Julie - I stand corrected, I just saw Joan Young's answer and I think she is probably right; it probably does mean her maiden name was Klein ('born a Klein'). For some reason I didn't think of that (Klein does mean small). -- jan <janiceaf@ix.netcom.com> Researching names: FRANK, KELLER, LUPHER, PENROSE, SCHULTZ, TAYLOR ==== PENNA-DUTCH Mailing List ==== Abbreviations---PD=Pennsylvania Dutch, PMH=Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage magazine, MFH=Mennonite family History magazine, MRJ=Mennonite Research Journal, LMHS=Lancaster Mennonite Hist. Society. This and more list info at: http://members.aol.com/PennaDutch/pennadutch.html

Julie Molek wrote: > > Can anyone tell me what this tombstome inscription means? > > Denkmal/fur (double dots above u)/Sara Ginder,/ eine geborne > Klein/ und Ehjegattin des/ Johannes Ginder;/geboren den 19 Januar/ 1806, > starb den 2 August/ 1834, in dem Alter von 28; Johren, 6 Monaten und/ 13 > Tagen. It means; Memorial for Sara Ginder a born little one and wife of (this not the common German word for wife) Johannes Ginder born 19 January 1806, died 2 August 1834 at the age of 28 years 6 months and 13 days. (standard German is 'Jahren') I think the point is *probably* that the wife died in childbirth and the baby was stillborn and they are buried together. > > However, I'm having difficult figuring some of > the basic German words. > It's early 19th century; some of this is not the way it would be said today. -- jan <janiceaf@ix.netcom.com> Researching names: FRANK, KELLER, LUPHER, PENROSE, SCHULTZ, TAYLOR ==== PENNA-DUTCH Mailing List ==== Abbreviations---PD=Pennsylvania Dutch, PMH=Pennsylvania Mennonite Heritage magazine, MFH=Mennonite family History magazine, MRJ=Mennonite Research Journal, LMHS=Lancaster Mennonite Hist. Society. This and more list info at: http://members.aol.com/PennaDutch/pennadutch.html

searching for parents/ancestry of Anna HUBER b. abt 1767 m. Abraham GOCHENOUR 1748-1825. they had 9 children between 1790 and 1807 and lived in the Pequa area of Lancaster County thanks rod

Therefore they hope from the justice of the Right Honorable Lords Commissioners of Trade and Plantations, to whom their petition to their excellencies the Lord Justices has been referred, that they shall be so supported by their Lordships' report, as to be represented fit objects to be secured in the land they now do inhabit, or in some near adjoining lands remaining in the right of the Crown of said Province of New York. -August 2, 1720- But a new difficulty arose. The far-seeing eye of Weiser had Pennsylvania in view as the proper home of his people. He conceived the scheme of securing from the government an exchange of their lands in New York for others on the Swatara. To this Scheff was violently opposed, and accordingly filed his protest with the Board, declaring any such proposition of Weiser a violation of instructions. 'Your petitioner,' he writes, 'hearing with grief that John Conrad Weiser has petitioned your Lordships, for obtaining a tract of land called Chettery(Swatara), most humbly entreats your Lordships to dismiss the said Weiser's petition as being directly contrary to our instructions and the inclinations of our people, who earnestly desire to lead a quiet and peaceable life, and are utterly averse to expose their tender children and childbearing women to another transportation by water, as still remebering the loss of most of their young children at their going from home to America." " Hunter's recall to England and his appearance before the Board was an effectual obstacle to any efforts for the confirmation of their titles to their lands. Lands in other localities in New York were offered instead to those willing to remove. Some accepting this offer, removed to the district known as Stoney Arabia. Others, who, by their thrift, had accumulated means, purchased their old homes. But still others, chiefly from Hartmansdorf and Weisersdorf followed Weiser's advice, as the best solution of the problem, and turned their faces southward to Pennsylvania. As we turn from New York to descend the Susquehanna with these pioneers, we may interrupt the narrative for a few moments,and, going forward nearly a quarter of a century, look upon the closing scene of the life of their leader, as it shows whence his intrepid courage and undaunted perseverence came. 'In the year 1746,' writes Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, 'my wife's grandfather, Conrad Weiser, Sr., came to my house, having been living in the Province of New York, since 1710, and more recently on the borders of New England.* * * He was so much exhausted by the long and fatiguing journey at his great age, that he was almost dead when he was brought into my house.After he had been resting in bed for twenty-four hours and he had partaken of some nourishment he was refreshed. Then he began in half broken accents, devoutly to repeat the hymn: 'Schwing dich auf zu deinem Gott' etc., especially repeating the third verse. His eyesight was very dim; his hearing was so dull that I could not speak much with him; but as I listened to him repeating from his heart passages of Scripture, such as: 'Surely He hath borne our griefs,' etc., 'This is a faithful saying and worthy of all acceptations,' etc., 'God was in Christ reconciling the world unto Himself,'etc., I could not refrain from tears of joy. To these he added verses concerning the personal appropriation of Christ, as 'Come unto me all ye that labor, 'etc., 'Him that cometh unto me I will in no wise cast out,' etc., and ' Father, I have sinned against Heaven,' etc. ' and God be merciful to me a sinner.' He repeated also 'Ach Vater deck all meine Suende,' the sixth stanza of the hymn, 'Wer weiss wie nahe mir mein Ende.' 'O Father, cover all my sins With Jesus' merits, Who alone The pardon that I covet wins, And make His long-sought rest my own. My God, for Jesus' sake I pray, Thy peace may bless my dying day.' I had quieted everything around him, so that he might not notice the presence of any one, in order that he might alone and in spirit hold communion with the Omnipresent God.* * *He expressed an anxious desire for the Holy Supper, adding that as there had been no pastors in the region where he had been living, he had not received it for some years. It was Sunday, and some members of our congregation had called before the hour of worship. So he made confession of his sins, humbled himself in the presence of his Saviour, as a poor worm, worthy of condemnation, implored grace and pardon, and asked for the Holy Spirit, that he might lead a better life. Such an impression was made on all present that they were melted to tears,* * * In the meantime my father-in-law sent a wagon for him, furnished with a bed, and so had him conveyed to his own home, fifty miles up the country. Upon leaving, he gave us his blessing. He arrived at the house of his son, after a very fatiguing journey, and lived yet for a short time with his Joseph in Goshen. Then at last, he fell asleep amid the loving prayers and sighs of his children and his childrens' children, who stood around him, his wandering in his pilgrimage having been continued between eighty and ninety years." ==== PENNA-DUTCH Mailing List ==== Forgot how to SUBSCRIBE or UNSUBSCRIBE? Send the appropriate one word message to PENNA-DUTCH-L-REQUEST@ROOTSWEB.COM

Many thanks to all of you who answered so promptly to my request for the translation of the Ginder tombstone. I received one very smooth translation and the rest were very close. Julie

Hi Cousins & Friends, I have collected the addresses for many of the current popular web sites containing listings for Passenger & Ships Lists. They are listed on my genealogy page at my web site for your viewing and shopping pleasure. :-) This is a service to the many "Newbies", and to those who are unaware of these sites; or to those who don't have them all bookmarked yet. The address is: http://www.cde.com/~pandree Then go to the "Family Genealogy" page; and listed under "Links". Enjoy! -- Thanks, Paul Andree Web site at: http://www.cde.com/~pandree 150 Christian Links Genealogy - Andree, Beall, Crevier, Dabney, Munn, - Wagner-Wagoner-Waggoner, Zimmerman Bread of Life Services, Inc. - Surplus Food Program Genetically Engineered Foods - You must read, it's extremely dangerous BEALL mailing list at: BEALL-L@rootsweb.com ZIMMERMAN mailing list at: ZIMMERMAN-L@rootsweb.com Northunberland Co, PA list at: PANORTHU-L@rootsweb.com Westmoreland Co, PA list at: PAWESTMO-L@rootsweb.com Email me for directions to subscribe to these mail lists Philippians 4: 6 Be careful for nothing; but in every thing by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known unto God. 7 And the peace of God, which passeth all understanding, shall keep your hearts and minds through Christ Jesus. ==== PENNA-DUTCH Mailing List ==== New? Looking for a quick connection? Visit the surnames list associated with this mail list at http://members.aol.com/PennaDutch/pdlsurnames.html

--------------------- Forwarded message: Subj: Re: GINDER/TOMBSTONE INSCRIPTION Date: 97-10-15 01:13:24 EDT From: JYoung6180 To: jts@mwt.net Julie, here goes my bad German translation. Monument for Sara Ginder one who was born Klein (maiden name) consort (wife) of Johannes Ginder born 19 January 1806 died 2 August 1834 at the age of 28 years, 6 months, and 13 days. Joan Myers Young

Can anyone tell me what this tombstome inscription means? Denkmal/fur (double dots above u)/Sara Ginder,/ eine geborne Klein/ und Ehjegattin des/ Johannes Ginder;/geboren den 19 Januar/ 1806, starb den 2 August/ 1834, in dem Alter von 28; Johren, 6 Monaten und/ 13 Tagen. I think I can figure out some of the words . . . i.e. the first 2 meaning daughter. What do some of the major words mean? This tombstone is in Cemetery of Christ, De Long's Reformed Church, Bowers, Berks County. FTM's PA vital Records, Vol. III has a large number of cemetary inscriptions typed up. However, I'm having difficult figuring some of the basic German words. Thanks. Julie Sones Molek SOHN/S/SONES, ZARLEY/ZEARLEY/ZEARLY, CALLANTINE/CALLENTINE, GINDER, DE VORE, GIRTON, STITT, JORDAN IA, IL, IN, OH, PA, NY ==== PENNA-DUTCH Mailing List ==== Haven't found a post of interest? Why not generate one of your own?

>On Mon, 13 Oct 1997 09:14:18 -0400 (EDT), JABandMcB@aol.com wrote: > >>Hi Folks, >> >>Sorry to take so long to......... >>I finally received the information from the Association for Gravestone >>Studies, both a Primer on Graveyard Preservation >> and advise directed at my specific problem, lichen and moss. >> >>To summarize: >> >>Start the cleaning .......... mix 1 >>cup of HTH (a product name for calcium hypochlorite - the same stuff used in >>swimming pools-it is a biocide) into a gallon of hot water to get the >>granular HTH into solution.................. following the application of >>HTH solution. This stuff >>smells like >>bleach but it is not bleach! DO NOT USE BLEACH. DO NOT USE OTHER COMMON >>CLEANERS. >> >THIS POSTING IS WRONG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! >calcium hypochlorite is not a biocide it is a powerful OXIDIZER. >It kills swimming pool algae by "burning" it up. >calcium hypochlorite mixed with water is Bleach, Just look on a >bleach bottle. Household bleach is about 3 to 4 percent available >chlorine, HTH is about 65 percent available chlorine. > >The formula of 1cup per gal. is equal to 8 oz to 128 oz. >8 divided by 128 = 6%, as the HTH is about 65% >6% times 65% = 3.9% > >In other words the formula is equal to bleach right out of the bottle. > >For the cautionary statements and warnings read a bleach bottle. > >As for grave stones maybe it's safe maybe it's not. But it WILL cause >rapid oxidation of any materials that it contacts which are >susceptible to oxidation. Including any iron fittings or decorations >that may be present on the markers. > >Dan I don't know about all types of bleach but normal Clorox type bleaches are sodium hypochlorite and not calcium hypochlorite. In this case the originally posted info may be valid. Just another example of always checking info for yourself. Vernon Deal vdeal@access.mountain.net

"There seemed to be but one remedy; and that was to appeal to the Board of Trade through personal representatives. On this errand, Weiser, Scheff and Walrath were secretly sent in 1718. Captured by pirates in Delaware Bay, they were robbed, and Weiser thrice tied up and cruelly beaten. After a long delay reaching England, Pastor Boehme's influence at length secured for them a hearing before the Board; but not until they had been imprisoned for debt, and Walrath had started for home and died. The following is the petition of Scheff and Weiser: That in the year 1709, the Palatines and other Germans, being invited to come into England about four thousand of them were sent to New York in America, of whom about 1700 died on board, or at their landing in that Province by unavoidable sickness. That before they went on board they were promised, those remaining alive should have forty acres of land and five pounds sterling a head, besides clothes, tools, utensils and other necessities to husbandry to be given on their arrival in America. That on their landing they were quartered in tents, and divided into six companies, having each a Captain of their own nation, with a promise of an allowance of fifteen pounds per annum to each commander. That afterwards they were removed on lands belonging to Mr Livingstone, where they erected small houses for shelter during the winter seasons. That in the Spring following they were ordered into the woods to make pitch and tar, where they lived about two years; but the country not being fit to raise any considerable quantity of naval stores, they were commanded to build, to clear and improve the ground belonging to a private person. That the Indians having yielded to Her late Majesty of pious memory a small tract of land called Schorie for the use of the Palatines, they, in fifteen days, cleared a way of fifteen miles through the woods, and settled fifty families therein. That in the following Spring the remainder of the said Palatines joined the said families so settled therein Schorie. But that country being too small for their increasing families, they were constrained to purchase some neighboring land of the Indians, for which they were to give three hundred pieces of eight. And having built small houses and huts, there about one year after the said purchase some gentleman of Albany, declared to the Palatines, that themselves having purchased the said country of Schorie of the Governor of New York, they would not permit them to live there, unless an agreement was also made with those of Albany; but the Palatines having refused to enter into such an agreement, a sheriff and some officers were sent from Albany to seize one of their captains, who being upon his guard, the Indians were animated against the Palatines; but these found means to appease the savages by giving them what they would of their own substance. " That in the year 1717 the Governor of New York having summoned the Palatines to appear at Albany, some of them being deputed went accordingly, where they were told that unless they did agree with the gentlemaen of Albany, the Governor expected an order from England to transport them to another place, and that he would send twelve men to view their works and improvements to appraise the same, and then to give them the value thereof in money. But this not being done, the Palatines, to the number of about three thousand, have continued to manure and sow the land, that they might not be starved for want of corn and food. For which manuring the gentlemen of Albany have put in prison one man and one woman, and will not release them, unless they have sufficient security of One Hundred Crowns for the former. Now in order that the Palatines may be preserved in the Land of Schorie, which they have purchased of the Indians, or that they may be so settled in an adjoining tract of land, as to raise a necessary subsistence for themselves and their families, they have sent into England three persons, one of whom is since dead, humbly to lay their case before His Majesty, not doubting but that in consideration of the hardships they have suffered for want of a secure settlement, His Majesty's ministers and Councils will compassionate those His faithful subjects. Who, in the first year after their arrival willingly and cheerfully sent three hundred men to the expedition against Canada, and afterwards to the assistance of Albany which was threatened by the French and Indians, for which service they never received one penny, tho' they were upon the establishment of New York or New Jersey; nor had they received one penny of the five pounds per head promised at their going aboard from England; neither have their commanders received anything of the allowance of fifteen pounds per annum; and though the arms they had given them at the Canada expedition, which were, by special order of Her late Majesty, to be left in their possession, have been taken from them, yet they are still ready to fight against all enemies of His Majesty and those countries, whenever there shall be hearty endeavor for the prosperity of their generous benefactors in England, as well as in America. ==== PENNA-DUTCH Mailing List ==== Forgot how to SUBSCRIBE or UNSUBSCRIBE? Send the appropriate one word message to PENNA-DUTCH-L-REQUEST@ROOTSWEB.COM

Would llike to find the poem "The Pennsylvania Pilgrim" by John Greenlief Whittier. I've been told it is about my ancestor Abraham op den Graef Don Shockey desco@ewol.com

To: pa dutch Subject: Diehl, Gresh, Grady, Rich, Riechley, Stroop, Arter Hi Folks, Been researching the Diehl surnames, others connected to it, and wish to compare notes, share gedcoms, etc. The main area is central PA: Berks to Perry to Northumberland to Elkhart, Ind. I have info already posted on Family Tree Maker, Ultimate Family Tree, and Genserv online. Been reading and enjoying the various postings for about a month. Brings back alot of memories and have passed them on to my father in Northumberland, PA. Any help would be appreciated, and any I could give will be a plus, George Diehl

Joan, I don't know the relationship of your John Lesher to the ironmaster, but this is the information I have: Oley Forge, built 1744 on the Manatawny Creek in Berks County, was co-owned by John Ross (half-brother of George Ross, signer of the Declaration of Independence), John Yoder and John Lesher of Oley. This particular John Lesher (1711-1794) was born in Germany and came to Pennsylvania in 1734. For 50 years he was involved in iron interests. He served the county in the Constitutional Convention in 1776, and served in the General Assembly from 1776-1782. As a member of the Convention, he was a member of the committee that prepared and reported the "Declaration of Rights." In the settlement of John Ross' estate, litigation arose with Lesher, and Lesher sold out his 2/3 interest (having purchased Yoder's 1/3 interest in 1750) to his son, Jacob Lesher and sons-in-law, John Potts and Jacob Morgan. If this is an ancestor, I have a little more detailed info. I have a major correction to make concerning Elizabeth Furnace, Brickersville, Lancaster County, which did indeed involve "Baron" Henry William Henry Stiegel. On 7 Nov. 1752, JOHN JACOB HUBER'S DAUGHTER, ELISABETH, MARRIED HENRY WILLIAM STIEGEL. William Henry did not give himself the title of baron; the name was not on the nobility lists of Europe. Instead his very impressed Pennsylvania neighbors might have conferred that title upon him. Huber's Furnace was built in 1750 by John Jacob, and in 1757 Stiegel bought the furnace, building a much larger one on the site and naming it for his wife, Elizabeth. Unfortunately, Elizabeth died in February, 1758, leaving two daughters, Barbara and Elizabeth. I would like to locate a furnace that would have been accessible and closer to the colonial Germantown area. Maura

Hi Folks, This morning I posted the information I received from the Association for Gravestone Studies. The information I posted came directly from an e-mail letter sent to me from Fred and Rosalee Oakley of the organization and from the book mentioned, "The Graveyard Preservation Primer by Lynette Strangstad" which I purchased from the association. I am not a Chemist. I presumed their advise would be correct. Dan has issued a WARNING concerning this information. I repeat - I am not a Chemist. I posted the information in good faith. I suggest that anyone who is in doubt do their own investigation. Many people seemed to be interested in this information which is why I posted it. The Calcium hypochlorite solution is to be used only for biological growth and only when the first part of the procedure, the soaking and scrubbing with plain water, does not do the job. I have already given the sourse of my information. I will repeat it. The Association for Gravestone Studies 278 Main Street Suite 207 Greenfield, MA 01301 (413) 772-0836 I was simply passing on the results of my inquiry. Marion Bale ==== PENNA-DUTCH Mailing List ==== New? Looking for a quick connection? Visit the surnames list associated with this mail list at http://members.aol.com/PennaDutch/pdlsurnames.html

Thanks for the input, folks. I've located more biblio. According to my source book, Green lane Forge was located twenty miles north of Norristown and 40 miles north of Philadelphia. Its original owner was Thomas Maybury, "the earliest settler in Marlborough Township" who "bought a tract of land, twelve hundred and forty acres on which he erected this forge (later - ed. note) owned by Rev. George Michael Weiss before 1767. The workmen here, at one time, were mostly negro slaves." The author goes on to say, citing T.W Bean's HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY" (to which I don't currently have access) "The forge has long since gone into decay; "the old water wheel, the huge bellows, the ore crushers, the cone-like charcoal kilns, the famous weekly teamsters who made their trips to town and back; the huntsman and his hounds- these are all gone; and Green Lane is an ordinary railroad village." So the information you have provided seems to fit the present location you have given, and I thank you. I do find it sad that historical markers do not pinpoint the sites of so many of these colonial industries which many of the German immigrants owned and/or labored in (many of these immigrants number among our ancestors). Names of ironmasters such as William Henry Stiegel and John Jacob Huber, who married the daughter of Heinrich Wilhelm Steigel and named his Elisabeth Furnace for his wife (what a love story!) abound, along with German ironmasters John Lesher, Gerrard Etter, John Probst, Peter Schoenberger and Valentine Eckert. Of particular interest to me is locating a forge somewhat closer to Germantown as background for a setting for a historical fiction I am writing, only one aspect of 18th century research for this novel. I would be most appreciative if anyone out there could help me pick the ideal setting because I do not live near the counties where these industries took place.

Hi, When I was in Russia, I learned how to make Red Velvet Cake the European way, and it is delicious. Follow the instructions like normal, but when pouring into cake pans, try to make the layer as thin as possible without burning them. I try to get 8 - 12 layers out of a single batter. The Russians would make cakes with lots of thin layers, and cream in between each one. (Wonderful!) After stacking the layers (with a medium layer of cream between each one), grate a chocolate bar on top! Cheri Lee McElroy cmcelroy@mexia.com http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Hills/2840

My husband has a Sprenckel line from York Co., PA. Nancy Sprenckle married Joseph Graybill More info later. Michael was the immigrant. All from York Co. PA. Sylvia Graybill beatagoose@aol.com ==== PENNA-DUTCH Mailing List ==== Have you visited the webpage associated with this mail list? If not go to http://members.aol.com/PennaDutch/pennadutch.html

Marilyn, as no one else has responded to your query I'll make a start: At least the Dunkards, Dunkers, Tunkers, German Baptist Brethren, all now generally called Church of the Brethren. But I suspect that at least initally it applied to all branches of the Swiss Anabaptist movement. Among other things, Anabaptist meant that they opposed infant baptism, believing that one should enter into religious communion only after having reached an age of informed consent. It seems to me then that the condition of infromed consent probably applied equally to all of the "plain sects" , i.e., Mennonites, Amish and later subdivisions such as River Brethren, Old Order Amish and Brethren in Christ. Jack Clopper, and from your names also researching Eshelman, Forrer, Groff/Grove.

Hi Folks, Sorry to take so long to get back to you all on this but I have been away. I finally received the information from the Association for Gravestone Studies, both a Primer on Graveyard Preservation and advise directed at my specific problem, lichen and moss. To summarize: Start the cleaning process with fresh water and a soft scrub brush. Before scrubbing wet the stone thoroughly, emphasis VERY THOROUGHLY. If it can be reached with a water hose play a heavy mist on the stone for a good five minutes before scrubbing. Begin at the bottom!!! If you are not near a continuous water source but have a common garden sprayer tank fill it with water (usually about two gallons) and spray the stone. Refill and do it again. Get the stone very wet. Scrub away. You will find it will take several scrub and rinse cycles to soften the lichen and moss. A craft stick (like a popsickle stick) is useful to scrape the affected area. Keep the working area wet!!! Should the result of the above process and material not be satisfactory mix 1 cup of HTH (a product name for calcium hypochlorite - the same stuff used in swimming pools-it is a biocide) into a gallon of hot water to get the granular HTH into solution. Go through the same process as above being careful to rinse the stone thoroughly with fresh water following the application of HTH solution. This stuff smells like bleach but it is not bleach! DO NOT USE BLEACH. DO NOT USE OTHER COMMON CLEANERS. Procedures to Avoid: Avoid Acidic Cleaners on marble or limestone Avoid sandblasting gravestones Avoid high-pressure spraying Do not attempt to clean any stone that is unstable Never use wire brushes or any metal instrument in cleaning stone Do not clean stones often Avoid treating stones with "protective" coatings that are impermeable to water vapor Tools for Stone Cleaning: Plastic pails Goggles Rubber gloves Tampico (natural bristle) or plastic scrub brushes Toothbrushes Smooth wooden sticks Q-Tips Spray bottles Water source Energy (elbow grease) For a Soapstone Tombstone use water only. For Slate and Sandstone use water or non-ionic detergent and water For Marble and Limestone water only or non-ionic detergent such as Photo-Flo or Triton-S 100 or Igepal and water. Use 1 ounce to 5 gallons of water Use Vulpec and water - 1 part Vulpec to 2-4 parts water. Household ammonia - use 1 cup to 4 cups water Use Calcium hypochlorite - use only to remove biological growth - available as swimmingpool disinfectants - must be dissolved in warm water The book "A Graveyard Preservation Primer" by Lynette Strangstad is available from the Association for Gravestone Studies by calling (413) 772-0836 or writing 278 Main Street, Suite 207, Greenfield, MA 01301. Including shipping the book is $21.00 I will not be able to get back to this stone for a bit so cannot give you a report of success but it sounds like this should do the job. If it does not I am advised to get back to them for poulticing instructions. Happy Tombstone scrubbing everyone!! Marion Bale

"In March 1713, they were followed by a large number of their kindred, who broke their way through three feet of snow. More ground was needed for their support than the Indians had donated. Certain citizens of Albany prompted by their antipathy towards Germans, cherished at the time by the Dutch settlers and their descendants, sought to preempt the land; but, favored by the friendship of the Indians, all that they needed was procured for three hundred dollars. From the Indians they learned the use of certain roots (probably potatoes) and wild herbs (as beans, etc), and where to look for them. They refer to the fact that what was said to Adam in wrath: "Of the grass of the field thou shalt eat," was said to them in grace. To the Board of Trade, Hunter explained that he had been powerless to prevent this moment. He consoled himself with the assurance, that, while without his license, they could obtain no title to the land, they would prove, if successful, a good protection for the frontier, and a new field would be opened for the manufacture of tar. It was to a beautiful and fertile country that they were strangely led. Twenty thousand acres came into their possession. The people, numbering from five to seven hundred were settled in seven villages, named after the deputies who had treated with the Indians, and who had led the colony to Schoharie, viz., Kneskerndorf, Gerlachsdorf, Fuchsendorf, Schmitsdorf, Weisersdorf, Hartmansdorf and Ober Weisersdorf. Four children, William Bouck, Catherine Mattice, Elizabeth Sawyer and John Earhart were born the week after their arrival. They were without a pastor, but a tailor wrote to Boehme that he was acting as a lay preacher. Upon the history of Schoharie, whose details have been well preserved, both in contemporary documents, and by industrious collectors of traditions many years ago, we cannot linger. When we consider that the Palatines carried with them none of the agricultural implements with which they had been furnished on the Hudson; that, in the beginning, there was not even a wheelbarrow in the colony, much less a horse or a cow, the progress made with the most primitive appliances for tilling the soil was most surprising. A vivid picture of the hardships of their primitive mode of life has been drawn by a local authority: "For several years they had most of their grain floured at Schenectedy. they usually went in parties of fifteen or twenty at a time, to be able to defend themselves against the wild beasts. Often there were as many women as men on these journeys,and they had to encamp in the woods at least one night, the women frequently displayed , when in danger, as much courage as their liege lords. A skipple was the quantity usually borne by each individual,but the stronger often carried more. Not infrequently they left Schoharie to go to the mill on the morning of one day, and were at home on the morning of the next; performing a journey of between forty and fifty miles in twenty-four hours or less, bearing the ordinary burden; but at such times they traveled most of the night without encamping. The Palatines owed much to the continued friendly relations of the Indians. One proof is given in the fact, during the first winter, John Conrad Weiser sent his son Conrad to live among the Mohawks and learn their language. But while the Indians were conciliated, their Dutch neighbors seemed to them merciless. Looking back, as we now may do, we must concede that there were faults on both sides. Our ancestors and kinsmen in their ignorance of the process of law, and with a deep sense of injustice, undoubtedly forfeited some of their rights, but could not be persuaded that they were wrong." "They claimed the absolute right to the lands which the Indians had given or sold them, and first ignored, and then resisted every attempt of the Provincial authorities to establish the titles. When Nicholas Bayard was sent to give them deeds in the name of the Crown, upon the simple condition that each householder show the boundaries of the lands he had taken, he was driven off under a hot fire of bullets. From Schoharie, he offered a deed to every one who would bring in payment of a single ear of corn; but this offer no one accepted. In November, 1714, therefore, the lands were sold to certain Dutch citizens of Albany. The Palatines found that attempts were made to turn the Indians against them. But this was recognized as a very dangerous expedient, since Weiser's influence with the Mohawks could not be overcome. Every effort made by the purchasers to settle on the land was resisted. An interesting report is that of Adam Vrooman to the Governor concerning the ground that he had sowed with grain; upon which the Palatines drove their horses by night; and the house that he had well under way, which he found one morning razed to the ground, the Palatines concealing their operations by driving horses with bells upon them all through the night, 'John Conrad Weiser,' he continues, 'has been the ringleader of all factions; for he has had his son sometime to live among the Indians, and now he is turned their interpreter; so that this Weiser and his son talk with the Indians very often, and have made treaties for them, and have been busy to buy land at many places' The charge was afterwards made by Hunter in Weiser's presence, before the Board of Trade in England, that he had brought down the Indians of the Five Nations upon the Dutch grantees. Sheriff Adams was sent down from Albany to assert the supremacy of the law, and arrest Weiser. When he reached Weisersdorf, now Middleburg, Schoharie Co., the Palatine women took the responsibility of a defence from the shoulders of their husbands and fathers, and, under the leadership of Margaret ZEH, knocked him down, rolled him in the mud, and lifting him on a rail, carried him the distance of six or seven miles, and left him on a log bridge on the road to Albany. He returned a thoroughly bruised and humiliated man, with two broken ribs, and the loss of an eye. We must commend the forebearance of the Governor, in attempting no immediate arrests for this flagrant violation of the law. But unsuspecting members of the settlements who went to Albany on business, were arrested and imprisoned. That Weiser came to intimidate the Governor, with three or four hundred armed men, we know only from Hunter's testimony in Weiser's presence in 1720. In order to end the struggle the Governor finally summoned their representatives to Albany in 1717, and informed them that, unless they purchased the ground they would be transported to another place, and their improvements paid for at an appraised value by the Province."