I was asked about 'breaks' in the line. That is a descent through a Norwood daughter since 1600s Sorry, but NO Y-DNA goes to or through females, only to sons. Unless you are descended from a a continuous line of Norwood males or a Norwood male who legally (or assumed) a new name, this testing does nothing for you. So essentially, only men alive named Norwood need take this Y-DNA test. There is a Mitochondrial dna test for your maternal line but that only helps you with researching your mother's mother's mother' mother's mother's mother (etc.) My statements are true for TODAY only ! There may be in the future, different DNA tests that can be done through males AND females but not now. Please understand, this is a new field and we are in 2007 on the leading edge. There are only 80,000 plus results now at FTDNA. They can't tell how to separate 1,000,000 people until you test a 1,000,000 people ! So we are all guinea pigs and that is the neat thing. As time goes on, we will learn more. I originally had only 12 markers tested. As I said, I have matched dozens of other men but it only really says that we have a common male ancestor probably 1000 years ago in Europe. The 12 therefore is useful to tell me that but does not help genealogy. You want to get results that are recent enough to confirm or deny documented genealogy so therefore you need enough precision to bring the common ancestor down to 200-300 years or so. So once it was developed last year I ask them to do the 37 marker test (no new swab needed). Now I am a close match only to one family (so far), the Hunts. This was exciting because I had always known that my grandfather dempsey may have been adopted (hush hush !) I am waiting on test results from 3rd cousins to check things out further. jim dempsey