In message <000e01c40e75$886ca300$ba186b51@u7j1m5>, Jackie Watts <j.watts510@ntlworld.com> writes >> Didn't the yeomen hold their land by rights of military service owed to >the >> lord of the manor who, in his turn, owed military services to the crown? > >Hi all, > >This is my first posting on this list. > >As I understand it, a yeoman was, in early times, "a servant or attendant in >a noble house, ranked as something between a sergeant and a groom, or >between a squire and a page" which ceased to be the definition after c 1500 > From the Oxford dictionary of English >surnames. > >In later years many farmers called themselves yeoman on census returns no - it meant something specific, as described elsewhere, and an enumerator would have been likely to pick on anyone calling himself out of his social level. Yeomen could certainly be landlords (as indeed could some relatively small farmers, by accident of inheritance) -- Eve McLaughlin Author of the McLaughlin Guides for family historians Secretary Bucks Genealogical Society

In message <008c01c40e68$f56151c0$6dccfc3e@oemcomputer>, "norman.lee1" <norman.lee1@virgin.net> writes >I have a feeling that, later on, particularly in the 19th century, men would >adopt the description of yeoman if they had enough money. Usually if they had money they went the whole hog and called themselves 'gentleman', without the usual past qualifications. Yeoman seemed to be a harking back to a rural past which 90% left during the C19. It was possible to use it even if you were currently somewhat down on your luck or just kicking your way back up the ladder (and for quite a few, it was true enough) -- Eve McLaughlin Author of the McLaughlin Guides for family historians Secretary Bucks Genealogical Society

In message <001a01c40e2e$fcb4ac40$038ce740@oemcomputer>, Luke Gassien <yourhomedecor@sympatico.ca> writes >You mention that one of the uses were to describe a sailor, and as a >military rank, yes i assume in earlier uses that could well be the case, a Yeoman is a specialised rank of seaman and would probably only be used on board. On shore he would just be a sailor. -- Eve McLaughlin Author of the McLaughlin Guides for family historians Secretary Bucks Genealogical Society

> The word 'farmer' only came in slowly (and meant something else > originally) > Eve McLaughlin > Excuse my ignorance, but what did "farmer" mean originally? And, from when till when (roughly) did the change occur? Gordon Barlow

Herewith the will which was the subject of the indecipherable marginal note with which the OEL and Yorksgen lists helped. Paragraphs are added to give a little more clarity. The PCC probate note is a first shot. The transcription is from the version appearing on the PCC website - compared with a transcription from another source there are numerous spelling differences (interchanges of 'y' and 'ie' etc) and occasionally a word added or lost but no significant variations in meaning. Henry's widow was previously married to Richard Taylforde of London (but with Yorkshire land interests). Other characters are John Starkey (servant but in some documents 'gent') who seems to stick like a leech; Lawrence Fishenden (servant who died in Kent in the 1650s, by then a yeoman); Hellen S/Center (a London girl as far as I can make out); Edward Hoppey, nephew, from the Guiseley area of Yorkshire but with Halifax antecedents; and Sir Christopher Wren from Binchester, County Durham - Henry was godfather to his son Lynley Wren. I wonder how north and south and the different social levels interacted in the melée? The string of memoranda in the space of a few hours are noteworthy, emphasising that poor Sir H was still alive and of perfect memory as he made them - it reminds me of an academic case where the wordings were so careful that a tutor commented that is smelled strongly of Dettol (a disinfectant for those outside the UK). Most get their cut, and the lesser servants or relatives remain around to witness the later ones. Was he prodded? Was he suffering a lingering death with repeated crises and hoping to stave off eternal judgement? Poor man, whatever our interpretation. It seems that his widow was not up to sorting it out, and a relative had to tidy up a decade later. Any comments always appreciated. Text follows signature. John Lindley Wigginton NRY . . Will of Sir Henry Lindley of Middleham 1609 In the name of God amen the seaventh of November Anno Domini one thousand sixe hundred and nine. I Henry Lyndeley knighte of Middleham castle beying sicke in bodye but of sound and perfect remembrance do make this my last will and Testament in manner and forme followinge. First I give and bequeath my soule into the hands of god my maker and redemer trusting assuredlie to be saved by the merittes and mercies of Xpiste [Christ] and my bodye to be buryed in the churche or chancell of Middleham. For the due ordering of my goodes First I give and bequeathe unto Jeronima my wife and Ladye all my p[ar]ke and possessions of Middleham and the castle of Middleham with all my goodes moveable and unmoveable and all the Leases and possessions therunto belonging of what kynde soever duringe her [naturall] life wittnesses hereof S[i]r Charles Wren knight, Henry Pagett. Memorandum that the said seventh daye of November one thousand sixe hundred and nyne abowte one quarter of an houre after the making of the will abovewritten the said S[i]r Henry Lyndley being of perfect memorye did give and bequeathe unto his nephue Edward [inserted afterwards] Hoppie three score poundes by yere to be payed yerelie to hym out of Wodruffe in the countie of Kent during all the tearme of his Leases thereof which bequest was then in the lifetyme of the sayed S[i]r Henry Lyndley put in writing Witnesses hereof Henrie Paggett, John Starkey. Memorand[um] allso that the same daye aforesaied abowte eleven of the clocke the saied S[i]r Henry Lyndley beyng of perfect memorye did give and bequeathe to his Servant John Starkey the somme of one hundred poundes to be payed out of the Leases of Kent which bequest was allso then put in writing: Witnesses thereof Thomas Holdesworthe, John Hartley, Richard Taylor and Laurence Fishenden. Memorand[um] allso that the same daye above sayed a litle after the bequest made to John Starkie as is above written the sayed Sir Henrie Lyndley beyng of p[er]fect memorie did give unto John Cox his servaunte the Lodge in the west parke of Middleham and eight gates wynter and sommer in the saied west parke for and during his naturall life and did allso give him two cowes which bequest was allso then put in wrytinge: Witnesses thereof Thomas Holdesworth, John Hartley, Richard Tailor. Memorand[um] allso that on the same daye abowte one of the clocke in the after noone the sayed S[i]r Henry Lyndley beyng of perfect memorye did give unto William George Lawrence Fishenden and Thomas Denison his servaunts to every of them fortie poundes and to Thomas Dodd twentie poundes: which legaceys he willed to be payed by his Ladye and wife and the same bequests were then allso written in his life tyme: Witnesses thereof William Blackett and Thomas Holdesworthe. Memorand[um] allso that the same daye a litle after the promisses the saied S[i]r Henry Lyndley beyng of perfect memory did give to his Sister Mrs Stubbs the somme of fiftie poundes : Witnesses thereof Thomas Holdesworthe Willm Blackett and Hellen Center and others. Memorand[um] allso that the same daye the sayed S[i]r Henry Lyndley beyng of perfect memorye did give to every one of his woman servaunts Fyve poundes a peece. Witnesses thereof Thomas Holdesworthe and Edward Hoppey. PCC Probate note: Decime die mensis May 1610 emanavit comissio Domine Jeronome Lyndley relicte Dni Henrici Lyndley militio Defuncti ad administr[?] bona Jura et creditas dicti Defuncti infra provinc Cant constitu nixta tenorem testamenti et codicilloru[?] ?dom armex praeo quod millum in eodem nominavit executorem De bene ec vigore Commissionis in ea parte abo Emanat Jurat. Marginal note 1619 (unravelled with help from he OEL and Yorksgen lists): mense decembris 1619 undecimo die emanavit comissio Arthuro {or Nichus} Lindley nepoti &c fr[atr]e dicti def Ad ami'strand bona iura et Cred dic def iuxta tenorem et [?effectum] pred testi per domina[m] Jeromima[m] Lyndley def non plene admi'strate de bene &c Iurat ---end---

Didn't most of us start our working lives as gophers ? Go fer this, go fer that ? ... Elizabeth <On the Starship Enterprise, the yeoman is a general gopher.> Who will ask first???? Kind Regards June & Roy

> Didn't the yeomen hold their land by rights of military service owed to the > lord of the manor who, in his turn, owed military services to the crown? Hi all, This is my first posting on this list. As I understand it, a yeoman was, in early times, "a servant or attendant in a noble house, ranked as something between a sergeant and a groom, or between a squire and a page" From the Oxford dictionary of English surnames. In later years many farmers called themselves yeoman on census returns because it sounded grander than farmer, but a yeoman farmer was usually a farmer who owned or rented his own land and farmed for himself, not a landlord. No doubt someone will correct me if I am wrong :o) Jackie Watts.

A yeoman on board a ship in Nelson's navy was a petty officer responsible for a department, such as stores, signals etc. and as such entitled to a share of one quarter of the prize money. The rank still exists in the sea scouts & on board survey vessels etc where the yeoman is the ship's secretary. On the Starship Enterprise, the yeoman is a general gopher. .. Elizabeth Atherton

Didn't the yeomen hold their land by rights of military service owed to the lord of the manor who, in his turn, owed military services to the crown? All this was before there was a standing army and when the king had to raise an army in the country before he could fight a war. Other tenants that held land and could be longstanding tenants, and were able to pass their land by will to descendants: they held their land by rent, not by services. There were, of course, other forms of tenancy in descending order from these. All of them held their land from the lord of the manor. Audrey ----- Original Message ----- From: "Roy" <roy.cox@btinternet.com> To: <OLD-ENGLISH-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Friday, March 19, 2004 6:24 PM Subject: [OEL] tenantsrights [tenantsrights@sbcglobal.net] > Good Afternoon - In reply to Donna of Santa Cruz, CA. > tenantsrights@sbcglobal.net. > > I apologise in advance in case anyone got more than of these but there seems > to be a fault with my outbox - sorry > > I was asked this by some cousins of mine in NC and they said that a Yeoman > was equivalent to a gentleman, not realising of course that a gentleman can > also be a Yeoman and/or Farmer amongst many other things. > > No doubt there will QUITE a few responses to this but I shall quote from the > excellent book "Dictionary of Genealogy" by Terrick VH Fitzhugh. The whole > description amounts to almost a quarter page of detail which I hope will > please. > > YEOMAN > > "In the Plantagenet period, the word meant a knight's servant or retainer. > There were also Yeomen of the King's Chamber, who were minor court officials > under the chamberlain. At that period, there was a class of freemen called > Franklins, and under the Tudors the name of yeoman gradually became attached > to them. > > Broadly speaking, they constituted a stratum of cultivators of the soil, > either freeholders or tenants, who differed from the minor gentry more by > their way of life than by any economic category. > > The yeoman would put his own hand to work that the gentlemen would employ > servants to do, and his wife likewise; but many a young man of gentle and > even armigerous family was styled yeoman, as long as he lived like one > [i.e.., until he inherited his father's estate)- [What would he become then > I must wonder?] > > Below the yeoman class came the equally ill-defined stratum of Husbandman, > whose land-holding was normally smaller. > > The standing of yeomanry is reflected in the later use of the word for the > local volunteer force, mounted on their own horse, as distinct from the > militia (infantry)" > > Kind Regards > > June & Roy > > <http://www.btinternet.com/~roy.cox/index.htm> > http://www.btinternet.com/~roy.cox/index.htm > > > > Kind Regards > > > > June & Roy > > http://www.btinternet.com/~roy.cox/index.htm > > > > > > > ==== OLD-ENGLISH Mailing List ==== > Going away for a while? > Don't forget to UNSUBSCRIBE! > OLD-ENGLISH-L-request@rootsweb.com > >

Horses have been, and still are sometimes, tethered in this way, on a very long rope. This is so that they can eat the grass only in one particular spot. The heavy object is, now a days, generally a tractor tyre. This is moved around a large field to ensure that the horses don't overgraze one or two particular favoured sections. Audrey ----- Original Message ----- From: "Eve McLaughlin" <eve@varneys.demon.co.uk> To: <OLD-ENGLISH-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Thursday, March 18, 2004 11:47 PM Subject: Re: [OEL] Clogged and Ploged > In message <005101c40c31$0f430dc0$d6ee8451@pjb07>, Geoff Lowe > <gpclowe@btinternet.com> writes > >-----Original Message----- > >From: mjcl [mailto:mjcl@btinternet.com] > >[The clogged bit seems to have been resolved - i.e. the heavy wooden > >block but the ploged remains a bit in the air at the moment! Still any > >little help is gratefully received.] > > > >Passing thought, but Sweet's Anglo Saxon Student Dictionary gives > >'Plog' (long o) as a measure of land. > > That is a 'plough' of land. And a ploughland is a fair sized piece > (varying according to area) And I doubt they would park a tethered dog > in the way of the ploughing. I incline to someone's idea of a savage > dog with a hunk of wood like a 'bit' in its jaws, to stop it biting. > > -- > Eve McLaughlin > > Author of the McLaughlin Guides for family historians > Secretary Bucks Genealogical Society > > > ==== OLD-ENGLISH Mailing List ==== > OLD-ENGLISH Web Page > http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~oel/ > >

I have a feeling that, later on, particularly in the 19th century, men would adopt the description of yeoman if they had enough money. Perhaps they bought into the 'title' but it doesn't seem that way with some of them. I think it was a bit of snob thing. Audrey ----- Original Message ----- From: "1carla" <cbodette@wi.rr.com> To: <OLD-ENGLISH-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Saturday, March 20, 2004 7:47 AM Subject: Re: [OEL] yeoman > The term Yeoman must have been hard to reclassify. I found one of my > relatives marrying a man who listed his occupation as yeoman in mid 1840's > Wisconsin. She came from Wales and he listed himself as coming from Great > Britain. > > carlab > > > - Denne meldingen er sjekket for virus av Norton Anti-virus > - This message was checked for virus by Norton Anti-virus > > > > ==== OLD-ENGLISH Mailing List ==== > To UNSUBSCRIBE from list mode -- > Send the one word UNSUBSCRIBE to > OLD-ENGLISH-L-request@rootsweb.com > >

The term Yeoman must have been hard to reclassify. I found one of my relatives marrying a man who listed his occupation as yeoman in mid 1840's Wisconsin. She came from Wales and he listed himself as coming from Great Britain. carlab - Denne meldingen er sjekket for virus av Norton Anti-virus - This message was checked for virus by Norton Anti-virus

In message <!~!UENERkVCMDkAAQACAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABgAAAAAAAAAhE8CT1AVkES4 nn1C4wtrT8KAAAAQAAAAqQgAX3vUP0+HNc+sMBGFhQEAAAAA@btinternet.com>, Roy >I was asked this by some cousins of mine in NC and they said that a Yeoman >was equivalent to a gentleman, that is precisely what he isn't. A gentleman, strictly, is a man of coat armour, the level above yeoman. A gentleman should be idle and not cultivate land, whereas a yeoman definitely did. >YEOMAN > >"In the Plantagenet period, the word meant a knight's servant or retainer. >There were also Yeomen of the King's Chamber, who were minor court officials >under the chamberlain. At that period, there was a class of freemen called >Franklins, and under the Tudors the name of yeoman gradually became attached >to them. > >Broadly speaking, they constituted a stratum of cultivators of the soil, >either freeholders this is the essential qualification in the C16 and 17. > or tenants, this was allowed in the C18, if the tenanted farm was large enough and preferebly rented or held from a peer. > who differed from the minor gentry more by >their way of life than by any economic category. some were indeed richer from time to time. But they milked their own cows anmd ploughed their own land. > > >The yeoman would put his own hand to work that the gentlemen would employ >servants to do, and his wife likewise; >Below the yeoman class came the equally ill-defined stratum of Husbandman, >whose land-holding was normally smaller. It gets complicated, because men who were manifestly yeomen by status sometimes described themselves as husbandmen by occupation in the C16-17. the word 'farmer' only came in slowly (and meant something else originally) > >The standing of yeomanry is reflected in the later use of the word for the >local volunteer force, mounted on their own horse, you could only join if you did bring your own mount, so effectively, it was composed of sons of yeomen and s afew of the younger yeomen themselves. -- Eve McLaughlin Author of the McLaughlin Guides for family historians Secretary Bucks Genealogical Society

In message <029401c40dd9$33d1ac60$6701a8c0@donna>, tenantsrights <tenantsrights@sbcglobal.net> writes >Hello all: Could anyone expound on the meanings of "yeoman" ? originally (mediaeval) a soldier immediately attached to and following a knight possibly because these men can home from the French wars with loot and were able to buy land from the depressed nobles/knightly classes 2. C16-17a freeholder of land, normally working it himself; if the land was worth 40 shillings rateable, he would have a vote. Status immediately below the minor gentry. then because some major tenants of important nobles farmed far more than the small yeoman 3. C18, freeholder or major tenant of large farms. Same sort of status 4. C19, as many men of the yeoman class either gave up farming or were reduced in land size in the agricuiltural depression, any man whose father or grandfather had been a yeoman as above. Status however, could be reduced by lack of finance. Yeoman stock implies sturdy, salt of the earth,, country based (even if now living in a town), stand no nonsense from anyone (at least in theory.) >A yeoman seems to >have different meanings from a sailor this is a very specialised meaning, harking back to the mediaeval meaning of a subordinate to an officer, with special duities of some kind. -- Eve McLaughlin Author of the McLaughlin Guides for family historians Secretary Bucks Genealogical Society

I am hoping Liz in Melbourne and some others may be able to help me out again - there are 11 pages of this one document relating to the transaction of land sales in the Hawkesbury NSW Australia around the 1820's to 1830's. Two names in the first doc are HUXLEY & DOYLE, So far I have transcribed just a few lines - mostly inaccurate - but nevertheless: Line 1: whereas the rate of to 15 % pa [ per annum ] payable half yearly Line 2: And whereas ..interest...the -- -- two Line 3: several ( indemnities?) therein now due owing to the Line 4: -- Jas. Geo. D -- -- Thos Huxley the sum of $ 209.12.6 stg (pnds...where is the pound sign in Micro word?) Line 5: -- -- for principal of (?) interest money while the T.H. doth hereby Line 6: -- acknowledge - And whereas the [ esquire?] Jas. Geo.D. The remainder of the document is located at the following address: http://www.annforbes.org/huxdocs.html TIA Regards Narelle "Just off the Road to Gundagai....." NSW AUSTRALIA ************************************************** www.annforbes.org ************************************************* www.jmi.net.au ************************************************* AntiVir Installed

You mention that one of the uses were to describe a sailor, and as a military rank, yes i assume in earlier uses that could well be the case, but keep in mind one thing, and that's that the word SEAMAN looks quite a bit like YEOMAN when the long S is used. In one parish i was transcribing the PR's for.. I had transcribed YEOMAN several times (as it was not in fact a seaboard parish) which were all in henscratch writing, when the Clerk changed a few years later, the couple had one more child, and it was printed. Obviously discernable as SEAMAN instead. This occurance has a MUCH later date than what you are likely referring to however. Luke ----- Original Message ----- From: "tenantsrights" <tenantsrights@sbcglobal.net> To: <OLD-ENGLISH-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Friday, March 19, 2004 12:39 PM Subject: [OEL] yeoman > Hello all: Could anyone expound on the meanings of "yeoman" ? A yeoman seems to have different meanings from a sailor to an estate holder, It would be great to understand more of the history of the word and the localities in England in which the meanings would be different in a particular time. Some of ancestors -- the EMERYs, FOGGs and MEADERs seem to have been yeomen in the 1500s and 1600s -- they were from Kent and Essex and emigrated to New England in the first half of the seventeenth century. Thanks, Donna of Santa Cruz, CA. tenantsrights@sbcglobal.net. > > ______________________________

The word yeoman has attracted a great deal of scholarly dispute (there was a whole series of articles in 'Past and Present' some years ago), and it certainly changed its meaning - or meant different things in different social contexts. It seems to have begun in the fourteenth century as a military rank, then it meant a senior retainer in a noble household. The most famous yeoman in literature was Robin Hood (that's how he is described in the Geste). Scholars seem to agree that it was as much a value term (like the modern usage of the word 'gentleman) as it was a social descriptor. In the early modern period, which you mention specifically, it probably meant a landowner of the minor gentry, probably untitled but an important personage in his own locality. Confused? Join the rest of us! Best wishes Dr Ian Buckley

Good Afternoon - In reply to Donna of Santa Cruz, CA. tenantsrights@sbcglobal.net. I apologise in advance in case anyone got more than of these but there seems to be a fault with my outbox - sorry I was asked this by some cousins of mine in NC and they said that a Yeoman was equivalent to a gentleman, not realising of course that a gentleman can also be a Yeoman and/or Farmer amongst many other things. No doubt there will QUITE a few responses to this but I shall quote from the excellent book "Dictionary of Genealogy" by Terrick VH Fitzhugh. The whole description amounts to almost a quarter page of detail which I hope will please. YEOMAN "In the Plantagenet period, the word meant a knight's servant or retainer. There were also Yeomen of the King's Chamber, who were minor court officials under the chamberlain. At that period, there was a class of freemen called Franklins, and under the Tudors the name of yeoman gradually became attached to them. Broadly speaking, they constituted a stratum of cultivators of the soil, either freeholders or tenants, who differed from the minor gentry more by their way of life than by any economic category. The yeoman would put his own hand to work that the gentlemen would employ servants to do, and his wife likewise; but many a young man of gentle and even armigerous family was styled yeoman, as long as he lived like one [i.e.., until he inherited his father's estate)- [What would he become then I must wonder?] Below the yeoman class came the equally ill-defined stratum of Husbandman, whose land-holding was normally smaller. The standing of yeomanry is reflected in the later use of the word for the local volunteer force, mounted on their own horse, as distinct from the militia (infantry)" Kind Regards June & Roy <http://www.btinternet.com/~roy.cox/index.htm> http://www.btinternet.com/~roy.cox/index.htm Kind Regards June & Roy http://www.btinternet.com/~roy.cox/index.htm

Thanks to everyone, yet again - some wonderful asides as well! Jean, the plodging in the waters of Northumberland in your childhood was fascinating - so much so I researched it - to wade in water or through mud (early 19th century). We seem to be reaching a consensus that it was possibly either plugging the mouth or being staked in the ground. And Roy - for information it was definitely an "o" - although written in 1696, the presentment was written in a clear cursive script. Once again many thanks to all - perhaps one day - someone, somewhere will come up with the true meaning. In anticipation, Regards Martyn

Narelle, I've had a go - There are a couple of gaps - particularly in lines 22 & 24, but I hope that it helps. 1. therein at the rate of to 15.p.c. p.a. payable half yearly 2. And whereas under & by intrest the s[ai]d [? sealed] two 3. several M[or]t[ga]ge Securiies therein now due & owing to the 4. s[ai]d Jas. Geo. D. by the s[ai]d Thos. Huxley the Sum of £209.12.6 St[erlin]g 5. no more [margin] for principal & interst money which the s[ai]d T. h. doth hereby 6. admit & acknowledge - And whereas the s[ai]d Jas. Geo. D. 7. & Thos. H. are [? -----] desirous that the s[aid] last mentioned sum 8. should be paid to the s[ai]d Jas. Geo. D. - And to Enable him 9. for that purpose the s[ai]d Thos. H. has requested the s[ai]d J. B. & 10. A.G.P. to advance & lend to him the the Sum of £220. st[erlin]g 11. which they have agreed to do upon having the Repayment 12. of the same under interest as sftermentioned secured to 13. them by these presents - Now this Ind[entu]re witnesseth 14. that in Com[m]on the [?-----] of the Sum of £200.12.6 St[erlin]g 15. paid by the s[ai]d J B & AGP to the s[ai]d JGD ^ at the request & ^ of the direction 16. of the s[ai]d T. Huxley & the receipt whereof 7 that the same is 17. in free satisfaction & discharge of all moneys now due & 18. owing to him & alll claims & demand that may be 19. made of him [the s[ai]d Jas. Geo. D - deleted] under & by virtue of the 20. s[ai]d sealed two sev[era]l [? -----] of [?Nele] or m[or]t[ga]ge or Either of them 21. he the s[ai]d Jas. Geo. D. doth hereby admit and acknowledge 22. & [? ----firm] the same & [? ----] paid thereof doth acquit 23. release & discharge as well the s[ai]d J B & AGP as the 24. s[aid] T. Huxley & [? t------ ------------------------] - And in 25. Com[m]on of the further Sum of £10.7.6 St[erlin]g to the s[ai]d T. Huxley 26. Paid by the s[ai]d JB & AGP tthe rec[eip]t whereof & the payment 27. of the s[ai]d sum of £209.12.6 to the s[ai]d Jas Geo Doyle making Best regards, Martyn I am hoping Liz in Melbourne and some others may be able to help me out again - there are 11 pages of this one document relating to the transaction of land sales in the Hawkesbury NSW Australia around the 1820's to 1830's. Two names in the first doc are HUXLEY & DOYLE, So far I have transcribed just a few lines - mostly inaccurate - but nevertheless: Line 1: whereas the rate of to 15 % pa [ per annum ] payable half yearly Line 2: And whereas ..interest...the -- -- two Line 3: several ( indemnities?) therein now due owing to the Line 4: -- Jas. Geo. D -- -- Thos Huxley the sum of $ 209.12.6 stg (pnds...where is the pound sign in Micro word?) Line 5: -- -- for principal of (?) interest money while the T.H. doth hereby Line 6: -- acknowledge - And whereas the [ esquire?] Jas. Geo.D. The remainder of the document is located at the following address: http://www.annforbes.org/huxdocs.html TIA Regards Narelle "Just off the Road to Gundagai....." NSW AUSTRALIA ************************************************** www.annforbes.org ************************************************* www.jmi.net.au ************************************************* AntiVir Installed ==== OLD-ENGLISH Mailing List ==== OLD-ENGLISH Web Page http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~oel/