If those who are studying these evaluations are cheating and studying them out of order - you may be missing something. I do recommend following the order. I will now share some facts regarding single mutations within the Alfred Queen lineage in the hopes that this information will be valuable to others as they study the YDNA results of their lineages. Requirement: We must accept the fact that YDNA reported here is the YDNA of the DONOR-not necessarily a perfect replica of that of the donor's father, grandfather, etc. This is especially true with the Alfred Queen clan. We love to mutate. Alfred's oldest son was born in 1847 and right off the bat he had to be different. His marker at 447 mutated from 25 to 24. This is well documented thru descendants of two of his sons and their descendants. Every tested descendant (5) of James Henry Queen of 1847 has this mutation. Thus, it's in our blood as a distinct branch of the old Alfred tree. Some later descendants picked up additional mutations, but we'll leave that be for now. It is not pertinent to "the rest of the story". Alfred's third son was John Queen, b. 1853. The two-step mutation in this lineage has already been discussed as has the mutation from 12 to 11 on 565. Since this lineage has one or more mutations - and, except for the 19, these mutations do not match those of the James Henry Queen lineage - we would have been tempted early on to focus on the YDNA and conclude that these two lineages were not closely related. We would have been, at least mentally, associating the YDNA of the DONORS with the probable DNA of the ancestor. We would have been wrong, dead wrong. Same common ancestor, Alfred Queen, but two different branches of the old Alfred tree with different mutations occurring down the two branches. But, this was not enough. I wanted a third branch off the old Alfred tree, thus I went to the lineage of son number 5, Lawson Dee Queen (b. 1860). L. D. Queen raised some of his younger siblings following the death of his parents. I've personally visited with Bessie Q. Cope (b. 1893) and Mary Q. Nelson (b. 1901), two daughters of L. D. Queen. They recalled their Uncle, the Rev. James Henry Queen (b. 1847) riding his horse across the mountain from Indian Creek to visit with their family up North Fork. They recalled playing with the bearskin that g. grandpa Henry had on the horse. In any event, L. D. was one of the sons of Alfred, thus I was able to obtain a YDNA sample from one of his descendants. Except for the 19, that sample did NOT have either of the mutations of the lineage of the other sons of Alfred. But, it did have mutations: a 25 on 390 and a 38 on CDYb. Ouch, what in the world was going on with YDNA? Thus, I robbed another bank and had the donor's brother tested thru 37 markers. The brother had the same mutation 38 on CDYb, but no mutation on 390. Now we had proof that donor 39478 originated the mutation 25 on 390; but that the mutation 38 on CDYb originated with their father or with their grandfather, L. D. Queen of 1860. The expectation is that it occurred with their father. General Conclusions: 1. Alfred Queen of 1810 had no mutations except the 19 on 520. He passed no common mutation on to his three sons other than the 19. 2. We must not let single mutations throw us off track as to relationships. Since mutations occur randomly at various levels in a family tree and out/down various branches, we must consider other evidence as well as YDNA in reaching conclusions as to relationships. Next: Simple mutations and direct relationships. Gene