I don't want to start a fight here...but I personally think "inadvertantly" isnt what it was...for info on exactly what went down with our ancestors, the beginning chapters of "The People's History of the United States" makes clear how pointed our ancestors were about exterminating the "red man"... Also, having spent many years on reservations in the midwest, I can pretty much say (as Russell means once said a lot more eloquently) that the first chemical warfare inflicted on a population was supplying the Indian population with alcohol. Cynthia Dickinson ------ http://USFamily.Net/info - Unlimited Internet - $7.99/mo! ------

The "Magi" ----- Original Message ----- From: "J. Seaton" <johnseaton@earthlink.net> To: <PABRADFO-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Tuesday, July 18, 2000 19 46 PM Subject: [PABRADFO] Questions & Answers I've just got to ask--how can both a question and its response appear in the same e-mail group? Who is able to read the question and respond to it before I have even seen the question? Janis Greenlaw Seaton (Researching Greenlaw in Bradford County/neighboring counties 1868 to early 1900's.)

I've just got to ask--how can both a question and its response appear in the same e-mail group? Who is able to read the question and respond to it before I have even seen the question? Janis Greenlaw Seaton (Researching Greenlaw in Bradford County/neighboring counties 1868 to early 1900's.)

I couldn't find an inventory for the Grover/Turner Cemetery. Did I miss it some place? Is that the cemetery behind the Newelltown Church at Roaring Branch? I am searching for the burial sites for Newell, Grantier, Fitzwater and Watts. We plan on doing a day trip this Sunday, 7/23/00, to do some looking at Grover/Turner and Rutty cemeteries. I hope I have the correct place in Bradford Co. Thank for any information you can give me. Pat (Newell) Smith (RMSPAS@nni.com)

Read Crosby,it just wasn't the US in was the Islands and the Far East.R ----- Original Message ----- From: "Fran Clark" <cathern@zianet.com> To: "Roland Elliott" <RolandElliott@thegrid.net>; <PABRADFO-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Monday, July 17, 2000 21 06 PM Subject: Re: [PABRADFO] Fw: Forgotten History - The Plague of America - You're rignt, Roland, Europeans did, more or less inadvertantly, practice ethnic cleansing on Native Americans. But the reason their diseases were so lethal was not because Europeans were dirty--though they probably were. It was because the indigenous population had had no contact with the disease organisms the Europeans carried, and therefore had no immunity. Measles and small pox were the big killers, along with others. There is some controversy about which direction syphilis was going, there is evidence to suggest it was from N America to Europe. Europeans got a treasure trove of food plants from Native Americans, corn was only one, though the most important. There were potatoes, tomatoes, avocadoes chiles and more. In return the immigrants brought horses, cows, pigs, goats, burros, sheep and chickens. A big reason noone in NA was using the wheel was because they had no draft animals to make it practical. For more on this topic--not very genealogical--read The Columbian Exchange by Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn. 1972. Fran Clark in NM

Dear Fellow Tri-countians, Creative spelling is giving me a problem. I think I have found an ancestor on this census. He is listed as "Joseph Cananon". If it's who I hope it is, the spelling is "Kinnan". Don't know who couldn't spell - the ancestor or the census enumerator. I'd say the latter because the correct spelling appears in records before and after this date. It is a pain to have to search name-by-name because these misspellings don't come up in a computer search. I know, I know, I should be glad for small favors, like not having to read the manuscript writing line-by-line. Just needed to vent! Another frustration is when transcribers make spelling errors. I found an ancestor in a cemetery listing but his name was wrong. The stone is clear, readable and CORRECT! The transcriber, (either the one reading the cemetery, or the one typing it) wrote Kin"M"an. In this case I already knew Kinnans were in that cemetery, I'm glad I wasn't searching for them out of the blue. Thanks Kelsey & Joyce for getting this census info online for us. Can't wait for the next one. Lee Kinnan Fazzari Aurora, IL

Would anyone happen to have access to the 1865 census for Bath, NY (Steuben County)? Or maybe just could give me the microfilm roll numbers to order? Thanks in advance. Laura in NC

You're rignt, Roland, Europeans did, more or less inadvertantly, practice ethnic cleansing on Native Americans. But the reason their diseases were so lethal was not because Europeans were dirty--though they probably were. It was because the indigenous population had had no contact with the disease organisms the Europeans carried, and therefore had no immunity. Measles and small pox were the big killers, along with others. There is some controversy about which direction syphilis was going, there is evidence to suggest it was from N America to Europe. Europeans got a treasure trove of food plants from Native Americans, corn was only one, though the most important. There were potatoes, tomatoes, avocadoes chiles and more. In return the immigrants brought horses, cows, pigs, goats, burros, sheep and chickens. A big reason noone in NA was using the wheel was because they had no draft animals to make it practical. For more on this topic--not very genealogical--read The Columbian Exchange by Alfred W. Crosby, Jr., Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn. 1972. Fran Clark in NM

* The Plague of America William Langer wrote that the Bubonic Plague was "the worst disaster that had ever befallen upon mankind." During the 14th century, about 30% of the European population died from its effects. The Europeans believed that the horror was caused by God punishing them for their sins. We now know that it was rats and fleas that carried the disease coupled with the hygienic shortcomings of the time. There is another plague that is barely spoken of, that is the spread of disease to native-Americans which was carried by the settlers of the New World. This plague caused 90% of the population to die and was refereed to by the governor of the Massachusetts colony John Winthrop as "an act of god." Winthrop wrote to a friend in England, "So as God hath thereby cleared our title to our place, those who remain in these parts, not being more than fifty, have put themselves under our protection." The Europeans brought with them diseases that the native people were incapable of handling. Europeans refused to bathe, believing it to be unhealthy, and they never took their clothes off. In fact, the natives complained that they smelled and tried to get the settlers to bathe but had little success. Furthermore, the Pilgrims brought with them animals that carried diseases such as cows and chickens. The results proved disastrous as only one in every twenty people survived the invasion from Europe. Although medical science has proven otherwise, the Europeans of the time still held steadfastly to the belief that this was an act of God being held out in their behalf. One settler proclaimed while speaking about the deaths of Native- Americans, "their enterprise failed, for it pleased God to effect these Indians with such a deadly sickness, that out of every 1000, over 950 of them had died, and many of them lay rotting above the ground for lack of burial." On the West Coast the devastation was similar. In 1769, it was estimated that there were 300,000 people living in California and by the end of the gold rush in 1849 only 30,000 remained. These cataclysmic events are treated in our textbooks as an example of American exceptionalism. "This great opportunity for a great social and political experiment may never come again," says the American Pageant. Another textbook states, "The American people have created a unique nation." What on earth is so unique? What did the natives do to deserve such a fate? The gracious acts of the indigenous people are quite remarkable. They told them how to grow corn, where to fish and where to hunt. This allowed the settlers to survive, however, they neglected to thank the natives. What can we learn from this? First, one must be very careful when any group says that their exploitation is an act of God. Second that America was conquered without regard for the people who lived there. It is estimated that over 14 million people lived in what we call the United States, but by 1900, fewer than one million remained. Today, we would describe this as ethnic cleansing. If anyone out there deserves reparations, it is Native-Americans. I pray that some day they get it. Sources for Article: Gary Nash, Red, White and Black Almon W. Lauber, Indian Slavery in Colonial Times Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America James Loewen, Lies My Teacher told Me .

Pennsylvania, no. New York, yes: If my memory is correct -1825, 1835, 1855, 1865, 1875, 1892, 1905, 1915, 1925. J. Kelsey Jones ----- Original Message ----- From: "Cole LaFrance" <Cole@PharmRecruiters.com> To: <PABRADFO-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Monday, July 17, 2000 4:55 PM Subject: [PABRADFO] Local census question > Hello list, > > Would anyone happen to know if there were any local census take in between > the Federal census which took place every 10 years? I have read that this > happened in certain locations. > > Regards from Fountain Hills AZ, > > Pat LaFrance > >

Hello list, Would anyone happen to know if there were any local census take in between the Federal census which took place every 10 years? I have read that this happened in certain locations. Regards from Fountain Hills AZ, Pat LaFrance

Hello List: I am researching the Freeman family that descended from Stephen Freeman and Hannah Astwood of the New Haven Colony at Milford, Connecticut. My great grandfather, Samuel Freeman and his wife, Margaret McCutcheon Freeman, migrated from West Milford, NJ, to Chemung, Chemung County, NY, where Margaret's mother, Hettie Mann McCutcheon and her son, William McCutcheon, were living after the death of Hettie's husband, John McCutcheon about 1850. I have never been able to find the date or exact place of his death. My grand father, Walter S. Freeman, was born in Chemung, Chemung County, NY, and moved, with his family to Bradford Co., PA, where he married Cora Ethel Bailey (born 13 April 1864, in Lock Haven, Clinton Co., PA), adopted daughter of Robert Bailey. The 1870 Federal Census shows Cora as the adopted daughter of Robert Bailey. Cora's death certificate lists Mary Burlew as her mother and Walter S. Freeman as her father. As Walter S. Freeman was her first husband (died 1917 in Elmira, NY) I have doubts about Mary Burlew as her mother. Cora married John Wines after the death of my grand father, Walter S. Freeman. Is there an orphan's court Bradford Co? If so, how is it accessed? I am interested in the descendants of Walter S. Freeman. I have a list of children: Charles (b. May 1885); Anna (b. Feb 1887); William (b. Sept 1889); Mable ( b. Sept 1889); Claude Sam, my father, (b. 26 Nov 1892); Raymond (b. May 1896); Mary ( b. Jan 1899); Ethel (b. May 1901); Walter Scott (b. 12 Sept 1903); Margaret; Russell (b. 19 Apr 1909). Any help in this research would be greatly appreciated. Sincerely, Leslie B. Freeman (whitebear@harborside.com

Hi Everyone, I think someone on this list was looking for information on the Burgess family some time ago. A distant cousin just sent me a couple of pictures. One of them is on Charles Burgess, his 2nd wife Edith, his sister Frances Burgess Darrow and his brother (I think the name is Ned), also in the picture are Charles children, Ruby, Isabel, William, Bessie, her husband Ed Slater, and Isabel's daughter Louise. Charles Burgess first wife was Flora Smith, a sister to my great grandfather. If anyone is interested in a copy of this picture, I will scan it and send it to them. Pat Raymond

According to Ancestry's Civil War Pension Index widow Martha filed an application for husband's pension 20 years after she died!! Was it a common practice for the children or anyone else for that matter to apply? He was in the 76th Infantry. Beverly--forever asking questions...

In a message dated 7/16/00 1:01:47 PM Eastern Daylight Time, PABRADFO-D-request@rootsweb.com writes: << I need to know how to research a divorce which probably occurred between 1865 and 1878. The wife was a resident of Pike Twp. Bradford County. Would the divorce have to be recorded in Bradford County, or could the ex-husband have filed in his place of residence (Iowa) ? Assuming the divorce decree was issued in Bradford County, where would those records be? >> I'll share my brief experience with divorce with you, as I've found divorce during those years much more prevalent than we'd have thought, especially as families moved West. I'm told by historians out West that many women had too hard a time handling no medical care, no family, constant danger (Indians, etc.), lack of even the most modest items, such as blankets and clothing, the harsh weather and the loss of crops by inexperienced farmer husbands, plus economic depression in the late 1800s. Others wives were physically abused. At any rate, be sure to contact each individual county and find out which court there would have granted divorces, then search that particular court's records. (I found a record when someone had searched the clerk's office and told me it didn't exist. Lucky me!) The divorce would have probably been filed in the county where the wife was residing at the time. If you're not sure where she lived, you might check out any deeds with that person's name, because deeds often mention where people are living. Also, property sales often happened right after a divorce, just as they do now. Happy hunting. Laura in NC

Hello list, I need to know how to research a divorce which probably occurred between 1865 and 1878. The wife was a resident of Pike Twp. Bradford County. Would the divorce have to be recorded in Bradford County, or could the ex-husband have filed in his place of residence (Iowa) ? Assuming the divorce decree was issued in Bradford County, where would those records be? Thank you for the help, Alice

HI All, I have uploaded some more pages of the Bradford County Veterans Database. This is inching towards the end. Joyce M. Tice <A HREF="http://www.rootsweb.com/~srgp/jmtindex.htm">Tri-Counti es Genealogy & History Sites of Joyce M. Tice</A>

Hello, This is my first post to this list. I have been subscribed for about 1 month now, and I would like to say thank you to all of the contributors, especially Joyce. The wealth of information that you provide is very much appreciated. Living so far away and not having much knowledge of the area that my ancestors lived, it is amazing and comforting to hear your stories and love you share of the area. The question that I have is about a receipt that I found of my great-grandfathers. It is dated October 14, 1914 and it is for membership dues to an organization listed as Washington Camp No 652 P. O. S. of A., has anyone ever heard of this organization before? Thanks in advance. And keep up the good work, if there is anyone needing help in the Douglas County area of Oregon, just sent me a note and I will see what I can do. Thanks, Shannon Knapp

My wife got this a couple of days ago and I am just getting the chance to send it and see if it has or has not been posted to PABRADFO as a source for information on Civil War Pensions. Happy hunting to all. May the ancestors come out of the woodwork for you all Ernest Warren > >Ancestry has just posted this..and it looks great so far. It is free >for >the next 10 days... >You might want to check it out. >--------------------------------------------------------------------------- - >-- >CIVIL WAR PENSION INDEX (IMAGES ONLINE) > >More than 2.5 million original American Civil War pension index cards >are >the >first available images in Ancestry.com's new Images Online project. (For >more >information on the Images Online Project see, >http://www.ancestry.com/library/view/news/articles/1931.asp.) > >Each Civil War pension card--a record of a veteran's application for >federal >support--records the veteran's name and the state in which the >application >was >received. (Because these pension files were for federal benefits, this >collection only contains the names of Union veterans.) If a widow or a >child >filed the application, his or her name and relevant information is >included. >Until now, the pension cards were only available through microfilm >copies >contained at the National Archives and limited repositories. > >Ancestry's existing Civil War Pension Index contains a link to a >digitized >image >of the index card itself. This image will contain additional >information on >the >individual, such as unit of service, date of filing and application, and >certificate numbers for the pension case file (which often contains >additional >pages of individual information) housed at the National Archives and >Records >Administration in Washington, D.C. Going beyond the detail of indexes >and >information summaries, the online images are an added source for >information >on >Civil War ancestors. > >Source Information: National Archives and Records Administration. "Civil >War >Pension Index." [database online] Provo, UT: Ancestry.com, 2000. Data >indexed >and imaged from: National Archives and Records Administration. "General >Index to >Pension Files, 1861-1934." T288, 544 rolls. Washington, D.C.: National >Archives >and Records Administration. > >Search the Civil War Pension Index and/or read the extended description >at: >http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/inddbs/4654.htm > >An Advanced Search form is available at: >http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/military/cwpi/main.htm

I have also seen the book, "The Happenings" and it is interesting. Sylvia Wilson will be at the Troy Library in Troy, Pa. on July 20th from 2-4 signing her book. If you are in the area, stop in. Janet Peters Ordway