In a message dated 5/31/2006 3:29:25 PM Eastern Standard Time, pampearson@patmedia.net writes: <<1769 he was also naturalized as a citizen of Great Britain. (Not sure why he neede to do both, but he did.)>> He would have done this in order to own land, vote, or hold political office. <<The 1777 Oath of Allegiance I'm referring to was to the State of Pennsylvania and was published in the PA Archives, Series 2, Vol. XIII. My limited understanding is that these oaths were expressions of allegiance to the cause of the American Revolution. Individuals making these oaths are also documented in "Revolutionary Patriots of Lancaster Couinty, PA, 1775-1783", by Henry C. Peden, Jr., publ. 2002 by Willow Bend Books.>> Yes--your interpretation of the above oath is correct and I'm glad you found alternate sources other than the book I referenced. Joan