Another great book regarding American immigrants to NYC in general is "How the Other Half Lives" by era photojournalist by Jacob Riis. It is loaded with photographs. This book dedicates a whole chapter to German cigar makers. At one time there were 8,000 in NYC. LINK to Immigration Info> http://www.ancestry.com/wiki/index.php?title=Overview_of_Immigration_Research Yet another book about growing up immigrant in and poor in NYC is Luc Sante's "Low Life." If you don't own more than three genealogical and photographic books, you're not serious. Barb