Don't forget rail transportation from the East coast. Here is a copy from a letter written by my grt grandmother upon her arrival in West Middlesex Pa. [a coal-mining town across the state line near Youngstown, Ohio]: "West Middlesex, Mercer County, PA America July 25, 1869 Shenandoah Valley Dear Parents: I write you these few lines to let me (you) know that I have arrived at my journeys end, we are all well & I hope this wll find you all enjoying the same blessing - thanks be to God for this goodness to us. We left Norville on the Saturday at 5 o'clock in the evening and had a slow but good passage & arrived in New York on Monday morning. I had a letter wrote but I had not time to post it for I was anxious to catch the train to Hermitage." Norville is a port near Edinburgh, Scotland. djm