Cliff: In my opinion, your conclusions are wrong. A Y-DNA test can only verify or deny your genealogical research and then only if there are enough people in your family tree that have tested at least 37 markers and preferably 67. Yes, it costs money, but what in life is free. Several years ago, I established a Bentley Family Project with the idea of confirming the relationships of several men I had either met while doing genealogical research or who I corresponded with through forums and message boards. The purpose was to determine if we had a common ancestor in William Bentley of Ampthill, England who came to America in 1671. To date our original group of four has grown to 40 members and has determined several distinct, unrelated Bentley family lines. Those who descend from William have a very unique Haplogroup, G2a3b1, which none of the others have. This was discovered as SNP mutation U13+ during a study by Dr. Garvey at Gonzaga University in which I participated as a representative of the descendants of William. Because of this we are able pinpoint our English roots and based on Spencer Welles study and the National Geographic study, can determine that our origins are in central Asia. Until someone discovers a group of U13+ persons living somewhere in Asia, our roots will remain unknown. I believe that most of us are more interested in more recent history which can be determined from research. Y-DNA is the only scientific way to confirm this research and as some responders to your posting have stated, one indiscretion can break the continuity of the pedigree. I encourage all genealogical researchers to join a family group participating in Y-DNA testing to broaden the pool of knowledge about their family history. Larry Bentley