Bits and pieces gathered here and there. Cambrai Cambrai (Flemish Kambryk), city, northern France, in Nord Department, on the Schelde River, also called the Escaut River, in Flanders. It is a farm-trade and manufacturing center; products include textiles, metal items, and processed food. The city formerly was a major center for producing cambric, a fine linen fabric named for the city and first made here. Notable structures are the Cathedral of Notre Dame, the Church of Saint Géry, and the city hall. Population (1990) 34,210. Cambrai, history of In Roman times the city was known as Camaracum. It became the capital of a Frankish kingdom in AD 445 and later (about 800) was fortified by Charlemagne. Much of the medieval history of Cambrai is a record of strife between the ruling bishops (archbishops from the 16th century) and the citizenry. In the late 15th century the city came under the Holy Roman Empire. At Cambrai, in 1508, the kings of France and Spain, the pope, and the Holy Roman emperor formed the League of Cambrai, an alliance against the Venetian Republic. The Peace of Cambrai, signed here in 1529, concluded a war (1527-29) between Francis I of France and Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. The treaty is sometimes referred to as the Paix des Dames (Ladies' Peace), the preliminary negotiations having been conducted by Louise of Savoy, mother of the French king, and Margaret of Austria, aunt of the Holy Roman emperor. Cambrai was annexed by the French crown in 1677. The city was occupied by the Germans and badly damaged in World Wars I and II. Cambrai Pronunciation: [käNbrA´] city (1982 pop. 35,272), Nord dept., N France, a port on the Escaut (Scheldt) River. It has long been known for its fine textiles and gave its name to cambric, first manufactured there. It is an agricultural center; clay, metal, and wood products are also manufactured in Cambrai. An episcopal see since the 4th cent., and seat of an archdiocese since the 16th cent., Cambrai and the surrounding county of Cambrésis were ruled by the bishops under the Holy Roman Empire until they were seized by Spain (1595) and by France (1677). Fénelon was archbishop from 1695 to 1715. The original cathedral was destroyed in 1793. Cambrai suffered devastation in both world wars; it was occupied by the Germans from 1914 to 1918 and from 1940 to 1944. Cambrai, League of 1508-10, alliance formed by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, King Louis XII of France, Pope Julius II, King Ferdinand V of Aragón, and several Italian city-states against the republic of Venice to check its territorial expansion. The republic was soon on the verge of ruin. Its army was defeated by the French at Agnadello (1509); most of the territories it had occupied were lost; and Maximilian entered Venetia. The republic had to make concessions to the pope and to Ferdinand. In 1510 the pope became reconciled to Venice and began forming the Holy League against France. The republic emerged from the war having suffered serious losses but by no means crushed. From the Renaissance to the Revolution Great discoveries and new ideas After the turmoil of the Hundred Year War and the intrigues of Louis XI, the people of France were ready for change. The military campaigns of François I, in the sixteenth century, brought the Italian Renaissance to the court of the King of France. The Valois-Orléans dynasty from which François I originated had its roots in the Loire Valley, and it is there that the most spectacular achievements of the Renaissance can be found. The chateaux of Chambord, Blois, Chenonceau, and Azay le Rideau are among its finest examples, but the conspicuous corruption of the nobility combined with the conflict between François I and his formidable rival, Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman and Germanic Empire, King of Spain and Sicily and Prince of the Netherlands, put a great financial strain on the resources of the state. This period was marked by a revolutionary new technique to disseminate ideas: the invention of the printing press by Gutenberg in 1440. It was also marked by voyages of discovery and trade to the New World. In 1492, the Genoese Christopher Colombus discovered and claimed the West Indies, and then in 1498 the coast of America, on behalf of the Spanish Monarchy of Isabel and Ferdinand. In 1534, Jacques Cartier took possession of Canada, or New France, and in 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh founded a colony in North Carolina. The religious schism Henri IV This was a period of great prosperity, and of great divisions. The Holy Roman Empire was divided between Catholicism and Protestantism, which found its way into France through the writings and preaching of Jean Calvin. The wars of religion tore France apart, culminating in the massacre of 3000 Protestants in Paris on August 23, 1572. When Henri IV, a cousin of François I, acceded to the throne of France, he had to renounce his Protestant faith; one of his first acts of government was the proclamation of the Édit de Nantes in 1598, which guaranteed freedom of religion to his subjects, and re-established peace. Absolutism and the century of enlightenment The 17th century was marked by the consolidation of the absolute powers in the hands of the King of France. Louis XIII, who succeeded Henri IV after the latter's assassination, was only a child when he inherited the kingdom. He settled the intrigues of the nobility and the religious factions with authority, after he took over from the Regency that was set up to govern during his childhood. Upon his death in 1643, he was able to pass over a unified kingdom to his son, Louis XIV, then a child of thirteen years of age. However the new Regency faced a rebellion by the Nobility and an insurrection by the people of Paris. The court was temporarily moved to St-Germain, outside of the capital. Having subjugated the rebels, the government and the Monarchy emerged strengthened. From thereon, Louis XIV was going to rule with absolute powers. This was the time of the Sun King, the resplendent monarch who shone above his subjects. However, as a measure of security, Louis XIV moved the court to Versailles, where he had the sumptuous palace built. His strategy of moving the court had two reasons. Certainly, Versailles offered a more secure environment for the King than Paris and its populace, but by bringing the Nobility into these luxurious self-enclosed grounds, where hearsay was a form of information gathering that allowed the King to constantly know who was doing what, Louis established control over the nobles with an assertion that none of its predecessors had been able to demonstrate. ----- Original Message ----- From: "Shirley Davis Warren" <swarren2@prodigy.net> To: <POSEY-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Sunday, July 30, 2000 4:44 PM Subject: Re: [POSEY-L] French Translation > Re: voyaux cambrai poschet > Posted by: James Russell Brokaw Date: June 02, 2000 at 20:25:40 > In Reply to: voyaux cambrai poschet by Shirley Davis Warren of 6283 > > > I looked up Voyaux on Expedia.com (an online > mapping service) and there is no listing. Possibly the place is very small > and no longer exists. However since it is specified > as Voyaux, Cambrai, I would think it probably > was located in the old archbishopric of Cambrai which I believe was part of > the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) until Louis > XIV seized it and incorporated into France. > That would put Voyaux near Cambrai, Nord, France, (northeastern France, near > the Belgian border > > ____________NetZero Free Internet Access and Email_________ Download Now http://www.netzero.net/download/index.html Request a CDROM 1-800-333-3633 ___________________________________________________________