RECOMMEND HIGHLY: "An Arrow in the Earth; General Joel Palmer and the Indians of Oregon, by Terence O'Donnell. O'Donnell served Oregon Historical Society as director at one time and did a bang-up job of putting this book together. It appears to be very carefully researched and documented. Palmer, Barlow (myancestor) and Olney were all in the 1845 wagon train together --Palmer wrote a diary about this trip-- [[His diary is used for the Wojcik book and the one about the "Meek cutoff" too]]. Review of the book: "reveals the compelling drama of Oregon's early Indian-white relations, focusing, particularly, on the Indian wars of the 1850s. Central throughout this remarkable account of racial unrest is the stoic Joel Palmer, a forthright man who, as Oregon's superintendent of Indian Affairs, sought to protect the Indians from degradation and abuse. Although O'Donnell concentrates on this difficult struggle between Indian and white, he strives to illuminate every facet of Oregon at thsi time; from its economy, development, and culture; to the maelstrom of Oregon politics, the heated "missionary wars" between Catholics and Methodists, and the horrifying episode whose reverberations would still be felt as Palmer began his superintendency--the infamous Whitman massacre. p. 278 Interesting: Palmer appointed Nathan Olney about 1854 and then [about 1856] [Palmer's] "first act on returning to Dayton was to fire subagent Nathan Olney, whose conduct both at The Dalles and at Port Orford he had long questioned. Palmer laid out the charge in a letter to Manypenny[see ref]: "dissipation, gambling and debauchery among the native women. Even worse, Olney had taken an Indian from the Port Orford jail and handed him over to the mob to be lynched." REF: Letter from Joel Palmer to George Manypenny, reel 6, Oregon Superintendency Records, 24 July 1856,176. Absalom F. Hedges is also in this book, and Absalom F. Hedges married Samuel K. Barlow's youngest daughter. daughter.************************************************************************************************** ANOTHER BOOK: A Guide to the Indian Tribes of the Pacific Northwest, by Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown, foreword by Roland W. Force; rev. edition, Univ. of Oklahoma Press,, Norman, Publishing Division of the Univ. c. 1992. In Index is Wascos : p. 54 -57 SUBJECT: Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Reservation -----Origin in Treaty of June 25, 1855 -----WASCOS included with many other tribes WASCOS, it says, of the KIGALTWALLA, DOG RIVER, AND DALLES BANDS. p. 58-63 SUBJECT: Confederated Tribes of the Yakima Indian Reservation of Washington ----Origin Yakima Treaty signed in the WAlla Walla valley on June 9, 1855 Chapter Headings: Location; Numbers; History; Government Organization & Claims; Contemporary Life & Culture; Special Events; Suggested Readings. I looked up KIGALTWALLA: appears P. 265 Under Heading: WATLALA (Upper Chinookan Division of Chinookan) "The Watlalas (Or Wahlalas), also known as the CASCADE INDIANS, were called the SHALALA NATION by the America explorers Merriwether Lewis & William Clark, who met them in 1805-06. Clark describes them as living in three subdivisions: the YEHEHUHS, above the Cascades of the Columbia River; the CLAHCLELLAHS, below those rapids; and the CLAHCLELLAHS on the Columbia at Beacon Rock, a few miles upstream from present-day Skamania, WA. In fact there were as many as six subdivisions of the WATLALAs living where the Columbia River breaks through the Cascade Mountains. ........ Under the designation Wahlalas the Watlalas signed with Kalapuyan tribes a treaty with Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs Joel Palmer on January 22, 1855 (10 Stat.1143, ratified March 3, 1855), ceding to the United States their lands WEST of the Middle Cascades of the Columbia. Under the designation "KIGALTWALLAS," they ceded their lands EAST of the Middle Cascades in a Treaty of June 25, 1855, that the United States effected with the trives of "MIDDLE OREGON." " In 1855 the Watlalas numbered about 70, nearly twice as many as in the 1830s, when the epidemic had raged. In March 1865, they were lured into anti-american hostilities, apparently by a Klickitat-Yakima Indian coalition. Ironically, despite their pleas of innocence, some watlaslas were subsequently hanged by the victorious American military. With theh WASCOS they were estimated to have been 3,200 in 1780, 2,800 in 1805-1806, and 1,400 in 1812. Today no one speaks their language and the TRIBE IS EXTINCT. Suggested Reading: Frederick Webb Hodge, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico; part 2 (Washington D.C: Government Printing Office, 1910). Teresa (Spokane, Wa.) Kapoonis59@aol.com