597-1603... IRISH HISTORY and Our National Church......excerpts from books: #1...�Our National Church � by Lord Robert Cecil and Rev. H. J. Clayton...published in Londong by Frederick Warne and Co. and New York..1913.. = ONC #2..�Irish History� -From pre-Celtic to modern Ireland, Culture, society and Mythology...published 2002 ...ISBN ) -75257-876-6 (Hardback) = IH �What we know about the early Celts derives from account of them on the Continent written by Greek and Roman historians, as the Celts themselves did not leave any written records other than a number of inscriptions on standing stones, most of which mark graves� page 26-IH 500 BC...�The Celts were an Iron Age people who originated in central Europe and who reached Ireland about 500 BC..page 22-IH 432 AD....� St. Patrick�s mission to Ireland appears to have lasted about 30 years and its impact was immense. AD 432 is the date traditionally given for the start of his mission. page 28-IH 480 AD...�St. Brigid is one of Ireland�s patron saints. St. Brigid�s Cathedral, Kildare, which dates back to AD 480...page 36-IH 597-680 A.D. ...�The Church of England possesses the peculiar character of being a Church of mixed origin. Just as the British race is sprung from Celt, Saxon, and Norman, so the Anglican Church may almost be said to owe its existance to the labours of three men--Augustine the Roman, Aidan the Celt, and Theodore the Greek� page 11-ONC........ �Possibly the Britons thought that the conquerors would hardly be likely to accept the religion of those whom they had conquered. It has been remarked that �we might as well expect the down-trodden Armenians to preach to their oppressors the Turks, or hope that negro ministers would suceed among godless American colonists.� page 16-ONC 613.....�...thus, even as the pagan tribes of northern Europe were sitll rampaging accross the continent, the Christianity, learning and Latin-based literacy that had been nurtured in the relative peace and tranquility of Ireland was replanted among the ruins of the Roman Empire.� page 41-IH 664-735 A.D. ...on the subject of the date for celebration of Easter..�...it was better to accept, in such a matter, the view held by what was then the rising and progressive Church of Rome rather than to adhere to the practice of the Celtic Church�. page 25-ONC.....�Greatest of all was Hilda, the foundress of Whitby Abbey....� page 32-ONC 790 ....�The Vikings, aristocratic Scandinavians, were great sailors and ruthless warriors who travelled in well-built longships. They began to raid the coast of Ireland, Britain and France in the AD 790s. The island-based monasteries were particularly vulnerable to attack and made rewarding targets for the fast-moving raiders. page 42-IH 914....�in AD 914, the arrival of a huge Viking fleet in Waterford marked the start of a new campaign. The Vikings attacked Munster and Leinster, defeated the Ui Neills and their allies who had marched southwards against them, and greatly consolidated their position......The Viking age ended early in the 11th century......They also introduced the use of money and had a great influence on art, language, folklore and place names....page 43-IH 735-1066...�This time it was the Danes who overran the country, as the Angles and Saxons had done some four centuries earler.......They warred as much with the Church as with the nation...........in less than one hundred years three archbishops of the English Church belonged to the Danish race.......in 988 the Danes and Norwegian vikings renewed their invasions.....In the result England passed under the rule of her Danish kings......The way was paved by his ecclesiastical policy, for wherever possible the high places in the Church were filled by Normans.......By thus flouting the Pope England was deliberately playing into the hands of the Normans, and providing religious as well as secular reasons for the invasion which was now near at hand.� pages 37-43-ONC 1066-1215....�The invasion was not less a religious crusade than a military enterprise. William was a friend of the Papacy, which blessed his expedition and granted it a consecrated banner. It was a �holy war�, designed to punish Harold, the �perjurer and usurper�, and to bring England to its knees in obedience to the see of Rome. ...�few points of ecclesiastical supremacy were claimed by Henry VIII which were not also claimed and possessed, though it may be differently used, by Norman William. (ref: St. Anselm and William Rusus, p.148) page 44-46 1300�s....�A steady Gaelic revival continued throughout the 14th century, with the main skirmishing between the Normans and the Irish taking place on the borders of their respective territories. Gradually, the Normans were pushed back and their influence diluted.� page 70-IH 1449...�In 1449, Richard, Duke of York, was appointed lieutenant, or governor of Ireland and he made a great impression on the Irish and the Anglo-Irish alike. However, the Wars of the Roses ultimately came to an end with the death of yet another Richard, Richard III (the brother of Edward IV), at the battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Richard was killed by followers of the Lancastrian pretender, Henry TUDOR. 1494....�To counter the threat in Ireland, Henry VII sent a new viceroy, Sir Edward Poynings, a successful soldier and administrator. He summoned the Irish parliament to Drogheda at the end of 1494...page 80-IH 1215-1509....�King John had surrendered England to the Pope, and promised to pay his yearly tribute of 1000 marks, and the Popes were not slow to avail themselves of the opportunities afforded them during the reign of Henry III. .....�and from this time began the long series of papal exactions, the moneys being required for the conduct of the Pope�s secular wars in order to maintain and extend his temporal claims to sovereignty. Frequently these exactions took the form of tallages, as they were called--that is to say, payments by the clergy to the Pope as their feudal superior. Thus in 1225 one prebend or manor belonging to every cathedral was demanded , and four years later a claim was set up to a tenth of all clerical property in the country........For nearly seventy years (1309-1376) men beheld the spectacel of Popes no longer living in Rome, but at Avignon, in the south of France, elected and ruling under the power of the French kings, till they were little more than �an ornamental adjunct ot the Court at Paris�.......The anti-papal feeling of the 14th century centers round the name of Wycliffe (1320-1384) .....The Peasants� Revolt in 1381 opened men�s eyes to the dangerous element in his teaching, and he was condemned as a heretic by the Council held at Blackfriars under Archbishop Courtenay in 1382..... The history of the century after Wycliffe�s death was but a series of steps towards the Reformation.....with the accession of Henry VII English freedom had perished, and clergy and people alike lay at the mercy of Tudor tyranny....... pages 60-73 - ONC 1531...�When Henry VIII sought to nullify his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon because of the lack of a male heir, it was clear that Rome would not support him. As a result, in 1531, Henry broke with the Catholic Church and set up a (Protestant) National Church in England under his supreme leadership.� page 88-IH 1533....�By 1533, however, Henry had married Anne Boleyn and rejected the authority of the Pope, who had refused to allow him a divorce. As a result, the Roman Catholic Church was no longer acceptable in England. From this time on, Henry regarded loyalty to Rome as disloyalty to his own authority.� page 83-IH 1534-1537...�The rebellion was ruthlessly put down by the newly appointed deputy, Sir William Skeffington who, with an army of 2300, overran the Fitzgerald castle at Maynooth, County Kildare, using artillery for the first time in Ireland with great effect.� page 84-IH 1509-1547--Henry VIII......�the great central event of the Reformation in his reign was the emphatic reassertion of the independence of the National Church. It is misleading to say that the Reformation started from the king�s lust, for the divorce question was its occasion only, not its cause.......the Reformation Parliament had been at work since 1529, and to make the king�s position quite sure, certain Acts of Parliament relating to the Church were passed into law. In 1531 �The Submission of the Clergy� took place....By the Annates Act in 1532 the payment to the Pope of the first year�s income of bishoprics, & c., was stopped..........Finally the bishops were forbidden to do homage to the Pope on their appointment, and all fees to Rome for dispensations and indulgences were abolished..........Cromwell�s chief work was the suppression of the monasteries--the smaller ones in 1536, the greater in 1539..... 1547....�Attempts by his successor Edward VI to introduce doctrinal changes by legislation, after 1547, were resisted and were clearly not sufficient to make people exchange the faith they had professed and practised for 1,000 years. Protestantism was associated with a repressive and unpopular English administration.� pave 89-IH 1547-1558...Edward VI to Elizabeth.....�In 1549 appeared the first Prayer Book of Edward VI.......the whole Bible was to be read through in order, the Old Testament once every year and the New Testament twice..........the law relating to clerical celibacy was repealed.... 1579-1580...�There was an uprising in Munster in 1579 which was assisted by the Spanish and Italians. This was vigorously put down and the lands belonging to the rebel lords and their families were seized and planted with English colonists. In comparison with Munster, the taking of Connacht was comparatively easy. There was also an uprising in Leinster, led by Viscount Baltinglass and Fiach MacHugh O�Byrne. Their main success was a defeat of the government forces at the battle of Glenmalure on 25 August 1580.� page 93-IH 1592...�On many fronts, the process of Anglicisation was advancing. Trinity College, Ireland�s first university, was opened in 1592, not merely to provide an English education but also to support the established Church. Trinity College is one of Ireland�s leading historical sites.� page 93-IH 1600-1603..� Red Hugh O�Donnell fled Ireland with the Spanish survivors and O�Neill returned to Ulster, his army in tatters.....The last of significant Irish chieftains had been defeated: the Spanish attempt at intervention had been thwarted and, with the defeat at the Battle of Kinsale, the old Gaelic order passed into history. Queen Elizabeth herself did not live to witness the surrender of O�Neill at Mellifont in March 1603, but she died knowing that the policies pursued by her and her officials had been successful. Ireland had been taken and beaten into submission� page 99-IH prepared by Lloyd Rowsell Nov. 25, 2003 __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? Protect your identity with Yahoo! Mail AddressGuard http://antispam.yahoo.com/whatsnewfree