Dear All: I have been researching our name for some time now and have a great deal of information on Bollards. There seem to be two families who lived in the Crawford County area. Those are John H. Bollard and Lewis G. Bollard. I have not found the connection that joins those two families yet, but I am sure that it is there. John H. Bollard had a brother, William Bollard, who settled in Geneva, Ashtabula County, Ohio in 1870. He was from Northamptonshire, England. I descend through William. I have finished that line and am now following up on all Bollards because I am of the firm belief that they are all part of the same family. I would like to make contact with anyone who has ANY (no matter how insignificant) information on BOLLARD. I will certainly share the results of my research in return. Thank you. Donald C. Bollard stb@gvi.net

Would like to receive if possible, any info on Varney and May Litwiler. They were residing in Conneautville around the year 1906 some before and some after. Not sure how long they lived there. Thank You

------- Forwarded Message Follows ------- From: "ckm" <fielyantfarm@csonline.net> To: <lucy@cet.cet.com>, <Bama5015@aol.com> Subject: LAND Date: Sun, 15 Nov 1998 19:55:06 -0500 Hi Bobby and Kathy, Here is the info I got from the other book. I hope this helps. Also I heard from Marne97@aol.com She has a Pearl Stokes that Marr. John Byrnes from Oil City,PA Does that fit in any where? OK, here is the list. GRANTEE GRANTOR Stokes Adda H.E.Blakeslee 1912-Jan. 5 1 1/2a Sparta Stokes Albert J. & Nora E. Wm. M. Stockton 1922-Oct. 27 lot-Madison St. 2nd ward Meadville Stoke Charles Alma Squire 1908-July 24 35 1/2a Stueben Stoke Elizabeth John Horman 1855-Mar. 9 50a Venango Twp. Stokes Elizabeth Wilson B. Wells 1870-Apr. 16 3/8a lot Springboro Stokes Elizabeth Wm. H. Barney 1882-May 10 1/4a Springboro Stokes George Holland Land Co. 1852-Apr. 16 50a Hayfield Stoke George W. Wm. & Mary Moyer 1866-Nov. 22 48a Hayfield Stoke Jacob Geo. Selden 1833-May 25 75a Venango Twp. Stoke John Holland Land Co. 1852-Apr. 16 50a Hayfield Stoke John Commonwealth 1857-Apr. 28 348a 64p Venango Twp. Stokes Levi J. Wm.J.McCrillis 1911-May 15 80a Cussewago Twp. Stoke Permelia M. Pilgrim & ?sherwood 1858-Jan. 30 3a 170p none stated Stoke Permelia M. Perry Durham 1858-Jan. 30 5a 152p none stated Stoke Permelia M. Herman Rice 1864-Oct. 18 50a 2p Hayfield Stoke Permelia M. Joseph M. Shelton 1884-Dec. 2 61a Venango Twp. Stoke Samuel John Stoke 1855-Jan. 20 150a Venango Twp. Stoke Selby Soloman Himebaugh 1877-Oct. 9 10a Hayfield Stoke Samuel Jonathan J. Whipple 1879-May 3 lot-public highway Venango Boro Stoke William P. Wm. Diller 1842-Jan. 24 2a Woodcock Twp. Well, that is all I have. Will talk to you soon. Let me know if you find anything interesting!!!!!!! Kathy Lynn

------- Forwarded Message Follows ------- From: "ckm" <fielyantfarm@csonline.net> To: <lucy@cet.cet.com>, <Bama5015@aol.com> Subject: LAND DEEDS Date: Sun, 15 Nov 1998 10:44:01 -0500 Hi Kathy and Bobby, This is the first time I have tried looking up this info. So just be patient, I'm still learning. LOL a=acres p=perch(16 1/2 ft) GRANTOR GRANTEE Stoke Anthony Harrison Harnett & Orrin Hall 1855-Mar.9 24a 129p VenangoTwp. Stokes Almeda D. Wm. H. Barney 1882-May 10 1/4a Spring Twp. Stoke Almeda D.&(F.P.) Jane L. Wright 1882-Oct. 27 40a Spring Twp. Stoke David H. Joseph Peck 1865- June 1 3a 120p Cambridge 5a 152p Rockdale Stoke Elizabeth M.M. Barney 1885-May 12 3/8a Springboro Stoke Frederick Levi J. Stokes 1911 May 15 80a Cussewago Stokes Eldred Asa Freeman 1915-June 10 80a Cussewago Stokes George Samuel Stokes-trustee 1852-June 9 38a Hayfield Stokes George Joseph Himebaugh 1852-Oct. 15 15a Hayfield Stoke George H.B. Straw 1871-Sept. 27 1/3 interest 38a Hayfield Stoke Grace Ira R. Culver 1920-Sept. 24 2 pieces land Steuben Twp. Stoke Jacob Daniel Bemus 1829-July 25 Priviledges in French Creek Stoke Jacob heirs A. Clark & P. Wood 1841-Jan. 28 500a Athens Stoke Jacob John Hamilton 1852-May 10 26a Venango Twp. Stoke Jacob R. Coulter 1852-Aug.10 49a Venango Twp. Stoke John Henry Bole 1826-Feb. 9 150a Venango Twp. Stoke Johannes Daniel Bemus 1829-July 25 ? French Creek Stokes John Samuel Stokes in trust 1852-June 9 38a Hayfield Stoke John Jos. Himebaugh 1852-Oct. 15 15a Hayfield Stoke John Samuel Stoke 1854-June 20 150a Venango Twp. Stoke John Jos. W. Scott 1857-Apr. 10 58a Venango Twp. Stokes Levi J. Asa Freeman 1915-June 10 80a Cussewago Stoke Samuel Cyrus Kitchen 1855-Feb. 19 12a 48p Venango Twp. Stoke Samuel Wm. J. Bole 1855-Feb. 26 11a 31p Venango Twp. Stoke Samuel Jos. W. Scott 1861-Jan. 14 25a Venango Twp. Stoke Samuel Jos. W. Scott 1865-Oct. 28 16a 86p Venango Twp. Stoke Samuel B.K. Hicks 1870-Apr. 15 ? Cambridge Twp. Stoke Sarah Geo. H. Muchenhoupt 1874-Dec. 16 2a 30p. Cussewago Stoke Samuel Sylvestor A. K??ne? 1876-May 16 31a Venango Twp. Stoke Samuel Chas. McGill 1882-Apr. 5 50a Hayfield Stoke Selby C. F.A. Wightman 1883-Feb. 27 50a 2p Hayfield Stoke Samuel Ven. Lodge #298 K of P 1881-Mar. 14 lot Cussewago St. Venango Twp. Stoke Sarah Levi J. Stokes 1911-May 15 80a Cussewago Stoke Wm. P. Chas. Gruff 1847-Mar. 5 20a Woodcock Twp. OK--This is all I got in that book before I had to leave. I didn't send you my line, if I make a connection, I'll let you know. If there is something here you want me to check, just let me know. I tried to get everything spelled just as they had it. Talk to you later. Kathy Lynn

To Bryan D. Bechler bebop@ptinet.net and others researching STEPHEN CARMAN in Crawford County. Here is the info I found on him in the "History of Crawford County, PA, 1885." On page 529, in the history of Cussewago Township: "Among the earliest settlers were John Collum, John Clawson, John Chamberlin, and Stephen and Reuben Carman, all of whom, as the records show, came in 1797 or earlier. John Collum claimed to be the first settler in the township. He was here as early as 1792, according to his account, but left soon after, owing to Indian hostilities. About 1797 he returned and dwelt for years on Tract 29, a short distance west from Mosiertown. He afterward removed to the southern part of the county. John Chamberlin came in 1797 from Sussex County,NH, and settled on the Jacob Graff tract, about a mile southwest from Crossingville. He first erected a rude hut, and a few years later built a hewed-log cabin. At this raising, men attended from Meadville. Mr. Chamberlin was a Baptist Deacon, and a life-long citizen of Cussewago. John Clawson was a Quaker, and hailed likewise from New Jersey, settling on Tract 11, near the center of the township. He was a farmer, and remained through life on the farm he first settled. Stephen and Reuben Carman were brothers, and settled in the southern part of the township." On pages 1113 and 1114, in the Biographical Sketch section for Venango Township: "Samuel B. CARMAN, farmer, PO Venango, was born in Hayfield Township, this county, February 9, 1832, son of Samuel and Ann (Alward) Carman, and grandson of Stephen Carman, one of the first settlers of Cussewago Township, this county, who came from New Jersey and located on the farm now owned by Elihu Hotchkiss, and was parent of four children, viz.: Mary, wife of Morris Cole, of Cussewago Township, this county; Frazier, married to Sarah Jones of Hayfield Township, this county; Samuel, said to be the first white child born in French Creek, and Anna, married to M. Myers, of Indiana. Samuel CARMAN, Sr., had four children: Sarah, deceased wife of Dr. Sherwin of Springfield, Erie Co., Penn.; Stephen, married to Louise A. Wiard; Samuel B. and Rachel (deceased). Our subject was married September 11, 1856, to Lucinda, daughter of Hillorus and Jane (Quiggle) Graff, of Hayfield Township, this county. They are parents of seven children: Anna J., Viletta A., Elliott E., James A., Steele E., B. Mead, and Libbie V. Of these Anna J. married Benjamin Hazen, Jr., of Venango Township, this county, and Viletta A. married John S. Frazier, of Meadville. Mr. CARMAN has lived on his farm since 1859; is a member of the E.A.U. and the A.O.U.W. In politics he is a Republican. His wife is a member of the first Evangelical Lutheran Church. Mr. CARMAN was in the late Rebellion, enlisting December, 1861, in Company I, Second Pennsylvania Cavalry. He was in the battles of second Bull Run, Rappahannock, Mine Run, Whiteside Landing, and other engagements. He served three years, and was honorably discharged December 25, 1864." That's all for Stephen in this reference! Kathy Brubaker Volunteer Genealogist Linesville Historical Society kbrbkr@toolcity.net

To Bryan D. Bechler bebop@ptinet.net and others researching the TINGLEY surname in Crawford County. Here is the info I found on that surname in the "History of Crawford County, PA, 1885." On pages 423 and 424, in the history of Meadville: "The past and present members of the faculty (my note - Allegheny College) are: Rev. Timothy Alden, DD, 1817-31; Rev. Robert Johnston, DD, 1817-18; Rev. David McKinney, DD, 1829-30; Reynell Coats, MD, 1829-30; Rev. Martin Ruter, DD, 1833-37; Rev. Homer J. Clark, D, 1833-47; Augustus M. Ruter, AB, 1833-36; Rev. William M. Burton, Am, 1836-39; Rev. Matthew Simpson, DD, 1837-39; Rev. George W. Clarke, DD, 1837-55; Rev. R.T.P. Allen, AM, 1838-43;; Rev. John Barker, DD, 1839-60; Rev. Calvin Kinglsey, DD, 1840-57; Rev. Moses Crow, DD, 1840-41; Rev. Jonathan Hamnett, DD, 1845; Rev. Lorenzo D. Williams, DD, 1846-63; Rev. Alexander Martin, LLD, 1855-64; Rev. William Hunter, DD,, 1856-71; Rev. George Loomis, DD, 1861-74; Rev. James Marvin, D, 1863-75; JEREMIAH TINGLEY, PhD, 1863;...." On page 688, in the history of Wayne Township: "The United Brethren Church at Deckardville was organized about 1848. Quarterly meetings were held at first in barns. Services were conducted in a log schoolhouse which stood near the present church, until the latter was erected in 1855 at a cost of $1,100. The leading early members were: Jefferson Cousins, James TINGLEY, William Houtz, Joseph Shaffer and Jacob Wheeland. This society has a present membership of about forty, and is a part of Deckard Run Circuit, which was formed from a part of Sugar Lake Circuit in 1880, and has since had the following pastors: 1880, J.W. Lewis; 1881-82, W. Robinson; 1883, E.E. Belden." That's all for this surname! Kathy Brubaker Volunteer Genealogist Linesville Historical Society kbrbkr@toolcity.net

>Kathy, would you mind looking up AFFANTRANGER, S. J. think it is on page >709 in the History >Sandy Roche Schroeder >slschroe@intrepid.net No problem! S.J. is indeed on page 709, in the Biographical Sketch section for Meadville: "S.J. AFFANTRANGER, livery and sale stables, Meadville, is a native of the Keystone State, and has seen as much of the globe as Gen. Grant, having been in every State and most of the Territories of the Union, has made three overland journeys to California, and has been in most foreign countries; he has been three times over the Atlantic Ocean, and has circumnavigated the globe, settling down at last in his native State. He is a quite man, attending strictly to his business, in which he has been successful. He has been a frequent contributor to the newspapers of Meadville. He makes it a rule never to be in haste to be rich, great or wise. In politics he is a Democrat; is a member of the Town Council. He was married first in Virginia, and again after the death of his first wife in 1862, having lived a widower sixteen years. Mr. and Mrs. AFFANTRANGER have four children - Celia, Virginia, May A. and Edward J. Our subject is a son of John and Josephine (Earnest) AFFANTRANGER, natives of Switzerland, and who had to work three years to pay the man who paid their passage to America. They had thirteen children, nine of whom grew up, our subject being the sixth. He first learned blacksmithing, at which he worked for several years. He then owned and conducted a carriage factory in Indiana for eleven years. Since 1873 he has lived in Meadville. He was born in this county, April 7, 1826, and here expects to stay until higher powers call him away." There is one more reference to that surname on pages 714 and 715, same section: "George Benninghoff, retired farmer and oil producer, Meadville, was born in Clearfield County, Penn., April 3, 1825, and is a son of John and Elizabeth (Heist) Benninghoff, who were of German ancestry. His father was first a hatter by trade, was in later life a farmer, and succeeded at one time in accumulating a fortune of $300,000. He was a resident of Venango County, Penn., fourteen years, and before his death lived in Greenville, Penn., where he died in 1882. He had twelve children, who were all at their father's funeral but one, who was sick at the time. The father and all his sons were Republican in politics. George Benninghoff, the eldest of the family, received a common school education in Venango County, which he cleared up. In 1861 he purchased a farm in Mad Township, and removed to Meadville in 1880. From 1860 to 1883 he was engaged as an oil producer, since when he has been retired. He was married in 1848 to Julia A., daughter of John Baney, a prominent farmer of Venango County, Penn. They have five children: Almena Helen, wife of E.L. AFFANTRANGER, farmer; Lewis Nelson, farmer in Sugar Grove, Mercer County, and who was also in the oil business for sixteen years; Livingston, a farmer; George E., a practicing physician of Bradford, Penn; Julia M., wife of C.E. Morgan, of Cleveland, Ohio. Mrs. Benninghoff is a member of the Presbyterian Church. Politically our subject is a Republican." That's all for this surname! Kathy Brubaker Volunteer Genealogist Linesville Historical Society kbrbkr@toolcity.net -----Original Message----- From: Sandra Schroeder <slschroe@intrepid.net> To: kbrbkr@toolcity.net <kbrbkr@toolcity.net> Date: Sunday, November 15, 1998 7:08 PM Subject: Affantranger >

Here are a few of the most common abbreviations found on census records: ad - adopted ap - apprentice a - aunt bar - bartender bo - boarder b - brother bl or bil - brother in law bu - butler com - companion cil - cousin in law dl or dil - daughter in law dla - day laborer dw - dish washer dom - domestic fl or fil - father in law gcl - grand child gd - grand daughter gs - grand son h.si - half sister hk - housekeeper l - lodger ml or mil - mother in law sil or sl - son in law scl - step child sd - step daughter ss - step son u - uncle w - wife Now, go have some fun with the census! Barb

The census of 1900 had so many new items that were recorded about the families. These were welcomed by all of us genealogists...especially considering the loss of the 1890 census. Some items asked for the first time: HOW MANY CHILDREN ARE YOU THE MOTHER OF? HOW MANY LIVING? (answer to question #2). This same question was repeated in the census of 1910. HOW MANY YEARS HAVE YOU BEEN MARRIED? (answer to question #4). This same question was also repeated in 1910. YEAR OF IMMIGRATION TO THE U.S.? (answer to question #3). Other items asked in 1900 were: Month and Year of birth, marital status, number of marriages, place of birth of father, place of birth of mother, number of years in the U.S., naturalization date, occupation/trade, attending school, can read, write, speak English, own or rent home. This is a lot of data to work with in piecing together a family history. The 1910 schedule asked pretty much the same questions as 1900. In addition it asked if they were a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, if blind in both eyes, deaf or dumb. The forms used to survey Indians recorded also the tribe and/or band. Indexes (Soundex & Miracode) were created by the Bureau of Census for 21 States. With the exception of LA, which uses both, each State is indexed with either Soundex or Miracode. This index card system allows you to quickly check to be certain you have the right family prior to searching the actual census record. The index card contained the following data: name, age, state and county of residence, race, age and place of birth. Using the data recorded on the card, you can then find the census sheet. Those indexed in 1910 were: AL, AR, CA. FL, GA, IL, KS, KY, LA, MI, MS, MO, NC, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, WVA. All other states were not indexed. Well, how did you do on the Census trivia? Now you should know all about the Federal Census. I hope you have found this useful and it will inspire you to dig into the census as a resource for your family history. If you ever need some census research help, please feel free to contact me privately at ROPETRACER@prodigy.net Barb

Can anyone tell me which Allen was Edgar's biological father or maybe I should not ask? born Edgar Allen from time of his mother's marriage to S. W. Kepler, Edgar went by the name Kepler Edgar A. Kepler was a photographer. For a number of years he was located in Detroit on the northeast corner of Woodward Ave. and John R. St. He had a reputation of being a fine photographer and showed some artistic tastes. Portraits taken in 1897 are as good as the day they were made. Edgar and his wife spent the latter part of their lives in Jamestown, NY where they conducted an art store. from a Keplar history compiled by Frank Roy Kepler Generation No. 1 1. EDGAR1 KEPLER was born December 12, 1858 in Saegertown, PA, and died December 10, 1902 in Jamestown, NY. He married SARAH SMITH 1878 in Conneaut Lake, PA, daughter of JUDSON SMITH and HELEN DEROSS. Child of EDGAR KEPLER and SARAH SMITH is: 2. i. CODE ELEANOR2 KEPLER, b. August 28, 1894, Jamestown, NY; d. March 30, 1942, Jamestown, NY.

THE 1880 CENSUS SCHEDULE WAS THE FIRST TO USE SOUNDEX CODING (answer to question #5). Until this time, the "indexes" for the census were printed by privately for most states or territories for the period 1790 through 1870 as well as the 1890 special schedule. The Soundex is a coded surname (last name) index based on the way a surname SOUNDS rather than the way it is spelled. Surnames that sound the same, but are spelled differently, like Smith and Smyth, have the same code and are filed together. The Soundex coding system was developed to find a surname even though it may have been recorded under various spellings. This then leads you to the actual census record for that family. Every Soundex code consists of a letter and 3 numbers, such as W252. The letter is always the first letter of the surname whether it is a consonant or a vowel. The numbers are assigned to the remaining consonants of the surname according to the Soundex guide. For more information about the Soundex, check the Archives Files of Crawford Co. for several wonderful articles already written on this subject. As wonderful as this new Soundex system was, it is important to remember that in 1880 - it had one unique difference from that used in 1900, 1910 and 1920. THE SOUNDEX ONLY INDEXED FAMILIES THAT HAD CHILDREN AGE 10 YEARS OF AGE OR YOUNGER (answer to question #6). If you were looking for "grandma and grandpa", you will still need to look in the State, then county, then township/city/village to find them. On the other hand a husband and wife children ages 5, 8, 12 and 14 can be found on the Soundex. Those states with Soundex are: AL, AZ, AK, CA, CO, CT, DK, DE, DC, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN,, IO, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WVA, WI, WY. More to come.... Barb

THE 1850 CENSUS WAS THE FIRST TO RECORD EACH PERSON'S NAME, (answer to question #1) specific age, occupation of those over age 15, place of birth, and value of real estate. The slave schedules, however, name only the slave owner and indicate only if a slave was black or mulatto, and his or her sex and age. The 1860 schedules were almost identical to those of 1850, but the 1860 census was the first to inquire about the value of each free person's personal estate. The 1870 schedule asked if a person's father or mother were foreign born. Columns 19 and 20 cover "Constitutional relations." The enumerator checked column 19 if a male was a "citizen of the U. S. of 21 years of age and upwards." In column 20 the enumerator marked if a male citizen 21 years or older had had his "right to vote denied or abridged on other grounds that rebellion or other crime." In other words, was the person denied the right to vote in violation of the 14th amendment, which guaranteed citizenship, due process and equal protection under the law for men regardless of race. THE 1880 CENSUS WAS THE FIRST TO ASK ABOUT THE RELATIONSHIP OF EACH INDIVIDUAL TO THE HEAD OF THE FAMILY, SPECIFYING WHAT COULD ONLY BE ASSUMED IN EARLIER CENSUS (answer to question #7). Moreover, the 1880 census was the first to inquire about the birthplace of each person's parents, including the country of those who were foreign born. The census gives the state or country of birth, not the city nor county. A FIRE DESTROYED MANY 1890 POPULATION AND SPECIAL SCHEDULE CENSUS (answer to question #9). What survived the fire was damaged by smoke and water. As a result the Government disposed of most schedules. The few remaining 1890 population schedules or fragments are indexed. The 1890 Special Schedules ..Enumerating Union Veterans and Widows of Veterans of the Civil War, are most important for providing data about the military service of veterans, including some Confederates. The information about post office addresses and sometimes street and house numbers can lead outside the National Archives to important non-Federal records, such as deeds, tax lists and other property records that are kept at local levels. These are the states whose 1890 Special Schedule of Union Veterans survived: KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WVA, WS, WY, WDC. More to come... Barb

The 1790 - 1820 population schedules (census) were nearly all handwritten; the Government started using printed schedules in 1830. Article I, section 2, of the U. S. Constitution requires that a decennial population census, a nationwide enumeration or count of the population be TAKEN EVERY 10 YEARS (answer to question #8). Congress uses the census figures to apportion seats in the House of Representatives. The census also determines each state's number of votes in the electoral college, which selects the President and Vice President; and affects apportionment in state and local legislatures. The population schedules, FIRST PREPARED IN 1790 (answer to question #10), contain a wealth of information for historians, economists, and other researchers interested in topics such as Rev. War pensioners, Civil War veterans, western expansion, regional and local history, immigration, and naturalization. To ensure the privacy of individuals, Congress has provided for a 72-year restriction to access of Federal census schedules. The 1920 census was released in 1992; the 1930 census will be opened in 2002. To obtain specific nonrestricted data from post-1920 census, use Bureau of the Census Form BC-600, "Application for Search of Census Records." Copies of BC-600 are available from the Bureau of the Census, P. O. Box 1545, Jeffersonville, IN 47131. They usually can not be found at the National Archives. The 1790 - 1840 schedules furnish only the names of the free heads of family, not of other family members. These schedules totaled the number of other family members, without name, by free or slave status. Also, the sex and age categories that the schedules first used only for free whites from 1790 through 1810 eventually applied to other persons, and the age categories increased after 1790. The 1820 census first asked about naturalization status. The 1840 census included a special inquiry regarding pensioners for Revolutionary or military service. This section named persons who were either family heads or members and specified the pensioner's age, not just a range of ages. It is important to not overlook the data that might be obtained in the 1840 schedule of pensioners, especially if you are trying to zero in on a date of birth. More to come..... Barb

On January 2, 1920, at 9:00 a.m. the Bureau of the Census began taking the 14th decennial census of the United States. The schedules are arranged by state or territory, and thereunder by county, and finally by enumeration district. The states are arranged alphabetically; however, Alaska, Guam and American Samoa, Hawaii, military and naval schedules, the Panama Canal, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands (taken in 1917) are listed last. There was no separate Indian schedule for 1920. The format and information in the 1920 census schedules closely resemble that of the 1910 census. The 1920 census, however, did not ask about unemployment on the day of the census, nor did it ask about service in the Union or Confederate army or navy. Questions about the number of children born and how long a couple had been married were also omitted. The 1920 census included four new questions: one asking the year of naturalization and three about mother tongue. Because of the changes in some boundaries following WW I, enumerators were instructed to report the province (state or region) or city of persons declaring they or their parents had been born in Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, or Turkey. If a person had been born in any other foreign country, only the name of the country was to be entered. The instructions to the enumerators did not require that individuals spell out their names. Enumerators wrote down the information given to them; they were not authorized to request proof of age, date of arrival, or other information. People were known to change their ages between censuses, and some people claimed not to know their age. The race determination was based on the enumerator's impressions. Individuals were enumerated as residents of the place in which they regularly slept, not where they worked or might be visiting. People with no regular residence, including "floaters" and member of transient railroad or construction camps, were enumerated as residents of the place where they were when the enumeration was taken. Enumerators were also to ask if any family members were temporarily absent; if so, these were to be listed either with the household or on the last schedule for the census subdivision. Hope this helps you when looking for your ancestors on the 1920 census! Barb

To Penelope zibby@family-net.net and others researching GREEN/GREENE in Crawford County. Here are the references I found to that surname in the "History of Crawford County, PA, 1885." On page 1048, in the Biographical Sketch section for Spring Township: "Ritner H. Sturtevant, farmer, PO Springboro, was born in this township September 26, 1832; son of Daniel W. and Susan Sturtevant, the former a native of Norwich, Conn. They came with their family in 1818 to this county, where they bought and cleared the farm in Spring Township now owned by F.F. Dewitt. They were parents of five children, all now living. The father died August 20, 1865; his widow resides in Springboro. Our subject, the eldest in the family, received a good common school education, and taught school in his younger days for eight terms. He was twice married, on the first occasion to Adeline A. Kendall, a native of Vermont, who bore him one child - Ida E., now wife of John C. GREEN. Mrs. Sturtevant dying November 11, 1861, our subject married, October 12, 1862, Margaret Joslin. Two children were born to this union: John F., on the New York & Pennsylvania Railroad, and Floy E. Mrs. Sturtevant is an adherent of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He is a member of the State Legislature two terms and previously held almost every office in the township, including that of Justice of the Peace for over five years; was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Twentieth District of Pennsylvania, during 1869 and 1870." On pages 1092 and 1093, in the Bio Sketch section for Titusville: "Robert G. Eddy, grocer, 311 W. Spring Street, Titusville, was born in Venango County, Penn., in April, 1852; son of Luke and Sarah (GREEN) Eddy, who came to Venango County, Penn., from New York State, in an early day. They were parents of eight children, seven now living. Luke Eddy, who was a farmer and carpenter, is deceased. Our subject attended the public schools for a time, also the Main Street High School at Titusville, Penn. He was married in 1872, in Meadville, Penn., to M. Delsenah Proper, born in August, 1853, in Venango Township, this county, daughter of D.D. and Elizabeth (Grove) Proper, of German lineage; former a farmer and oil producer. They were parents of five children, of whom Mrs. Eddy is the eldest. She was educated in the seminary at Clarksville, Penn. Mr. Eddy has carried on a grocery business in Titusville since 1874, and has met with well-merited success." On page 1145, in the Bio Sketch section for Woodcock Township: "Cornelius A. Carringer, miller, PO Long's Stand, was born in Mercer County, Penn., December 7, 1834, and is a son of Henry and Nancy (Feathers) Carringer, and grandson of Martin Carringer, a native of Germany, who settled in what is now Perry Township, Mercer County, in 1799. He was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, serving under Gen. Anthony Wayne. Our subject was reared on a farm and followed agricultural pursuits in Mercer County till 1875, when he came to this county, locating in Woodcock and purchasing the property known as the Old Dickson Grist Mill, the first built in t his county, and has followed milling ever since. Mr. Carringer has been twice married, on the first occasion February 10, 1859, to Nancy E., daughter of Wesley and Nancy (Donaldson) Green, of Lawrence County, Penn., who bore him four children, two now living: Nanie J. (wife of Charles Shrubb) and Clara E. (wife of Ira Wygant). He was again married, July 17, 1871, to Nancy E., daughter of William and Elizabeth Donaldson, of Lawrence County. Since purchasing, Mr. Carringer has built an addition to the mill, 16x28, making the total size 28x53 feet. He is a member of the K. of H.; in politics a Republican." That's all for this surname in this reference! Kathy Brubaker Volunteer Genealogist Linesville Historical Society kbrbkr@toolcity.net

To Penelope zibby@family-net.net and others researching GREEN/GREENE in Crawford County. Here are the references I found to that surname in the "History of Crawford County, PA, 1885." On page 801, in the Biographical Sketch section for Cambridge Township: "Timothy L. Barber, attorney at law and auctioneer, Cambridgeboro, was born in Chautauqua County, NY, June 20, 1835; son of Chauncey and Keziah (GREEN) Barber. His father died when he was but four months old. In 1837 his mother moved to Girard, Erie Co., Penn., and resided there till 1847, when she settled in Rockdale Township, this county, where she resided till her death, which occurred in 1875. Our subject was educated at the common school and located in Cambridgeboro n 1854, and learned the shoe-maker's trade, which was his principal business up to 1872, when he began to practice law, in which he is still engaged. Besides attending to his profession he is doing an extensive business as auctioneer, having been licensed in 1879, and is considered A, No. 1 in this line. He was married, June 20, 1859, to Mary, daughter of Samuel and Maria Peters, early settlers of Cussewago Township, this county. By this union there are two children: Eva and Clara D. Mr. Barber has held several offices in Cambridgeboro. He is a member of the Knights of Honnor. In politics he is a Democrat." On page 949, in the Bio Sketch section for Richmond Township: "Thomas W. GREEN, farmer, PO New Richmond, was born in Jefferson County, NY, May 1, 1822. His education was very limited, as he had to work most of the time when a boy, and had but little time to attend school. He entered upon his career in life as a farmer, an occupation he has since followed, and by energy and enterprise has prospered well. He left his home in New York State for the West in 1840, and settled in Richmond Township, this county, where he has now a farm well cultivated, and a pleasant home. Mr. GREEN was married, July 7, 1845, to Miss Mary E. Baldwin, by whom he has seven children, viz.: Pembroke, Charles, Francis, Sarah, Rhoda, Ann and Bertha, all living." On page 1011, in the Bio Sketch section for Spring Township: "Isaac S. Baldwin, farmer, PO Springboro, was born in Whiting, Vt., June 28, 1816, son of Miles and Betsy Baldwin, former a native of Ruthland, Vt., latter of Grantham, NH. They came to this county in 1829 with three children, and took up a farm of fifty acres in the center of Spring Township. Two of the three children are now living. Miles Baldwin was a farmer. He held several township offices. His wife died in May, 1844. He died February, 1854, in his native township. Our subject, the youngest in the family, commenced farming when nineteen years of age, working for two years at $13 per month. After a two years' illness, he, in 1839, worked on the Erie Extension Canal as stone mason for one year, and became contractor on the canal for five years. He then purchased a farm, on which he remained one year; following year he again worked on the canal, returning again to the farm with his family. Mr. Baldwin then went to Ohio and contracted with his brother to grade forty-six miles of the Ashtabula & Lisbon RR, on completion of which contract he returned home, and has since been engaged in farming. He was married, October 9, 1839, to Betsy C. Parish, a native of Orleans County, Vt., born March 9, 1821. By this union were born nine children, six now living, viz.: Elizabeth, widow of Henry GREEN; Elmer D.; John P.; Ellen S., wife of James Corbett; Mary B., wife of Bart Brennan; and Leonore, wife of Peter Rackner. Our subject and wife have been members of the Christian Church over thirty years. He has been Justice of the Peace ten years; has held several township officers; in politics is a Republican. He, along with others, built the first steam saw-mill in this section in 1843." More to follow! Kathy Brubaker Volunteer Genealogist Linesville Historical Society kbrbkr@toolcity.net

To Penelope zibby@family-net.net and others researching GREEN/GREENE in Crawford County. Here are the references I found to that surname in the "History of Crawford County, PA, 1885." On page 521, in the history of Cambridge Township: "Cambridge Lodge, No. 901, I.O.O.F., was granted a charter January 14, 1875. Its charter officers were John GREENE, N.G.; Bemus Buckley, V.G.; Williard S. Skelton, Secretary; James H. Skelton, Assistant Secretary; George D. Humes, Treasurer. It numbers seventy-seven members, and meets every Saturday evening." On page 580, in the history of Oil Creek Township: "The Holland Company effected the settlement of its tracts by means of the following contracts: Tract 20, John Strawbridge, September 25, 1798, 100 acres gratuity for five years' residence and improvements and fifty acres sold for $75; Tract 21, not sold till 1815; Tracts 22 and 23, contract with Daniel Titus for 100 acres each, July 12, 1805; Tract 24, Charles Ridgway, July 12, 1803, 100 acres gratuity, 100 acres sold at $2 per acre, deed executed to R. Alden, assignee; Tracts 25 and 26, unsold till 1815; Tract 37, Thomas Gilson, June 2, 1802, 100 acres gratuity, deed executed; Tract 39, John Gilson, October 21, 1799, 100 acres gratuity, assigned to John Hagan; Tract 52, Robert Hare, Jr., July 10, 1805, 100 acres sold for $175; Tract 53, John McIntire, July 10, 1805, 100 acres sold; Tract 54, Patrick Sloan, 100 acres sold October 10, 1806, for $250; Tract 55, Mary Mitchell, 434 acres sold July 12, 1805; Tract 56, John Lewis, 434 acres sold July 8, 1805 for $200; Tract 57, R. Alden, October 28, 1803; Tract 84, Joel GREEN, July 12, 1803, 100 acres gratuity; Tracts 85 and 86, John Markley, October 20, 1797, 100 acres gratuity, fifty acres sold in each, assigned James Caldwell and Evan Davis; Tract 87, unsold; Tract 88, Samuel Kerr, Jr., April 13, 1808, 100 acres gratuity, repurchased; Tract 89, Robert Kerr, Sr., and William Kerr, July 10, 1805, 200 acres sold; Tract 90, Samuel Kerr, Jr., July 10, 1805, 100 acres sold." On page 582, of the same section: "The first saw and grist-mill in the township was the Holland Mill, so called because it was erected by the Holland Land Company. It stood on Pine Creek, about two miles east of Titusville, and was erected about the year 1798. Joel GREEN was one of the early millers. Prior to 1810 it passed into the possession of John Watson, who increased its capacity and in 1824 sold the property to Joseph L. Chase & Company. They erected a saw-mill and retained possession until 1854. About ten years later it was abandoned. Peter Titus built an early saw-mill at Hydetown. About 1815 Adam Holliday erected one on Oil Creek, a half mile west of Titusville. A chair factory was afterward in operation at the same place, and the mill dam still remains. John Thompson about 1825 erected a saw-mill on Thompson's Run, about three miles north of Titusville. A new mill was erected on the same site by David Kerr & Sons, who still operate it." On page 604, in the history of Richmond Township: "Capt. Miles in early times erected a saw-mill on a branch of Muddy Creek, about two miles north from New Richmond. W.W. GREEN owns a steam saw0mill in the east part of the township, and William Morse one in the north part. Three cheese factories are in operation: Stewart's in the southeast part; Morse's in the northern; and Pinney & Nodine's, in the western. Dairying and lumbering are both actively engaged in." On page 661, in the history of Summerhill township: "The Dicksonburg Methodist Episcopal Church is the oldest in the northwestern part of the county. In May, 1801, the Baltimore Methodist Episcopal Conference sent Rev. James Quinn as circuit preacher to the Pittsburgh District to form a circuit extending from Lake Erie to the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers, to be known as Erie Circuit. Mr. Quinn entered upon his itinerancy with zeal, but for some reason was removed and Rev. Joseph Shackelford sent to fill out the remainder of the year. In the spring of 1802 he organized a class at the house of James McDowell in what is now Summerhill Township. James McDowell and wife, George Nelson and wife and Mrs. Johnson were the earliest members. Erie Circuit soon contained twenty appointments, requiring the minister to travel 400 miles every four weeks to fill them. The ministers of Erie Circuit until 1825 were as follows: James Quinn and J.A. Schackelford, 1801; J. Cullison, 1802; Noah Fiddler, 1803; A. Hemphill, 1;804; David Best and J.A. Shackelford, 1805; R.R. Roberts and J. Watts, 1806; C. Reynolds, A. Daniels and T. Divers, 1807; Job Guest and W. Butler, 1808; J. Charles, J. Hanson and J. Decellum, 1809; J. Monroe, 1810; J. Watts and J. Ewing, 1811; J. Watts, J. Gorwell and J. Graham, 1812; A. Robinson, 1813; J. Solomon and J. Graham, 1814; R.C. Hatton, 1815; C. Godard and J.P. Kent, 1816; J. P. Kent and Ira Eddy, 1817; D.D. Davidson and S. Adams, 1818; P. GREEN, 1819; Ira Eddy and Charles Elliott, 1820; Ezra Booth and C. Trescott, 1821; W.H. Collins, 1822; J. Summerville, 1823; J.P. Kent, 1824; N. Reeder and Z. Ragen, 1825." More to follow! Kathy Brubaker Volunteer Genealogist Linesville Historical Society kbrbkr@toolcity.net

To Penelope zibby@family-net.net and others researching GREEN/GREENE in Crawford County. Here are the references I found to that surname in the "History of Crawford County, PA, 1885." On pages 245 and 245, in the history of Crawford County: "One of the leading factors in building up the present flourishing dairy industries of northwestern Pennsylvania was the Dairyman's Association. On the 15th of April, 1871, the dairymen of Crawford and Erie Counties met at Venango and organized the "Crawford County Dairyman's Association," with the following officers: Joseph Blystone, President; H.C. GREENE, J.H. Blystone and Thomas Van Horne, Vice-Presidents; D.H. Gibson, Secretary; J.H. Marcy, Treasurer. The gentlemen present who organized the association were: Joseph Blystone, Thomas Van Horne, Cornelius Van Horne, William Morse, D.C. Root, D.H. Gibson, E. Chamberlain, George Thomas, J.H. Blystone, William Nash, D.M. Crouch, G.W. Cutshall, J.T. Cook, J.H. Marcy, G.N. Kleckner, H.C. GREENE, Darius Coulter, G.W. Brown, Adam Sherred, L.E. Townley, J.M. Bigger and S.F. Harned. This society accomplished but little, and June 2, 1875, was re-organized as the "Pennsylvania State Dairyman's Association," with A.M. Fuller, of Meadville, as President. At that time there were in western Pennsylvania about 100 cheese factories. owning to the fact that the association was then supported wholly by membership fees, it was unable to extend its work beyond the confines of the northwestern counties. In 1879 the proceedings of the association were published in the State Agricultural Report, for which it received from the State Agricultural Society the sum of $100. In 1880 the association secured an annual appropriation from the State of $350, and 500 copies of the report, with the privilege of using 100 pages of the report every year. Two meetings have been held annually since 1875, at which addresses have been delivered by almost every prominent dairyman in the county. These meetings have been well attended and not a single failure has occurred, while on some occasions over 500 persons were present." On page 274 of the same section: (discussion on the ground-breaking ceremonies for the French Creek Canal Feeder) "Marshal on horseback, Col. John Dick; Capt. Torbett's Company of Artillery; Capt. Berlin's Company of Light Infantry; Band of Music; President of the day, James Herrington; Orator of the day, Henry Baldwin, Jr.; Secretaries, Samuel Miles GREENE and Cyrus T. Smith, Esqs.; Superintendent, Gen. I Phillips; Engineer, I. Ferguson, Esq.; Revered Clergy; Committee of Arrangement; Persons appointed to break ground, Robert Fitz Randolph and Cornelius Van Horne; a team of seven yoke of oxen with a plow, James Fitz Randolph to hold the plow, and Samuel Lord, John Wentworth, John Ellis, and Edward Fitz Randolph to drive the oxen; eight laborers, Levi Cox, James Thorp, James porter, Robert McCurdy, Thomas Stockton, James McMath, William Johnston and R. Neal, dressed in proper costumes with implements for excavation; Contractors; two Vice-Presidents, James Burchfield and John Reynolds; Town Council; Judiciary; Gentlemen of the Bar; Sheriff and Coroner; Citizens, two and two; two Vice-Presidents, Eliphalet Betts and Samuel Torbett; Marshal on horseback, Col. Joseph Douglas." On pages 306 and 309, of the same section: "Samuel Miles GREEN came from Bellefont, Penn., about 1825, where he had read law and been admitted to practice. He was a man of strong common sense, a fair lawyer and a good speaker, but not succeeding as well as he had anticipated, he returned to his early home about 1834." More to follow! Kathy Brubaker Volunteer Genealogist Linesville Historical Society kbrbkr@toolcitiy.net

Looking for information on the SURRARRER family that was living in Crawford Co., PA. Archie SURRARRER b. 25 Aug. 1892 d. March 1973 Edith SURRARRER b. 26 July 1891 d. Dec. 1972 both from Conneautville, Crawford Co., PA. Who were the parents of Archie? My 4th Great Grandfather was James SURRARRER b. N.Y. d. Mich. Any information on Albert would be very appreciated! Thank-You, Sharon

Especially for our genealogy new-comers! HOW MUCH "CENSUS" DO YOU KNOW? (1) Year of census that first listed EVERY name of those in the dwelling? (2) Year of census that asked the female the number of children she had given birth to and the number of those children still living? (3) Year of census that first asked year of immigration? (4) Year of census that asked how long the couple had been married? (5) Year of census that first was indexed according to "sound" i.e. soundexed? (6) What must you keep in mind while searching the census index mentioned above (#5)? (7) What census first listed relationships to head of household? (8) How often are census taken? (9) Year of census that was destroyed by fire and water? (10) Year of 1st U.S. census taken? Put on your thinking caps and will see how well you did tomorrow! Barb