== Family Tree DNA is pleased to announce milestones achieved, a new product, and enhancements. 1. The following milestones have been achieved: Family Tree DNA now has over 31,000 records in our database of Y-DNA results. We also have over 1,500 Surname Projects, which include over 9,000 surnames. 2. Family Tree DNA is pleased to announce a new product. The entire mtDNA sequence can now be tested. This test will provide a result for 16,568 base pairs. Every mutation is reported, as compared to the Cambridge Reference Sequence. The price for the test is $895.00. This test of the complete mtDNA sequence will be valuable to those who are following the scientific literature, and those whom are using mtDNA testing to solve genealogical brick walls. Those who are following the scientific literature will be able to see your classification when diagnostic markers are published. For example, when a paper identifies markers that are diagnostic of U6a1c, and you were U6a, you will be able to see your new classification, and never need another mtDNA test. You will have your full mtDNA sequence, and just need to wait until science provides more information. To order the full mtDNA Sequence test, click on Order Tests on your Personal Page, or on the link below: http://www.familytreeDNA.com/products.html 3. Family Tree DNA is pleased to inform you of scientific advances regarding Mitochondrial DNA. Several scientific papers were recently published regarding Mitochondrial DNA, and more are expected to be published shortly. From these papers, we are beginning to see the female "tree" defined, using the full mtDNA sequence. Due to the new nomenclature in these scientific papers, your Mitochondrial DNA data has been reviewed. As a result, where applicable, we have adjusted your mtDNA haplogroup assignment to the new nomenclature. Your mtDNA test result data, called a motif, has not changed. Only the assignment of your haplogroup has changed. In most cases, your haplogroup will now also include a sub-haplogroup. In a few cases, if you had previously been assigned a sub-haplogroup, this assignment may have changed. Family Tree DNA follows the most current scientific nomenclature. This review of your Mitochondrial DNA data is the foundation for exciting scientific advances we expect for mtDNA in the future. ----- If you are thinking of starting a Surname Project, now is the time to get started. Our educational resources, combined with our email and telephone consultation, help you each step of the way. Being confused or overwhelmed will quickly pass, and be replaced with the excitement of new discoveries. Anyone with experience with family history research can start a Surname Project. We supply the tools and guidance so your Surname Project is successful. There are just two steps to take to become a Group Administrator of a Surname Project: 1. Find out if a Surname Project exists for your surname. Click on the link below to search our database of Surname Projects: http://www.familytreeDNA.com/surname.asp 2. If a Surname Project has not been established for your surname, then use the email contact below to establish a Surname Project, or to discuss establishing a Surname Project: [email protected] for Bennett Greenspan Educational Resources: Upcoming Events ====================================== If you would like to learn more about Genetic Genealogy, we invite you to attend the events listed below. Please see the relevant web sites for registration information. May 13-14, 2005 --------------- Family Tree DNA Exhibit. Stop by and visit us at our booth. Southern California Genealogical Society Jamboree Burbank Hilton and Convention Center Burbank, California http://www.scgsgenealogy.com/2005jam-comm.htm May 13, 2005 ------------ DNA Speaker: Bennett Greenspan Southern California Genealogical Society Jamboree Burbank Hilton and Convention Center Burbank, California 2:00 P.M. http://www.scgsgenealogy.com/2005jam-comm.htm May 14, 2005 ------------ DNA Speaker: Bennett Greenspan Southern California Genealogical Society Jamboree Burbank Hilton and Convention Center Burbank, California 11:30 A.M. http://www.scgsgenealogy.com/2005jam-comm.htm May 14, 2005 ------------ Uncovering Your Roots with DNA Speaker: Max Blankfeld Polish Genealogical Society of Texas 3599 Westcenter Drive, Houston, Texas 10:00 A.M. May 16, 2005 ------------ Jewish History and DNA Speaker: Bennett Greenspan Jewish Genealogical Society of Los Angeles Skirball Cultural Center, 2701 N. Sepulveda Blvd. 7:30 P.M. June 1-4, 2005 -------------- Family Tree DNA Exhibit. Stop by and visit us at our booth: #203. National Genealogical Society Conference and GENTECH 2005 Nashville Convention Center Nashville, Tennessee http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/ June 18, 2005 ------------- DNA for Genealogists: How to Learn About Your Ancestry Through DNA Presenter: Bennett Greenspan New York Genealogical & Biographical Society New York, NY http://www.newyorkfamilyhistory.org/ June 20, 2005 ------------- Genetic Genealogy, Family Trees and DNA Speaker: Bennett Greenspan The Gelber Conference Centre Montreal, Canada Hosts: Jewish Genealogical Society of Montreal and the Quebec Family History Society http://www.cam.org/~qfhs/hap_meet.html July 5, 2005 ------------ DNA Presenter: Bennett Greenspan SAR Congress Sons of the American Revolution http://www.SAR.org Educational Resources: Genealogy by Genetics Video ================================================== The "Genealogy by Genetics" Video available from Family Tree DNA is an excellent educational tool. The "Genealogy by Genetics" video is available on-line at the Family Tree DNA web site. The video can be downloaded and then played on your computer. The "Genealogy by Genetics" video is a series of interviews with several Family Tree DNA customers, and is an excellent educational tool to learn more about Genetic Genealogy. It is recommended that those interested in starting a Surname Project view the video. Through the interviews you will learn how others have utilized DNA testing for Genealogy, and what they discovered. The on-line video is presented in two versions: a dial-up version for those who are connected through a 56k modem, or a broadband version for those with a faster DSL or Cable connection. The video is in 4 parts, due to the file size. If you do not have a viewer on your computer, there are links on the web page to get a free viewer. To see the Genealogy by Genetics video, go to: http://www.FamilyTreeDNA.com/videoaudio.html Once you have seen the video, if you would like a VHS copy of the tape to show at family reunions, Genealogical Societies, Family History Centers, and Family Association gatherings, you can order one at no charge at the following link: http://www.FamilyTreeDNA.com/surname_video.asp Group administrators can copy the video for their participants and potential participants. For those who are interested in starting a Surname Project, and do not have a 56k modem or broadband access, use the link above to order a copy of the video. mtDNA: Selecting a Vendor ========================== A mtDNA test will tell you about your direct female line, which is your mother, her mother, and back in time. Both males and females inherit mtDNA, though only females pass on mtDNA. When selecting a vendor for a mtDNA test, consider the extent of the area tested. Family Tree DNA tests for HVR1, locations 001-574 and for HVR2, locations 16001-16568. (HVR stands for Hypervariable Region.) If you consider another vendor, most likely they will not test this entire area. The mtDNA test is available in 2 versions. These tests are called: mtDNA mtDNA Plus The test called mtDNA provides a result for the region of mtDNA called HVR1. The test called mtDNA Plus tests two regions of mtDNA, the regions called HVR1 and HVR2. If you want to find mtDNA matches in a genealogical time frame, select the mtDNA Plus test. To order a mtDNA test, either order as a member of a Surname Project, or click on the link below: Order an mtDNA test http://www.familytreeDNA.com/products.html For more information on mtDNA testing, see: Understanding Your Results: mtDNA http://www.familytreeDNA.com/facts_genes.asp?act=show&nk=4.2 Understanding Your Results: mtDNA Matches http://www.familytreeDNA.com/facts_genes.asp?act=show&nk=3.2 Understanding Your Results: mtDNA Haplogroups http://www.familytreeDNA.com/facts_genes.asp?act=show&nk=3.1 Understanding Your Results: mtDNA http://www.familytreeDNA.com/facts_genes.asp?act=show&nk=2.8 Y DNA: How Many Markers to Order? ================================= Three(3) Y DNA tests are available: 12 Markers called Y-DNA12 25 Markers called Y-DNA25 37 Markers called Y-DNA37 After deciding to take a Y DNA test, the next decision is how many Markers to test. The decision regarding how many Markers to test is a budget consideration. More Markers will provide more information when comparing your results to others whom you match or are a close match. More Markers will also shorten the estimated time frame to the common ancestor with those whom you match or are a close match. There is always a possibility that you will be the first person to test with your Y DNA result, and therefore you wouldn't have any matches until others test in the future. Family Tree DNA provides the flexibility to initially start with 12 Markers or 25 Markers, and then later upgrade your test to 25 Markers or 37 Markers. Starting with 12 Markers and later upgrading is an excellent approach for those on a budget. Once you have taken a 12 Marker or 25 Marker Y DNA test, you can upgrade at any time, by clicking Order Tests on your Personal Page. Testing with Family Tree DNA includes 25 years of storage for your sample, so a new test kit is not required. If you have several elderly males in your family tree, or only a few males, you can start now with the 12 Marker test, so their sample is preserved, and to make sure you get a sample before it is too late. You can later upgrade their test result to 25 or 37 Markers. There is a small cost savings to order 37 Markers or 25 Markers initially. When the budget exists, starting with the 37 Marker test is the most cost effective approach. For those that are in the largest population group of Europe, called Haplogroup R1b, 37 Markers are recommended. If you haven't taken a Y DNA test yet, you wouldn't know your Haplogroup. If you look at the Surname Project web site for your surname, and quite a few of the results are Haplogroup R1b, you might consider that you might also be R1b, and therefore it will be more cost effective to initially order the 37 Marker test, instead of a 12 Marker test and upgrading later. The Markers in our tests were specifically chosen for their attributes. The markers mutate at different rates, ranging from slow to fast. This mix of Markers was carefully selected to provide maximum information. The 37 Marker test will provide the most information, and is the most cost effective. When the budget permits, we recommend starting with the 37 Marker test. The result from a Y DNA test is a string of numbers, that reflect a count of proteins at the Marker locations. The Markers tested are in the section of the Y chromosome which is passed from father to son, typically unchanged. Your result will match or be a close match to others to whom you are related and have a common ancestor. Since others will have the same test result, the Y DNA test result does not provide any information unique to you. To get started with Genetic Genealogy, and order a Y DNA test, first determine if a Surname Project exists for your surname. Click on the link below, and search for your surname: http://www.familytreeDNA.com/surname.asp If a Surname Project exists, click on the link to the Surname Project to see an order page. If a Surname Project doesn't exist, consider starting one. To discuss starting a Surname Project, or to start a Surname Project, contact: Bennett Greenspan [email protected] If a Surname Project does not exist, use the link below to order a Y DNA test: http://www.familytreeDNA.com/products.html Taking a Y DNA test is a very interesting experience, and the results can help you with your genealogy research, and contribute to the knowledge about your surname. Recruiting Participants: Understanding Participants =================================================== As a Group Administrator, you have developed knowledge about DNA testing for genealogy, and you are quite enthusiastic about this new technology. As you embark upon recruiting participants, it is important to understand the feelings and view point of potential participants. Most likely, your contact with a potential participant about Genetic Genealogy will be their first exposure to this new discipline. Scientific words are often seen as intimidating. It is important to limit or eliminate the use of scientific terms. Avoid intimidating and overwhelming participants by limiting or eliminating the use of scientific terms. Potential participants can become overwhelmed with information. You can anticipate and manage this situation by only telling them what they need to know to participate. When you answer their questions, try to not expand upon the topic, and cover other aspects that are not relevant to the question. Too much information will overwhelm the potential participant, and often lead to them declining participation. Most likely the majority of your communication will be by email. Email can come across as very cold and brusque, unless you put some effort into your communication. Take an extra moment to read your email to ensure that your tone is friendly, and the email comes across as warm instead of cold. It is important to be polite, friendly, warm, and considerate, as well as to thank the potential participant. Find something in each correspondence where you can thank the participant, such as for their time to read your email, or for responding to your email. The potential participants will come from all different backgrounds, and will have different beliefs, concerns, and fears about DNA testing. Your first objective is to develop rapport. Rapport is critical for the potential participant to honestly share with you their concerns and fears. The potential participant could easily have some preconceived ideas or beliefs that would result in them declining participation. For the Group Administrator to provide information to overcome these concerns, they first need to know the concerns held by the potential participant. Rapport is necessary for the potential participant to share their concerns. Trust is another important element of the relationship with the potential participant. You begin to build trust by doing what you say you will do. If you have never had contact with the potential participant before your initial contact for the Surname Project, consider their situation. You are a stranger who wants them to take a DNA test. Be patient, and let the relationship develop at the speed the potential participant is comfortable with. The potential participant probably isn't sitting in front of their computer 12 hours a day, doing email. They may only check email every few weeks. If you don't get a response right away, wait. Very few emails get lost in cyberspace. Sending another email right away will only alienate the potential prospect. Everyone likes to feel important, and feeling important is a strong motivator. Convey to the potential participant that their participation is important and that they would be making a contribution to the family history research for their family tree and their surname. Convey to the potential participant the benefits they will receive from participating. When a potential participant becomes a participant, be sure to thank them for participating, and re-enforce how important their contribution is to the research of the family tree and surname. Taking this small additional step will typically ensure that the test kit is returned to the vendor. Contacting potential participants is an excellent opportunity to meet others researching the family history of your surname, and to share information. You will have success recruiting potential participants by applying the approaches in this article. Managing a Surname Project: Surname Distribution and Population =============================================================== As a Group Administrator, you will want to know where those with your surname and variants are located today. With this information, you can target your recruiting efforts. In addition, this information will tell you about the migration paths taken by ancestors, and perhaps you will discover information about variant forms of your surname in relationship to migration. This information may also help you find lost branches of various family trees. Determining where your surname and variants are located today is the first step in building a knowledge base about your surname. The easiest way to gather and organize the information about where those with your surname and variants are located today is to build a Word or Excel chart. The first column will contain the countries. Then create a column for each variant, and place the surname or variant in the top row across the top of the chart. You may want a column where you total the count for the country, for the situation where multiple variants are found in a country. You can have a column on the right of the chart to list the primary location in the country where the surname is found. You may also want to create a column on the far right, and list the source for your information, or the URL for the web site where you got the information. The headings for the chart are shown below, with a sample entry: -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Primary Ctry Surname Var-1 Var-2 Var-3 Total Location Source AUS 75 10 49 15 149 Sydney whitepages.com.au -------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the above example, the Chapman Code for Australia was used to save space. If your email program wraps the above example, please see the issue of this newsletter posted at our web site: http://www.familytreeDNA.com/facts_genes.asp?act=show&nk=4.3 For countries where there is a high concentration of the surname, you might consider breaking down the country to their geographic unit, such as states, providence, or territory. For the ancestral country or countries where the surname originated, it is recommended that you break down your chart by geographic unit. The information provided by breaking down the information into geographic unit for the ancestral country will be very beneficial for later efforts to identify the origin of the surname, and to identify areas for further research. In most cases, online telephone books will be the source of your data for your chart, so the chart will contain a count of households. In those situations where you are able to get a count of persons, you can note this with a foot note, or a asterisk next to counts of persons. To start your chart, enter the list of countries. A list of current countries can be found at the following web site: Complete List of countries http://worldatlas.com/nations.htm You may not want to put the smaller countries on your list, where you are confident that your surname isn't found. It is important to not delete any of the major countries, or typical migration destinations, without first checking the online phone book. You may be surprised where your surname is located, either as a result of migration, or as a result of multiple points of origin. Once you enter the countries in your chart, you are ready to start gathering data. You can complete your chart over time, by searching a few phone books each week. As you search the online phone books for countries, and find that no one resides there with your surnames, you may want to move those countries where your surname does not exist to the bottom of the chart, or a separate chart, or delete them. When your chart is done, you will have the global distribution of your surnames. This view may tell you whether to expect single or multiple points of origin for the surname. If you have large concentrations of the surname or variants in countries where there typically wasn't a migration path between the two countries, this would indicate multiple points of origin in different countries. For the ancestral countries, the data by geographic unit may also indicate whether the surname has a single or multiple point of origin in the country. Below is a small section of an example chart. For this surname, we see that the primary surname is only found in English speaking countries, with a concentration in England. For Australia, Canada and England, we would want to break down the data by geographic unit, so we know where to target our recruiting. For Variant-3, France has the primary population. The surname could have an origin in France, with a later migration to England, or an origin for the surname in England, with an early migration to France, or multiple points of origin. Even with an origin both in England and in France, there could still be migrations of descendents of both family trees to the other country, and DNA testing would uncover this information. As you complete the chart, and identify locations, you can post to message boards and mailing lists for the geographic area. In addition, look for genealogy or family history societies for the area, and check their members interests for others researching your surnames. For a geographic area with a significant population of your surname, you could consider joining the society, so you can post your interests. Keep in mind that these societies are for those interested in family history research, so that should be the focus of your posting, with a brief mention of your Surname Project. To find online phone books, do a Google search of those words, and optionally add the country name. You can create another column on your chart on the far right, to track your recruiting efforts. As you post to mailing lists, message boards, and check family history societies for member postings, you can note this on your chart with a date. In a year, you may want to post again. When posting, be sure to tailor your message to the geographic area, and when possible, check with the mailing list administrator to determine if posting about a Surname Project is acceptable. It is also wise to spread out your postings, perhaps one per week to a different geographic area. The family history societies are an important resource in areas where there is a concentration of your surname. It may be worth the small fee to join, to post your members interests. Building a chart showing the distribution of your surnames worldwide will provide you with information about the surname, and where to target recruiting. This knowledge about your surnames is a fundamental step towards determining the origin of the surnames. ================================================================ Country Surname Var-1 Var-2 Var-3 Primary Loc =========================================================== Argentina 12 Buenos Aires Australia 57 New South Wales Austria 4 Belgium 1 Brazil 8 San Paulo Canada 107 Ontario Cuba 2 England 657 * Finland 29 France 1192 Germany 20 21 Hungary 1 Ireland 3 Arklow, Co. Wicklow Israel 2 Italy 77 Jamaica 4 Mexico 63 Netherlands 1 New Zealand 14 Christchurch Rep SA 77 USA 245 * 465 * Wales 74 ------------------------------------------------- *: Approximate count of persons. ================================================================ The count of households from online telephone books is an approximate count since some households will be unlisted or ex-directory. Some online phone books also provide email addresses. Where online phone books do not exist for a county, other sources may be available, such as Electoral Rolls. Research may be required to determine the population of a surname in a country. Sources and web sites of interest: Complete List of countries http://worldatlas.com/nations.htm World Facts http://worldatlas.com/ England + Wales Population by Surname http://www.taliesin-arlein.net/names/ Surname Frequency US 1990 Census. http://www.census.gov/genealogy/www/freqnames.html You will have to extrapolate the result from the above US Census web site, to get a 2005 population count. The equations are provided below, and be sure to add two zeros after the decimal point of the % Freq before putting the number in the equation below. For example, if the search result is .003 %, enter .00003 in the equation below. The figure you will be entering is called Data in the equation below. Data * 248,791,000 = 1990 population of the surname 1990 population * 1.189 = 2005 population estimation Example: Look up Greenspan. The % Freq is .001 00001 * 248,791,000 = 2,487 2,487 * 1.189 = 2,957 The current US population of Greenspan is estimated to be about 2,957 persons. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sources used to develop the equations: US Population on April 1, 1990 http://www.census.gov/population/estimates/nation/intfile3-1.txt Population Growth 1990 to 2005: The U.S. population on April 7, 2005 295,824,402 http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html 295,824,402 / 248,791,000 = 1.189 -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Disclaimer: Family Tree DNA does not endorse or sponsor any of the products or sites mentioned in the newsletter, and provides the information solely to assist those interested in Genetic Genealogy. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- For Group Administrators: Action Items ======================================= Action Items are suggested tasks for the Group Administrator, to continually enhance their recruiting efforts. In the first issue of Facts & Genes, we started the year with a review of the Project Profile and reviewing the surname variants. In the second issue, we suggested a review and update, or creation, of your web site. For this month, we have two suggested activities. The first activity is to start your Surname Distribution chart which is described in the article above. This chart will help you to target your recruiting efforts, as well as provide you with knowledge about where your surname is located today. The chart may also provide clues as to migration, and clues regarding the number of points of origin for your surname. The second suggested activity is to inform participants and potential participants about our newsletter Facts & Genes, and provide the link below where they can sign up for a free subscription. The newsletter can help turn potential participants into participants, and participants may enjoy learning more about their test results, and the other tests available. The newsletter will also encourage participants to upgrade their Y DNA tests when warranted. Perhaps you have a mailing list, or a newsletter or Journal, where you could easily communicate the sign up information for our newsletter to your participants and potential participants. Many of our customers don't know the newsletter exists, because their test kit was ordered by a Group Administrator, or they ordered a test kit before the option for the newsletter appeared on the order page. The newsletter will also keep your participants informed about advances in Genetic Genealogy, and new features on their Personal Page. For a free subscription to Facts & Genes: http://www.familytreeDNA.com/fgregister.asp Case Studies in Genetic Genealogy ================================= In each issue of the Newsletter, we present a situation which you may encounter as you utilize Genetic Genealogy testing for your family history research, followed by our recommendation. Case Study ========== I took the 37 Marker test and it came back telling me that I'm from the Richard ABC Line of Middlesex, VA traced back to 1633. I only know my grandfather Thomas ABC b 1897. How come it doesn't tell me with the ones in between? Recommendation ============== DNA testing is combined with genealogy research. A Y DNA test provides a result which will help you with your research, by identifying other family trees that you match. You have also made a contribution to the Surname Project's long term goals to find out more information about the surname. The test does not identify specific ancestors. Genealogy research is combined with DNA testing to identify your specific ancestors. In the Next Issue ================= We hope you have enjoyed this issue of Facts & Genes. Please feel free to contact the editor with your comments, feedback, questions to be addressed, as well as suggestions for future articles. If you are a Group Administrator and can help others with tips or suggestions, please contact: [email protected] ==================***** Important Links *****==================== Printing Problems ================= Any issue of the newsletter can be printed or downloaded from our site. If your email program causes you problems when you try to print the current issue of the newsletter, try the issue at our web site. The issue at our web site will usually print on the minimum amount of paper without any problems. Click on the link below to print or download the current issue of the newsletter: http://www.familytreeDNA.com/facts_genes.asp Change your Email Address ========================= To change your Email address, go to the link below. http://www.familytreeDNA.com/fgregister.asp?act=update ========================================================= =============================================================== REPRINT POLICY: We encourage the circulation of "Facts & Genes" by newsletters and lists providing that you credit the author, include our copyright information (Copyright 2005, Family Tree DNA), and cite "Facts & Genes" (http://www.familytreeDNA.com/facts_genes.asp) as the source. Use this link to be removed from the subscriber list. http://www.familytreedna.com/fgRegister.asp?act=remove&id=12625 -- No virus found in this incoming message. Checked by AVG Anti-Virus. Version: 7.0.308 / Virus Database: 266.11.8 - Release Date: 5/10/2005