NL and Irish History.... PART II ---1602-1838--- IRISH HISTORY and Our National Church......excerpts from books: #1...�Our National Church � by Lord Robert Cecil and Rev. H. J. Clayton...published in London by Frederick Warne and Co. and New York..1913.. = ONC #2..�Irish History� -From pre-Celtic to modern Ireland, Culture, society and Mythology...published 2002 ...ISBN ) -75257-876-6 (Hardback) = IH #3...and other sources.... 1602-1642...�Owen Roe O�Neill had been educated at Louvain and had served in the Spanish army in FLANDERS for nearly 40 years. He returned to Ireland in 1642 and took control of the Irish forces in Ulster..page 109-IH 16th and 17th centuries....�The Counter-Reformation is the name given to the movement that arose as a reaction to the Protestant Reformation.� page 104-105IH THE ANNALS OF IRISH HISTORY: �Until recently, historians have tended to stress the negative and repressive elements in this movement, such as the �Inquistions� and the �Index of Forbidden Books�, and to concentrate their attention on its political, military and diplomatic aspects. They now show greater appreciation for the high level of spirituality that animated many of the leaders of the Counter-Reformanton. Religion became the most important element that united the Gaelic Irish and the old Anglo-Irsh aristocracy. England, with its Protestant monarchy, was in conflict with the Spanish and the French. This was now the period of the Counter-Reformation. While the Catholic faith was under severe military, legal and economic pressure in Ireland, a network was soon established between the exiled Gawlic chieftains, the Irish monasteries and seminaries on the Continent, and the various international religious orders that aimed to counter the advance of Protestantism in Ireland. Sons of the various chieftains who left Ireland in 1607 either joined various continental armies or studied for the priesthood in colleges as far away as Prague and Salamanca. The Church, which from its arrival in Ireland had sought to record the traditions and language of Ireland, continued to do so. The history of the country was seen as an important part of the work of the Counter-Reformation. To understand history from the point of view of the native Irish, it is necessary to study the Annals. These list events in Ireland from the earliest times in chronological order, and include such diverse matter as battles, marriages, successions of kings, murders, comets, storms and deaths of abbots and poets. Of all the surviving Annals, the Annals of the Four Masters are the most important. page 116-IH 1610-1620 Crown grants for Land in Cupar's Cove, NL and Plymouth Colony (The Thanksgiving Place) in Massechusetts. 1629-1975...On Sept. 30th, 1629 Oliver Plunkett was born at his family home at Loughenew, in the county of Meath. He was the last Catholic to die for his faith at Tyburn.. ....1654...Oliver Plunkett was educated by the Jesuits at the then newly established Irish College. He was ordained in 1654 and appointed Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of all Ireland by Pope Clement IX. ....1679...Plunkett was arrested and put on trial at Dundalk, for conspiring against the state by plotting to bring 20,000 French soldiers into the country and levelling a tax on his clergy to support 70,000 men for rebellion......he was removed to Newgate prison in London. ....1681...In June Archbishop Plunkett was found guilty by the jury of high treason....he was executed on July 1, 1681. His head was moved to the Benedictine monastery in Lambspring Germany. ....1883...200 years later, in 1883, his head was transported again to Downside Abbey, in England. The martyr�s head is preserved in St. Peter�s Church at Drogheda. ....1975...In 1975, some of the remains were returned to Ireland, where he was canonized. 1641....�The year 1641, then, saw another major rising in Ireland. The native people of Ulster, who had never accepted the violence and injustice of the Plantation of their lands, now saw England�s difficulty as Ireland�s opportunity........The 1641 Rebellion, and the ensuing occupation of Ireland by Oliver Cromwell, would prove to have lasting effects on the modern Irish state. There were several distinct factors that ultimately led to the advent of the 1641 uprising, representing the independent interests of different factions within Ireland. The two most prominent were the almost complete disenfranchisement of the native Irish Catholics and the increasing seizure of land and power from the established English settlers, also known as the �Old English�. 1642....The start of the English Civil War 1649....�the Puritan army of the new Lord Lieutenant, Oliver Cromwell, landed in Dublin in August 1649. They were intent on revenge and eradication of the Irish problem once and for all.� page 112- IH 1660...�The restoration of the manarchy under Charles II in 1660 brought little change. Those Catholics in Ireland who had supported the royalist cause were to be disappointed if they thought the king would reward their loyalty by restoring their lands.�...page 115-IH 1662..The French had established their NL capital at Fort Placentia. 1672...�Charles II was still ready to grant toleration, owing, no doubt, chiefly to his leanings towards Romanism, and accordingly in 1672 he issued a Declaration of Indulgence which suspended all penal laws against Dissenters, permitting Protestants to meet publicly and Romanists privately, but Parliament demanded its withdrawl as illegal, and the king was compelled to give way.� page 124-ONC 1679-1685..�King James II converted to Catholicism after his marriage to Mary, the daughter of the Italian Duke of Modena. James left England in 1679 and did not return until 1685 when he succeeded his brother to the throne�. page 118-IH 1687..�The king ......proceeded to do the same....granting liberty of conscience to all Dissenters by the abolition of all tests, oaths, and penalties. .....The Declaration was received with profound distrust by the majority of the nation, men realising that it was an attempt to gain the support of the Dissenters, and to combine them with the Romanists against the National Church...page 125-ONC 1688...�In 1688, Lord Danby, the leader of the Whigs sent for William of Orange, a Dutch prince who was married to James�s protestant daughter Mary.�..page 118-IH 1689...�William III was pledged to toleration, with the result that the Toleration Act of 1689 was passed, freeing from all restrictions of worship Protestant Dissenters who did not deny, either by word or in writing, the doctrine of the Holy Trinity......� 1690...�The Battle of the Boyne is the victory now celebrated by Orangemen on 12 July each year. ..... 1691-1791...The Treaty of Limerick, on October 1691.....Under this treaty, religious freedom and the rights of the native Irish were to be restored in return for the disbanding of Sarsfield�s army, some 14,000 of whom were also permitted to go to the Continent, where many joined the armies of France, Spain and other European powers, often forming special Irish brigades or regiments. Over the ensuing 100 years, up to 500,000 Irish are believed to have fought in foreign armies. (5,000 per year average). These men are know as the �wild geese�. Under the Penal Laws of the eighteenth century, Irish Catholics were not allowed to join the British Army..pages 122-123 IH. .....For instance, a Catholic was not allowed to own a horse worth more than five pounds and if he was offered five pounds for his horse, he was legally obliged to sell it...... 1692...a new Charter for Massachusetts... 1697....successful defense of Carbonear Island and Little Belle Island against the FRENCH. 1699....the first recorded Irish ships arrived in NL. 1704....�while Queen Anne renounced the first fruits and tenths of livings, which, from the passing of the Annates Act in the reign of Henry VIII, had gone to the Crown instead of the Pope. Queen Anne�s Bounty thus came into existance in 1704.� page 131-ONC 1704-1795...�These Penal Laws, such as �The Act to Prevent the Further Growth of Popery (1704), forced all those who would not, or could not, conform to the Anglican Church and way of life down onto the bottom rung of society......With no education system, no ordinations (as bishops are required for these) and no new clergy permitted to enter the country from abroad, it was expected that the Roman Catholic clergy would die out within a generation. However, it is clear that many still managed to go abroad to attend the Irish seminaries in continental Europe. It was at these colleges that all Irish Catholic clergy were educated until the founding of Maynooth College in 1795... page 123-124-IH 1708....�There were only seven Catholics in Belfast in 1708 and , 50 years later, Catholics made up only 6% of the town�s population.. 1713...The Treaty of Utrecht. 1714...the last FRENCH Governor of NL departed Placentia along with the Catholic priests. 1717...�The first recorded sailing of an emigrant ship from Ulster to America was that of the �Friends� Goodwill� which left Larne in April 1717 for Boston, Mass. The exodus had started.... Five thousand people would leave Ulster that year, looking for a new life in America. �The letters that returned to their homeland never attempted to conceal the hardships and hazards of a sea journey that could, in some cases, last up to three months in crampted and unhygienic conditions. However, the message remained that the journey was still worth enduring, as the rewards waiting in America were great�...page 133-IH 1720...�In 1720, an act was passed which gave Westminster the right to legislate directly for Ireland, which meant that the Irish parliament could be easily overruled� ...Westminster Direct Rule....page 125-IH 1727-1759..�A harsh famine devastated south of the country.....By 1740-41 the crisis was country-wide and a large number of people died from hunger and disease.....In 1759, the ban on Irish cattle exports to England was lifted; this had the effect of reducing the amount of tillage land....page 127-IH 1741-1795..�George Whitefield and the Calvinistic Methodists had already seceeded from the parent society in 1741; and in 1795, four years only after WESLEY�S death, the formal separation took place between the Methodists and the Church.....�page 147-ONC 1755...Acadians who refused to swear allegiance to the British Crown were forced to leave the land now occupied and controlled by British forces... those French descendants were abandoned by the Gov't of France who ceeded this great land to Britain in exchange for the tiny Island or Guadaloupe in the Caribbean. 1764...a collector of customs was appointed and navigation laws were extended to the Island of Newfoundland. 1769...Spain's northern advance began from Southern Calif. San Diego and Monterey. 1770�s...�In the 1770�s, moves were made to repeal the Penal Laws. Inheritance and land tenure laws were changed and the constitutional amendments of 1782 removed Westminster�s power to legislate directly for Ireland�. page 137-IH by 1778....�only 5% of Irish land was in Catholic hands, even though Catholics made up 75% of a population which had grown rapidly through the century and was approaching five million by 1800� page 126-IH 1791....�An organisation had been formed that hoped to attract people of different religious persuasions and unite them in a campaign for greater economic and political independence from Britain. This was the Society of United Irishmen.� page 138-IH 1791...Act of British Parliament to divide Canada into TWO provinces, now known as Ontario and Quebec. 1792-1793...Alexander Mackenzie made his way by land from Montreal via Hudson's Bay to the Pacific Coast. 1800...�Perhaps the lowest depths were reached when Tomline, who was Dean of St. Paul�s as well as Bishop of Lincoln, lamented that in St. Paul�s Cathedral on Easter day 1800 �in that vast and noble Cathedral no more than six persons were found at the Table of the Lord.� page 137-ONC 1812....The Canadian War of 1812, territory defended from invasion by Americans. Frenchmen and Englishmen join forces against their American neighbours. 1828-1829...�The Test Act and the Corporation Act were at length repealed in 1828, and the Roman Catholic Emancipation Act became law in 1829....page 150-ONC 1831....�.....while the Church�s unpopularity reached its height when 21 of the bishops voted against the Reform Bill in 1831, and Earl Grey, the Whig Premier, told the bishops to �set their houses in order.� Bishops were burnt in effigy on Guy Fawkes Day, the Bishop of Bristol�s palace was burnt by the rioters, and the future seemed most uncertain.� page 151-ONC 1838...�Having successfully challenged the Protestant ascendancy�s domination of parliament, the Catholic small farmers now turned their attention to the tithes, with a campaign which lasted until 1838 and became known as the �Tithe War�. page 157-IH Prepared November 26, 2003 by Lloyd Rowsell, for friends and family. ***************************** __________________________________ Do you Yahoo!? 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