A contibution from Charlie to help with your search. THE ENGLISH 1. Social and economic dislocation, caused in part by pressure on feudal system by inflation resulting from vast amount of new gold and silver introduced through Spain. 2. Political rivalry between a recently strengthed England and Spain. 3. Richard Hakluyt's "Discourse of Western Planting" provides an intellectual rationale for colonizing both in Ireland and the New World. 4. Religious upheaval in England encourages various groups to leave. 5. The success of Francis Drake leads englishmen to perceive of the New World as a land of instant riches, thus serving as a catalyst for colonization. 6. Development of joint stock companies provides economic base for colonization (think the Jamestown-Virginia Stock Co, pocahontas timeframe). 7. Failure of the Spanish Armada gives English greater confidence. B. THE NON ENGLISH 1. Blacks introduced, first as indentured servants, then as slaves, after 1619. 2. Dutch and Swedes are incorporated as New York and New Jersey become english colonies. 3. Huguenots (French Protestants) permitted by English to settle after forced to leave France. 4. Lowland Scots settle in northern Ireland, then shortly after 1700 come in large numbers to the English colonies, settling on the frontier and becoming known as the "Scotch-Irish." 5. Germans, largely from the Panatinate, settle on the frontier at same time as the "Scotch-Irish" and become known as the "Pennsylvania Dutch." 6. After 1750, signficant numbers of Highland Scots are permitted to leave Scotland to settle in the English colonies, with the promise they will never fight against the (english) Crown. II. MOVEMENT OF ANCESTORS AFTER MAJOR MIGRATION ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN A. Rather static habits of most settlers in the English colonies throughout the Colonial Era. 1. Most colonists rarely moved more than 20 miles in their lifetime, except for Scotch-Irish who moved often. 2. New England religious and social attitudes discouraged much movement, often required considerable preparation before moves were sanctioned. 3. Southern settlers who came from England found themselves oriented toward England economically, socially and politically, and by 1776 more than 85% were still within thirty miles of the Atlantic coast. 4. "Pennsylvania Dutch" though settling most of the frontier from NY South, rarely moved after selecting a permanent home. B. Surge of interest in the West leads to settlement in Tennessee, Kentucky, and the Ohio Valley after 1750. 1. Exploration shows great desirability of these areas. 2. Establishment of military roads such as Forbes Road and Braddocks Road opens the Ohio Valley during the French and Indian War, after 1754. 3. Development of Cumberland Gap and the Wilderness Road open Kentucky. 4. Utilization of the Indian trails of the Great Valley of the Appalachians brings settlers from Virginia and Maryland to Tennessee, while North Carolinians use the river valleys of the Holston, Nolichucky and French Broad to the same part of eastern Tennessee. C. Revolutionary War encourages western settlement. 1. Removal of indians from desired land often justified as part of war effort. 2. British policy which often discouraged settlement west of Appalachians no longer operative. 3. Individual states, especially Virginia and North Carolina, encourage settlement to solidify their claims before 1778. 4. Land speculation rampant. 5. Western land utilized for land bounties given to Revolutionary War soldiers. 6. Treaty of Paris of 1783 ending the Revolutionary War almost doubles the area claimed by the U.S. when Britain agrees to a Mississippi River boundary. D. Western Movement escalates during the early national period. 1. Legislation such as the Northwest Ordinances of 1784 (deciding that the West will be admitted as states equal to the original 13 colonies), 1785 (providing for the surveying and orderly sale of western land) and 1787 (providing specific steps for establishment of territories, then states) encourages settlement. 2. Challenges to U.S. claims to land north and west of Ohio river by Britain, and in the far south by Spain leads to heightened American interest in Ohio and the "Yazoo Strip." 3. The clearing of Indian and British claims to the Ohio Country by the Treaty of Ft. Greenville and Jay's Treaty in 1795 and Pinckney's Treaty, in which Spain not only recognizes the American interpretation of the Yazoo controversy, but guarantees Americans the right to navigate the entire Mississippi River erased many of the impediments to settlement in these areas. 4. Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin 1793, making the growing of upland cotton commercially feasible at a time when European technological development has led to a major demand for a new source of fibers, greatly affects the nature and level of western settlement. A) Southerners with land find a ready sale for it, at unheard of prices, which gives them the funds to go elsewhere. B) Even though land suitable for growing of cotton will usually cost between $15 and $50 per acre, many settlers from the Old South cling to the traditional pattern of going almost due west, because of the great profits that can be made from raising cotton. C) Many southerners break the traditional pattern of settling almost straight west of where they had lived before and go instead clear up the Ohio River Valley, settling in southern Ohio, Indiana or Illinois. This is largely because: 1) Slavery which almost everyone thought was dead, was revitalized because of the need for dependable cotton cultivators, many left the south because of an aversion to slavery; 2) Some left because they didn't like blacks, and because the Northwest Ordinances forbade slavery, they chose to go there; 3) Most who left the south and went to the Ohio Valley probably did so because they were guaranteed that they could obtain what they considered to be exceptional fertile land at no more than $1.25 per acre. 5. Abrupt departure of many people from New England between 1800 and 1810. a) Appeal of rich land in upstate NY, now free of most Indian claims. b) Appeal of land in Ohio Valley, especially northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. c) People moving from New England to Ohio Valley begin raising sheep and agri products, making it difficult for New Englanders with their generally poor soil, to compete. d) Embargo Act of 1807 destroys the New England shipping industry and the New England economy sags considerably. e) Much of the traditional New England resistance to individual distant settlement is fading. f) The introduction of steamboats, whch make upriver navigation of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers practical, further enhances the economy of the area west of New England. 6. The LOUISIANA PURCHASE of 1803 almost doubles the land of the United States, establishes new opportunities for Americans in the far west, and entices many young men to settle, grow cotton, trade, trap and explore. E. ADDITIONAL FACTORS LEADING TO THE TREMENDOUS SETTLEMENT OF THE FIRST 50 YEARS OF THE 19th CENTURY. 1. Canal boom of the 1820s, especially the extremely successful Erie Canal which drastically lowers the cost of east-west shipping. 2. Changing Indian policy which by 1816 encourages each Indian head of family to select 640 acreas on which to live or move west of Mississippi River and by 1826 tells all Indians east of Mississippi they must remove, thus making much land available, especially for cotton production in the south. 3. The Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 gives the U.S. Spain's claim to Florida, but also to the land north of the 42nd parallel (the northern border of California). 4. American settlement of Texas, beginning in 1823, which leads to Texas independence in 1836, admission to the Union in 1845. 5. Development of the railroad as a means of transportation and of encouraging westward movement. 6. American interest in Oregon soars after 1841, with rapid settlement of the Willamette River Valley. 7. Mormons, dispossessed from their homes in Missouri and Illinois, go first to Iowa, then make a major migration to the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, quickly expanding throughout the Great Basin. 8. The War with Mexico ends with the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo giving the Southwest to the U.S. 9. The discovery of large amounts of placer gold in California leads to a major rush there in 1849 and statehood in 1850. 10. The Pacific Railway Act and Homestead Act in 1862 lead to a further, effective settlement of the west. 11. The CENSUS of 1890 OFFICIALLY declares that there is no longer a frontier in the U.S. III. IMPORTANT FACTS THAT MAY HELP YOU FIND WHERE YOUR FAMILY CAME FROM OR WENT. A. RULE OF THE HARVEST. Before the 1850s (and McCormick's reaper) families rarely planted more than they could harvest, which was between 15-25 acres per able bodied person who could help with the harvest. Finding out how many acres your family cultivated will help you know how many many people were in the household. B. IMPORTANCE OF HARDWOOD TREES. In both the North and the South, conventional wisdom (and you thought it was a '90s soundbite!) indicated that land covered with hardwood trees was the best, while grassland was to be avoided. Despite the great difficulty of clearing land covered with oaks and maples, that was the land most likely selected by your ancestors prior to the 1820s. C. FAMILIES WHO MADE THEIR LIVING PIONEER FARMING rarely moved unless they had enough means to live on for at least 2 years, or had someone who would provide for them this long. This is due to the fact that it took 2 years to go through the process of converting a hardwood forest into an economically viable farm. If your family moved, it usually meant they had enough money to survive for 2 years without much add'l income, or enough $ to buy an already improved farm. Few poverty stricken people (PSP)moved west, but a fair number of PSPs moved east. D. MOST SETTLERS BEFORE 1800 at least in the North, moved west during the winter, usually in January and early February. Expect your families to have moved then, not in the summer. E. With a new notable exceptions, your ancestors MOVED ALMOST DUE WEST, rarely deviating more than a few degrees up or down. F. IF YOUR ANCESTORS WERE IN NEW ENGLAND PRIOR TO 1700, expect them to stay very close to the same site until 1800. By 1810, they will most likely be in upstate New York, by 1820 in northern Ohio, Indiana or Illinois, and by 1850 perhaps in Iowa, Oregon, California or Utah. G. TOWNS SETTLED BY NEW ENGLANDERS usually had streets running north-south and east-west, while towns settled by Southernors often placed less emphasis on grid patterns. TRAVEL ROUTES. COLONIAL ROADS TO 1750. As one of the earliest east-west wagon roads, the Lancaster road linked Philadelphia to Harrisburg before 1730. A connection from Lancaster to Winchester, Virginia, in the early 1740s, created what was either called the Philadelphia Wagon Road or the Great Valley Road. The Fall Line Road crossed Virginia and the Carolinas, and eventually into Georgia. By 1746, the Pioneer's Road had connected Alexandria to Winchester, Virginia, joining with the Great Valley Road. By 1748, the Upper Road became an important wagon route for migrations into the Carolinas. THE WAY WEST, 1775-1795. Daniel Boone's Wilderness Road was the route for thousands of settlers into Kentucky. Meanwhile the western Pennsylvania routes provided an overland access to the Ohio River. After the Revolutionary War, western migrations on these routes continued to increase. ________________________________________________________________ YOU'RE PAYING TOO MUCH FOR THE INTERNET! Juno now offers FREE Internet Access! Try it today - there's no risk! For your FREE software, visit: http://dl.www.juno.com/get/tagj.

Does anyone know the approximate coversion rate of the English Pound circa 1800-1810? The typical rent for the Kayadrosseras patent was about 15-to-20 cents per acre. In one will I find a list of rents due given in pounds. Were I to know an approximate conversion, i could guess the amount of land being leased. j John F. O'Hanlon O'Hanlon Consulting "There is Nothing to Vacuum" 1720 East Placita Padre Isidoro Tucson, AZ 85718 520-577-6043, Fax: 520-529-8225

Ancestry.com just put up the 1924 directory of Ballston Spa and Mechanicville and it's free for ten days. It has over 8,900 entries. The URL is below. http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/inddbs/4350.htm ________________________________________________________________ YOU'RE PAYING TOO MUCH FOR THE INTERNET! Juno now offers FREE Internet Access! Try it today - there's no risk! For your FREE software, visit: http://dl.www.juno.com/get/tagj.

NYSL address correction >.gov< A couple of deadlines are nearing. Pass these along immediately to those who would have a genealogy/history interest, including the mail lists. Both are important and should be acted upon. New York State Library questionnaire deadline 25 Feb 2000 - THIS WEEK!!! Go to NYS LIbrary website: http://www.nysl.nysed.gov On the homepage (left side- top line) they are requesting your input on the library service, equipment and setup and are requesting your suggestions for improvements. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ - CHAMPLAIN VALLEY HERITAGE CORRIDOR PROJECT Deadline 01 Mar 2000 The National Park Service (NPS) is seeking public comment on a draft special resource study report on cultural and natural resources in the Champlain Valley and the potential role in furthering the preservation, interpretation, and promotion of these resources. Your comments on the draft report and, in particular, on the heritage preservation options that could be pursued are important. Please visit this site for complete information. This is a very interesting and informative site about the history of this area. It includes a wealth of information as well as National Historic Landmarks, National Register listings, National Natural Landmarks, states and other major maps and other pertinent information. http://www.nps.gov/boso/planning/Champreport.htm

Pass on TODAY!! A couple of deadlines are nearing. Pass these along immediately to those who would have a genealogy/history interest, including the mail lists. Both are important and should be acted upon. New York State Library questionnaire deadline 25 Feb 2000 - THIS WEEK!!! Go to NYS LIbrary website: http://www.nysl.nysed.edu On the homepage (left side- top line) they are requesting your input on the library service, equipment and setup and are requesting your suggestions for improvements. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- CHAMPLAIN VALLEY HERITAGE CORRIDOR PROJECT Deadline 01 Mar 2000 The National Park Service (NPS) is seeking public comment on a draft special resource study report on cultural and natural resources in the Champlain Valley and the potential role in furthering the preservation, interpretation, and promotion of these resources. Your comments on the draft report and, in particular, on the heritage preservation options that could be pursued are important. Please visit this site for complete information. This is a very interesting and informative site about the history of this area. It includes a wealth of information as well as National Historic Landmarks, National Register listings, National Natural Landmarks, states and other major maps and other pertinent information. http://www.nps.gov/boso/planning/Champreport.htm ________________________________________________________________ YOU'RE PAYING TOO MUCH FOR THE INTERNET! Juno now offers FREE Internet Access! Try it today - there's no risk! For your FREE software, visit: http://dl.www.juno.com/get/tagj.

The 19 Feb Meeting of Heritage Hunters is CANCELED After a last minute check of conditions, and calling people in many areas around the Capital District who might have attended, we have decided that conditions are not good for travel and have canceled our meeting. The Beginning Genealogy programs scheduled for today, Vital Records and Beyond Vital Records, will be included in future programs and the Internet presentation will also be rescheduled. If you need any assistance with your genealogy research, you may send an email message to me and I will assist you, as possible, via email. God Bless Ruth Ann [email protected]

HELLO AGAIN GET YOUR ERASERS OUT!!! BOY DID I GOOF (Thank you Pat Peck for noticing it!!) Ancestor Connection Day will be 15 Jul 2000 and not 19 August 2000 This is a correction to the information at the bottom of this message: Hello Saratoga Descendants, If you are not a member of Heritage Hunters, you probably do not know about Ancestor Connection Day which is an annual get-together where we bring together representatives from DAR, SAR, Mayflower, National Archives Branch of Pittsfield, MA, the Family History Center of Loudonville's Church of the Latter Day Saints (Mormon), historians, other genealogy groups, genealogy book sellers, and so much more. Everyone brings their files, pictures and etc. and puts them on a table so others going by can check them out to see if you are a match. It is a good idea to come with your surnames in alphabetical order so you can run down the list at each table. We also have people with displays and re-enactors from the Sons of the Veterans of the Civil War. You will be able to speak to representatives to see what you have and what you need to join organizations. We have speakers every hour in the next room on different topics. Heritage Hunters has all of their books from their libary there to do research or check out the records submitted by people who are in our Surname Exchange Index. Our Genealogical Projects Committee has a nice display on the use of a computer in genealogy and their display of material. You will be able to ask questions of these people and see a display of many things to do with your computers and our Saratoga GenWebPage. We also try to have a food concession just outside the door so we don't have to waste any time checking everything out. This is held at the 4H Training Center in Ballston Spa, NY from 8am to 4pm and it takes a few hours to get around to all of the tables and displays. We have had people arrange to meet there so you could plan with your genealogy "cousin" that you have been in contact with. So plan your vacations to include being in Saratoga on CORRECT DATE>Saturday, 15 Jul< CORRECT DATE WRONG DATE>Saturday, 19 August <WRONG DATE for Ancestor Connection Day. During the week following, you might want to go to NYS Library and Archives and visit the Saratoga County Historian, the courthouse and your towns your ancestors were in. Please note that July and August are terrible times to find motels and accomodations in the Saratoga Springs area because of the NYC Ballet and horse racing in Saratoga. I have a list of some clean but less expensive motels in towns outside of Saratoga Springs and there is a great campground for RV's in Scotia. Better plan ahead for this event and come meet the people on this list and a lot of the Heritage Hunters members and friends. God Bless Ruth Ann [email protected] ________________________________________________________________ YOU'RE PAYING TOO MUCH FOR THE INTERNET! Juno now offers FREE Internet Access! Try it today - there's no risk! For your FREE software, visit: http://dl.www.juno.com/get/tagj.

Hello 19 Feb. Saturday, Saratoga Springs Public Library, Community Room Continuing with morning classes in Beginning Genealogy. If the weather is really bad, forcing the library to close, the classes will be canceled (of course). If WE have to cancel our meeting, we will notify the library Reference Desk. You should call the library 584-7860 and ask for the Reference Desk. Our plan is to be there if at all possible to provide the classes. The weather may let up and travel possible later in the day. We will be on the schedule according to the time as given below. Schedule for 19 February, Saturday 9:00am registration 9:30am - Vital Records 10:45am - Beyond Vital Records 11:45am-12:30pm Lunch/ Genealogical Projects 12:30pm - On-Line presentation - Genealogy and the Internet 1:30pm - Heritage Hunters meeting - Great time of SHARING information with audience participation. If you have found a great library or website or have other information others doing research would want to know, this is the place to share your information. Immediately after our meeting, Part 2 of Arlene Eakle's video on Genealogical Research. Arlene is the co-editor of The Source, the Bible of genealogy research. ________________________________________________________________ YOU'RE PAYING TOO MUCH FOR THE INTERNET! Juno now offers FREE Internet Access! Try it today - there's no risk! For your FREE software, visit: http://dl.www.juno.com/get/tagj.

Hello Saratoga Descendants, If you are not a member of Heritage Hunters, you probably do not know about Ancestor Connection Day which is an annual get-together where we bring together representatives from DAR, SAR, Mayflower, National Archives Branch of Pittsfield, MA, the Family History Center of Loudonville's Church of the Latter Day Saints (Mormon), historians, other genealogy groups, genealogy book sellers, and so much more. Everyone brings their files, pictures and etc. and puts them on a table so others going by can check them out to see if you are a match. It is a good idea to come with your surnames in alphabetical order so you can run down the list at each table. We also have people with displays and re-enactors from the Sons of the Veterans of the Civil War. You will be able to speak to representatives to see what you have and what you need to join organizations. We have speakers every hour in the next room on different topics. Heritage Hunters has all of their books from their libary there to do research or check out the records submitted by people who are in our Surname Exchange Index. Our Genealogical Projects Committee has a nice display on the use of a computer in genealogy and their display of material. You will be able to ask questions of these people and see a display of many things to do with your computers and our Saratoga GenWebPage. We also try to have a food concession just outside the door so we don't have to waste any time checking everything out. This is held at the 4H Training Center in Ballston Spa, NY from 8am to 4pm and it takes a few hours to get around to all of the tables and displays. We have had people arrange to meet there so you could plan with your genealogy "cousin" that you have been in contact with. So plan your vacations to include being in Saratoga on Saturday, 19 August for Ancestor Connection Day. During the week following, you might want to go to NYS Library and Archives and visit the Saratoga County Historian, the courthouse and your towns your ancestors were in. Please note that July and August are terrible times to find motels and accomodations in the Saratoga Springs area because of the NYC Ballet and horse racing in Saratoga. I have a list of some clean but less expensive motels in towns outside of Saratoga Springs and there is a great campground for RV's in Scotia. Better plan ahead for this event and come meet the people on this list and a lot of the Heritage Hunters members and friends. God Bless Ruth Ann [email protected] ________________________________________________________________ YOU'RE PAYING TOO MUCH FOR THE INTERNET! Juno now offers FREE Internet Access! Try it today - there's no risk! For your FREE software, visit: http://dl.www.juno.com/get/tagj.

looking for information on Gray family. My ggrandfather George Gray arrived in New York in about 1836 with four sons.. William born 1819 Walter, traveled on to Oklahoma George Jr born 1816 Samual, no dates They are know to originally have settled in the Galway area. My great grandfather William also stayed in Saratoga County... William had 13 children, by two wives, first wife Hannah Allard, second wife Frances E Broughton... I would like information on the decendents of William and Hannah James C .Charles H, Mary J, Isabel, Juliet, Samual, Ada, Ellen J, Ida J.... Anyone searching this family????

My g-grandfather Frank Hagadorn was born in Palmer Falls, Saratoga County, NY in 1868. Does anyone know where this is located and what is it known as today. What town clerk would I write to for infomation? Thanks.

I think you would be hard pressed to find a birth certificate at all, for they were not required until 1920 Try the actual town of Palmer Falls, Clerks records. Bible records are the best bet see if your past family has placed any in hands of Historical societies of the area or even Libraries. There is Archive in Fonda, NY they may be able to help. Jere Hagadorn wrote: > Can anyone on the list tell me where to direct my efforts > to obtain a birth certificate for my great-grandfather > Frank Hagadorn, who was born in Palmer Falls, NY > in 1867? I tried the Saratoga County Clerk and was > informed that records prior to 1879 were destroyed > by a fire. Any assistance greatly appreciated. > > ============================== > The RootsWeb WorldConnect Project: > 12.8 million individuals and counting. > http://worldconnect.genealogy.rootsweb.com/

Can anyone on the list tell me where to direct my efforts to obtain a birth certificate for my great-grandfather Frank Hagadorn, who was born in Palmer Falls, NY in 1867? I tried the Saratoga County Clerk and was informed that records prior to 1879 were destroyed by a fire. Any assistance greatly appreciated.

This is one time sweep through the affected counties. Delete if you already seen this on other NY lists. SAMPUBCO moved to new address and it's a new home all it's own. new home: http://www.sampubco.com You will need to bookmark this site because the search engines (altavista, dogpile, snap, etc) will not update their directories for 4 to 8 weeks or longer. W. David Samuelsen SAMPUBCO Home of the Wills (probate, that is!)

Hello Saratoga descendants Saw this on the Dick Eastman's newsletter and know there are people searching the Tefft surname in Saratoga County. If you are not receiving Dick Eastman's newsletter, you should be. Dick has the latest of what is going on in the genealogical world. He keeps us abreast of all kinds of late breaking information and is one of the most useful sources of information that is out there. On the Internet, go to <ancestry.com> and you will find Dick Eastman's weekly newsletter and instructions for receiving it. God Bless Ruth Ann [email protected] - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ TEFFT and various spellings News and information for descendants of John Tefft of Rhode Island (c. 1630s), which includes all Tefft surnames plus variant spellings such as Tift and Tifft, is available through the Tefft Family Association (TFA): http://www.geocities.com/tefft_family ________________________________________________________________ YOU'RE PAYING TOO MUCH FOR THE INTERNET! Juno now offers FREE Internet Access! Try it today - there's no risk! For your FREE software, visit: http://dl.www.juno.com/get/tagj.

I would like to make a correction: Jerry Smith was Smith, that wasn't his middle name as I stated in an earlier email Hoping someone can identify with them. Sorry Sharon . I am looking for any information about Susanna Matilda DuBois baptised in East Line, Saratoga Co, NY 1879. Her parents were Jerry Smith (that was his middle name) and Harriet L. Tripp Du Bois.

Hello to the Listers I am looking for any information about Susanna Matilda DuBois baptised in East Line, Saratoga Co, NY 1879. Her parents were Jerry Smith (that was his middle name) and Harriet L. Tripp Du Bois. Regards Sharon

Hi Everyone! Thomas Chalmers BUNYAN b. 1847 in Saratoga County d. 1912 in Colorado m. in 1875 Ellen Miller HALLOWELL b. 1847 in Saratoga County d. 1908 in Colorado Thomas was the Principal of the Union School from at least 1874 to 1877. They moved to Colorado where he went into banking. Any and all information would be appreciated. Richard Kearns

Just got off the phone with the Saratoga County Historian, Karen Campola. She still has a quantity of the book "Saratoga County Heritage" by Violet Dunn for $12.50 including postage. Make out a check or money order to: "Saratoga County Treasurer" with a request for above book and send to: Saratoga County Historian 40 McMaster Street Ballston Spa, NY 12020 This book has sections on each town and other valuable information. It would be one good reference in your library on Saratoga. It does have an index. God Bless Ruth Ann [email protected] ________________________________________________________________ YOU'RE PAYING TOO MUCH FOR THE INTERNET! Juno now offers FREE Internet Access! Try it today - there's no risk! For your FREE software, visit: http://dl.www.juno.com/get/tagj.

Mary Agnes (BRYANT) Morancie Looking for Saratoga County ancestors and descendants: BRYANT/PARKS/VAUGHN/ARMITAGE/BAILYE Now living in Maine/Florida