Roy, As I understand it, our Y chromosome analysis uses STR's (short tandem repeats) which is not the same as SNP's (single nucleotide polymorphisms). STR's are abundant in the human genome and highly variable. The process of STR analysis is fast and cheap enough to allow commercial application such as the Pace yDNA project. SNP's are much more rare and, once the original mutation has occurred, they don't change much over time. SNP's are what the human population geneticists use to define haplogroups. When we get the results of our Y chromosome STR analysis back, that is our haplotype. Because some STR haplotypes are more common within certain haplogroups than others, the geneticists can use your haplotype to "predict" what haplogroup you are likely to fall into. Even though my genetics background is better than most, it's taking some work for me to understand all this. Here is one link that I have found useful: http://www.dnaheritage.com/masterclass1.asp Joe Anderson ----Original Message Follows---- From: "Roy Johnson" <royj@webster.edu> To: PACE-L@rootsweb.com Subject: RE: [PACE-L] West African YDNA Date: Sat, 10 Dec 2005 22:18:03 -0600 -----Original Message----- From: Addiefaye4@wmconnect.com [mailto:Addiefaye4@wmconnect.com] Sent: Friday, December 09, 2005 8:48 AM To: royj@webster.edu Subject: Re: [PACE-L] West African YDNA Roy, what is the SNP test? Maybe I need to do it to find my GGG Grandfather, Father of Wyche H. Pace b. 1817 in TN. Addie I used the wrong terminology. The Y chromosome test is an SNP test, as I understand the terminology, testing a snip of DNA. What I intended to say is that I need to upgrade to the 25 marker test. I run the DNA site but Rebecca Christenson actually has studied DNA mush more deeply than I, and I consider her the expert on the subject. Roy ==== PACE Mailing List ==== Check out the new Pace Society of America web page at: www.pacesociety.org, and please join the Pace Society of America for only $25.00 per year.

Thanks, Joe. I have some pretty intense family problems right now and haven't had much time to study. I just keep up the database. Roy -----Original Message----- From: Janders 45 [mailto:janders45@hotmail.com] Sent: Sunday, December 11, 2005 7:54 AM To: royj@webster.edu; PACE-L@rootsweb.com Subject: RE: [PACE-L] West African YDNA Roy, As I understand it, our Y chromosome analysis uses STR's (short tandem repeats) which is not the same as SNP's (single nucleotide polymorphisms). STR's are abundant in the human genome and highly variable. The process of STR analysis is fast and cheap enough to allow commercial application such as the Pace yDNA project. SNP's are much more rare and, once the original mutation has occurred, they don't change much over time. SNP's are what the human population geneticists use to define haplogroups. When we get the results of our Y chromosome STR analysis back, that is our haplotype. Because some STR haplotypes are more common within certain haplogroups than others, the geneticists can use your haplotype to "predict" what haplogroup you are likely to fall into. Even though my genetics background is better than most, it's taking some work for me to understand all this. Here is one link that I have found useful: http://www.dnaheritage.com/masterclass1.asp Joe Anderson ----Original Message Follows---- From: "Roy Johnson" <royj@webster.edu> To: PACE-L@rootsweb.com Subject: RE: [PACE-L] West African YDNA Date: Sat, 10 Dec 2005 22:18:03 -0600 -----Original Message----- From: Addiefaye4@wmconnect.com [mailto:Addiefaye4@wmconnect.com] Sent: Friday, December 09, 2005 8:48 AM To: royj@webster.edu Subject: Re: [PACE-L] West African YDNA Roy, what is the SNP test? Maybe I need to do it to find my GGG Grandfather, Father of Wyche H. Pace b. 1817 in TN. Addie I used the wrong terminology. The Y chromosome test is an SNP test, as I understand the terminology, testing a snip of DNA. What I intended to say is that I need to upgrade to the 25 marker test. I run the DNA site but Rebecca Christenson actually has studied DNA mush more deeply than I, and I consider her the expert on the subject. Roy ==== PACE Mailing List ==== Check out the new Pace Society of America web page at: www.pacesociety.org, and please join the Pace Society of America for only $25.00 per year.