Those are all valid ideas for finding the elusive biological grandfather. I think one comment that was privately sent to me was the most revealing -- perhaps I will never find a documentable connection to Jozef Panasiewicz's line and that I should just accept that. The only information I have were two separate handwritten notes from my late father and a conversation I had with him before he passed away in 2000. All he knew was that his real father's name was Jozef Panasiewicz and he came from Dolina, Ukraine. My father was born out of wedlock and Jozef would not marry my grandmother unless the child (my father) was a boy. He also insisted that my grandmother become a Russian Orthodox church member. My grandmother considered these things to be poor foundations for establishing a marriage, and told him that their child was a girl -- a complete lie just to get rid of Panasiewicz. NONE of this is documented except with the two notes left in my father's records and my conve! rsation with him -- Jozef Panasiewicz originally from Dolina, Ukraine. The other tid-bits are heresay. I couldn't do family history genealogy without searching all possibilities, but this may indeed be a dead end. My grandmother went on to marry four additional men -- outliving each one of them. I would have had pictures of her first real marriage husband, but she conveniently cut him out of the only pictures that I have the three of them (New husband, my grandmother, and my very young father). Alan