In a message dated 5/31/2006 2:59:53 PM Eastern Standard Time, JYoung6180@aol.com writes: The above would not have been true in 1777 when there was no American citizenship as yet. Joan I should add that any oath could and would have been to the Colony (and later Commonwealth) of Pennsylvania--and would be included in the book mentioned in my previous reply if you can find it. Joan