Find A Grave www.findagrave.com Among the best and biggest cemetery sites, Find A Grave lets you search 4.1 million grave records or look for specific cemeteries. You can also create virtual memorials and even add "virtual flowers" and a note to an ancestor's grave. Interment.net www.interment.net Our other favorite cemetery site puts online more than 3.2 million records from nearly 7,000 cemeteries worldwide. Browse transcriptions by region and check out special collections of veterans cemeteries. Obituary Central www.obitcentral.com Death is a lively topic here, with thousands of links to online obituaries; cemetery inscriptions; birth, marriage and death notices; and divorce records arranged by state and county, plus a collection of search engines that cover only obituaries. Sally Rolls Pavia sallypavia2001@yahoo.com List Owner: GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

Access Genealogy www.accessgenealogy.com It's not just a useful online starting place, with genealogy-related news plus lots of links, but also a source for data. Researchers with Native American roots especially will want to explore the collection here, which includes the 1880 Cherokee census and the Final Rolls of the Five Civilized Tribes. Other resources cover military records, cemeteries, biographies, census records, immigration, African-American ancestry, vital records and more. Genealogy Resources on the Internet www.rootsweb.com/~jfuller/internet.html The Web isn't the only way to research your family tree online; don't forget mailing lists, newsgroups, telnet and Gopher, technologies that predated today's ubiquitous WWW. This in-depth list, compiled and still continuously updated by Chris Gaunt and John Fuller, covers all those other ways to plug into your roots, as well as Web sites. Genealogy Today www.genealogytoday.com A useful stop wherever you are in your genealogical journey: Resources and how-to information are categorized for those just getting started, those who've been researching for several years and are mostly interested in recent generations, those who've already traced their families back multiple generations, and advanced genealogists (including professionals, librarians and educators). German Roots www.home.att.net/~wee-monster In addition to being a terrific starting point for pursuing your German ancestors, this handy site includes lists of links to US military records and death records of interest to all genealogists. Heraldry on the Internet www.digiserve.com/heraldry Also of interest to British Isles researchers, this site offers the best crash course on coats of arms on the Internet. Sally Rolls Pavia sallypavia2001@yahoo.com List Owner: GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

War victims in Finland, 1914-22 http://vesta.narc.fi/cgi-bin/db2www/sotasurmaetusivu/main?lang=en Tiedotus http://tietokannat.mil.fi/index_en.html Sally Rolls Pavia sallypavia2001@yahoo.com "Save the Earth, it's the only planet with Chocolate!" List Owner: GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

Amyot to Couture: Images 37 to 44 Album paroissial, Saint-Augustin, Comté de Portneuf : 1691-1946 http://www.ourroots.ca/e/viewpage.asp?ID=352049&size=2 Couture to Gaboury: Images 53 to 60 http://www.ourroots.ca/e/viewpage.asp?ID=352065&size=2 Genest to Julien: Images 69 to 76 http://www.ourroots.ca/e/viewpage.asp?ID=352081&size=2&x=32&y=10 Juneau to Martel: Images 85 to 88 http://www.ourroots.ca/e/viewpage.asp?ID=352097&size=2 Martel to Picard: Images 103 to 106 http://www.ourroots.ca/e/viewpage.asp?ID=352115&size=2 Potvin to Voyer: Images 121 to 128 http://www.ourroots.ca/e/viewpage.asp?ID=352133&size=2 Sally Rolls Pavia sallypavia2001@yahoo.com <mailto:sallypavia2001@yahoo.com> List Owner: GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

Technology in Australia 1788-1988, Index http://www.austehc.unimelb.edu.au/tia/bookindex.html Book is online...lots of biographies. Sally Rolls Pavia <mailto:sallypavia2001@yahoo.com> sallypavia2001@yahoo.com "Save the Earth, it's the only planet with Chocolate!" List Owner: <mailto:GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com> GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: <http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES> http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

Index to Biographies from "The History of Muscatine Co IA" 1879--The Original Muscatine Co IA Genealogy Home Page http://www.rootsweb.com/~iamusca2/index1879.htm Also: Index to Muscatine County and Vicinity Settler's Biographical Sketches (Includes some of the bios listed in the first URL.) http://www.rootsweb.com/~iamusca2/biodex.htm Sally Rolls Pavia sallypavia2001@yahoo.com List Owner: GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

"The term "Loyalist" is generally applied to those colonists who sided with the British during the Revolutionary War. Also called "Tories," Loyalists came from all social classes and occupations and by some estimates made up as much as one-third of the colonial population. The Loyalist cause was strongest in the southern colonies, in Georgia and the Carolinas, especially, and in the mid-Atlantic colonies, particularly New York and Pennsylvania. Sentiment against the Loyalists led to various proscriptions and restrictions, but it was the confiscation of their land and property that led to the creation--unintentionally, of course--of some of the most useful Revolutionary War-era genealogical records available today." "Loyalists" during and after the US Revolutionary War is a marvelous topic to research. Some did move to Canada, as you stated. Loyalists, for those who haven't heard this term before, are the folks that chose to remain true to the British Crown. They did not favor the cause of freedom espoused by the colonists in America who were frustrated by a number of things including taxation without representation in the British Parliament. They did not support the development of a new nation. Sometimes they were called "Tories." The term "Loyalists to Canada" speaks of the emigration of loyal British citizens from the rebellious colonies, to British soil in the north. From Dictionary.com we find our word for today: To•ry ( P ) Pronunciation Key (tôr, tr) n. pl. To•ries 1. A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832. 2. A member of a Conservative Party, as in Canada. 3. An American who, during the period of the American Revolution, favored the British side. Also called Loyalist. 4. (often tory) A supporter of traditional political and social institutions against the forces of democratization or reform; a political conservative. Some additional information: -- BUTLER'S RANGERS www.iaw.on.ca/~awoolley/brang/brang.html This site which includes an annotated roll of members of the rangers. -- CANADA RESEARCH OUTLINE (from the folks at the Family History Library in Salt Lake.) www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/RG/frameset_rhelps.asp -- NOVA SCOTIA RESEARCH OUTLINE (from the folks at the Family History Library in Salt Lake.) www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/RG/frameset_rhelps.asp -- PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND RESEARCH OUTLINE (from the folks at the Family History Library in Salt Lake.) www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/RG/frameset_rhelps.asp -- CANADA GENWEB www.rootsweb.com/~canwgw/html/e-index.html <C:\PROGRA~1\IncrediMail\Data\Runtime\Letter\151F76FB-5A8F-4DE5096AB-EDFD30A 4F9F9\MarcDoyle_warpeace_KH.gif>

This has a lot of connections to Canadian research, and Tory/Loyalists of the American Revolutionary War links. Unfortunately it also has some ads at the bottom. Myrt <Myrt@DearMYRTLE.com> wrote:From: "Myrt" <Myrt@DearMYRTLE.com> Date: Tue, 3 May 2005 08:00:34 -0400 To: DEARMYRTLE-L@rootsweb.com Subject: [DearMYRTLE] Loyalist Units: Westchester Refugees; Butler's, Roger's, Hayden's King's Rangers DearMYRTLE, your friend in genealogy -------------------------------------------------------- RE: Loyalist Units: Westchester Refugees; Butler's, Roger's, Hayden's King's Rangers >From a posting on DearMYRTLE's Message Board at RW/Ancestry: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/message/an/topics.methods.dearmyrtle/2043 From: Carol Anne Shiels DearMYRTLE, My research seems to indicate that participation in Rev War units was for a short time period. Also the unit names changed almost as frequently as the members. Surnames: WILLIAMS, SYPHER/SYPES, EACHARN/ACORN. I am looking for detailed personal and military information on the following: -- Capt Frederick Williams - James Delancy's Westchester Refugees/Cowboys, father-in-law of -- Jacob Sypher/Sypes - Butler's Rangers (wife's given name unknown) -- John Eacharn/Eachorn/Acorn - Robert Roger's Kings Rangers - 3rd Battalion disbanded PEI 5/17/1782; also Samuel Hayden's Kings Rangers disbanded on PEI 6/12/1784. (Married to Eleanor Williams 1788 & settled on the Isle of St John' - now PEI) Frederick and Jacob settled in Digby Township, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, arriving in 6/5/1783 on the ships THETIS, NICHOLAS AND JANE. Can you advise me how to further research these individuals and their military activities? I am running out of internet options. DearCAROL, "Loyalists" during and after the US Revolutionary War is a marvelous topic to research. Some did move to Canada, as you stated. Loyalists, for those who haven't heard this term before, are the folks that chose to remain true to the British Crown. They did not favor the cause of freedom espoused by the colonists in America who were frustrated by a number of things including taxation without representation in the British Parliament. They did not support the development of a new nation. Sometimes they were called "Tories." The term "Loyalists to Canada" speaks of the emigration of loyal British citizens from the rebellious colonies, to British soil in the north. >From Dictionary.com we find our word for today: To�ry ( P ) Pronunciation Key (t�r, tr) n. pl. To�ries 1. A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832. 2. A member of a Conservative Party, as in Canada. 3. An American who, during the period of the American Revolution, favored the British side. Also called Loyalist. 4. (often tory) A supporter of traditional political and social institutions against the forces of democratization or reform; a political conservative. Your online study might include: -- BUTLER'S RANGERS http://www.iaw.on.ca/~awoolley/brang/brang.html I googled to locate this site which includes an annotated roll of members of the rangers. -- CANADA RESEARCH OUTLINE (from the folks at the Family History Library in Salt Lake.) http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/RG/frameset_rhelps.asp -- NOVA SCOTIA RESEARCH OUTLINE (from the folks at the Family History Library in Salt Lake.) http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/RG/frameset_rhelps.asp -- PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND RESEARCH OUTLINE (from the folks at the Family History Library in Salt Lake.) http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/RG/frameset_rhelps.asp -- CANADA CHAT - Maritimes & Newfoundland. Sunday, 8-9pm in the MapleLeaf Room with hosts GFSChuck & GFSJanice. http://www.genealogyforum.org -- CANADA GENWEB http://www.rootsweb.com/~canwgw/html/e-index.html -------------------------------------------------------- OFFLINE RESOURCES include: -------------------------------------------------------- -- LOYALISTS IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION (CD-ROM) http://www.genealogical.com/item_detail.asp?afid=&ID=7144 >From Genealogical Publishing Company: "The term "Loyalist" is generally applied to those colonists who sided with the British during the Revolutionary War. Also called "Tories," Loyalists came from all social classes and occupations and by some estimates made up as much as one-third of the colonial population. The Loyalist cause was strongest in the southern colonies, in Georgia and the Carolinas, especially, and in the mid-Atlantic colonies, particularly New York and Pennsylvania. Sentiment against the Loyalists led to various proscriptions and restrictions, but it was the confiscation of their land and property that led to the creation--unintentionally, of course--of some of the most useful Revolutionary War-era genealogical records available today." Of particular interest to you would be item #1, also available in book format: Loyalists and Land Settlement in Nova Scotia by Marion Gilroy. -- THE OLD UNITED EMPIRE LOYALIST LIST, with an introduction by Milton Rubincam. http://www.genealogical.com/item_detail.asp?afid=&ID=5870 >From Genealogical Publishing Company: "The "List" contains the names of the thousands of United Empire Loyalist settlers who left the American colonies during and after the Revolutionary War and settled, first, in 1783, in what is now New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and then, in 1784, in Upper Canada, or what is now the Province of Ontario. After the war, additional settlers came from the United States to claim the protection of the Crown, and so the "List" contains additions down to 1798, the terminal year of the Loyalist migrations. The 156-page main "List" contains the names of the heads of upwards of 5,000 Loyalist families, with such information as places of residence, military service, and family relationships. A supplementary 52-page listing contains about 2,000 additional names." Happy family tree climbing! Myrt :) DearMYRTLE, 6023 26th Street West PMB 352 Bradenton, FL 34207 http://www.DearMYRTLE.com ==== DEARMYRTLE Mailing List ==== You are subscribed as a member of this free genealogy mail list. If you wish to UNSUBSCRIBE, send a message to: DearMYRTLE-L-request@rootsweb.com (if you are subscribed to the LIST) or DearMYRTLE-D-request@rootsweb.com (if you are subscribed to the DIGEST) with the single word UNSUBSCRIBE in the text portion of your e-mail. TURN OFF SIGNATURES before clicking the SEND button. "Never underestimate the power of human stupidity." by Lazarus Long proud member of the IBSSG __________________________________________________ Do You Yahoo!? Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around http://mail.yahoo.com

One of the larger French-Canadian web sites around is called the Acadian & French Canadian Ancestral Home. While the word "Acadian" is in the title, I noticed that there is some information about Qubecois on the site as well. Nonetheless, the site focuses on Acadian genealogy. Some of the features of this extensive web site include: * The Ancestral Home newsletter, a monthly publication. I noticed the April 2005 edition has 21 articles, written by some well- known French-Canadian speakers and authors. The March 2005 newsletter has 18 articles. * Origins of the Pioneers of Acadia * Acadian Family Names of the 18th Century * Acadian/Amerindian Marriages * A list of Mi'kmaq Marriages extracted from parish registers * Metis History * Extensive historical information about Acadia * Acadian Life * Paintings of the Deportation (the Great Diaspora) of 1755 * Acadian music * A search engine of the site * And much more The web site is owned and operated by Lucie LeBlanc Consentino, who is also editor of The Ancestral Home Newsletter. In addition to having served as past Vice-President, past Conference Chair, past Acadian Acquisitions person, and past Board Director of the American Canadian Genealogical Society of Manchester, New Hampshire, she is also a member of the Lawrence Heritage Genealogical Group in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Ms. Consentino has been published in the American-Canadian Genealogist, Michigan's Habitant Heritage Journal, the Lawrence Eagle Tribune, and the Roots - Racines - Késsinnimek E-zine and is often invited as a speaker. She was a presenter at two events at CMA 2004: one at Grand-Pré and the other at the LeBlanc Family Reunion. She was also honored as an invited participant in the Closing Mass and Ceremonies. If you have Acadian ancestry, you will find much of interest at the Acadian & French Canadian Ancestral Home web site. I already found a number of my ancestors mentioned on the site, and I have not yet investigated everything there. I know I am going to spend some more time on the site this week. The Acadian & French Canadian Ancestral Home web site is available at: http://www.acadian-home.org Sally Rolls Pavia sallypavia2001@yahoo.com List Owner: GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

Genealogy's Best-Kept Secret--Revealed! Between 1936 and 1943, Works Projects Administration workers created valuable--but little-known--resources for genealogists. Here's how to find them. www.familytreemagazine.com/articles/apr05/wpa.asp +++++++++++++++ Birth Date Calculator This calculator is a useful tool for genealogists. It is designed to calculate the birth date when the age at death and the date of death are the only facts known. http://www.longislandgenealogy.com/birth.html +++++++++++++++ The Wisconsin State Collection Belgian-American Research Collection Tiny URL = http://tinyurl.com/6vj6d +++++++++++++++ The Peopling of Canada (1891-1921): Home Page http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/canada1891/ +++++++++++++++ Newspaper Abstracts Think of this as the USGenWeb (see above) for newspaper abstracts and extracts. Organized by state and county and depending on the flying fingers of volunteers, this site focuses on US newspapers prior to 1923. You'll also find some articles from other countries prior to 1900. The pages here now number more than 10,500. www.newspaperabstracts.com +++++++++++++++ The Olden Times Unlike Newspaper Abstracts (see above), this is a one-man show-but it's an impressive site nonetheless. You'll find obituaries, birth and marriage announcements, ads and cartoons, all scanned from the Webmaster's collection of 18th-, 19th- and early 20th-century newspapers from the United States, British Isles and Australia. www.theoldentimes.com +++++++++++++++ eHistory Easily overlooked because it's not strictly a genealogy site, eHistory serves up more than 130,000 pages of historical content, 5,300 timeline events, 800 battle outlines, 350 biographies and thousands of images and maps. A favorite resource here for Civil War buffs is, incredibly, the searchable 128 volumes of The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. The "OR," as this mammoth work is affectionately known, is the authoritative reference to army operations during the Civil War. www.ehistory.com +++++++++++++++

On April 30, 1803, representatives of the United States and Napoleonic France conclude negotiations for the Louisiana Purchase, a massive land sale that doubles the size of the young American republic. What was known as Louisiana Territory comprised most of modern-day United States between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains, with the exceptions of Texas, parts of New Mexico, and other pockets of land already controlled by the United States. A formal treaty for the Louisiana Purchase, antedated to April 30, was signed two days later. Beginning in the 17th century, France explored the Mississippi River valley and established scattered settlements in the region. By the middle of the 18th century, France controlled more of the modern United States than any other European power: from New Orleans northeast to the Great Lakes and northwest to modern-day Montana. In 1762, during the French and Indian War, France ceded its America territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain and in 1763 transferred nearly all of its remaining North American holdings to Great Britain. Spain, no longer a dominant European power, did little to develop Louisiana Territory during the next three decades. In 1796, Spain allied itself with France, leading Britain to use its powerful navy to cut off Spain from America. In 1801, Spain signed a secret treaty with France to return Louisiana Territory to France. Reports of the retrocession caused considerable uneasiness in the United States. Since the late 1780s, Americans had been moving westward into the Ohio and Tennessee River valleys, and these settlers were highly dependent on free access to the Mississippi River and the strategic port of New Orleans. U.S. officials feared that France, resurgent under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte, would soon seek to dominate the Mississippi River and access to the Gulf of Mexico. In a letter to Robert Livingston, the U.S. minister to France, President Thomas Jefferson stated, "The day that France takes possession of New Orleans...we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation." Livingston was ordered to negotiate with French minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand for the purchase of New Orleans. France was slow in taking control of Louisiana, but in 1802 Spanish authorities, apparently acting under French orders, revoked a U.S.-Spanish treaty that granted Americans the right to store goods in New Orleans. In response, President Jefferson sent future president James Monroe to Paris to aid Livingston in the New Orleans purchase talks. On April 11, 1803, the day before Monroe's arrival, Talleyrand asked a surprised Livingston what the United States would give for all of Louisiana Territory. It is believed that the failure of France to put down a slave revolution in Haiti, the impending war with Great Britain and probable Royal Navy blockade of France, and financial difficulties may all have prompted Napoleon to offer Louisiana for sale to the United States.Negotiations moved swiftly, and at the end of April the U.S. envoys agreed to pay $11,250,000 and assumed claims of its citizens against France in the amount of $3,750,000. In exchange, the United States acquired the vast domain of Louisiana Territory, some 828,000 square miles of land. In October, Congress ratified the purchase, and in December 1803 France formally transferred authority over the region to the United States. The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory for the bargain price of less than three cents an acre was Thomas Jefferson's most notable achievement as president. American expansion westward into the new lands began immediately, and in 1804 a territorial government was established. On April 30, 1812, exactly nine years after the Louisiana Purchase agreement was made, the first of 13 states to be carved from the territory--Louisiana--was admitted into the Union as the 18th U.S. state. Today in History http://www.historychannel.com/tdih/tdih.jsp?month=10272956&day=10272995&cat= 10272946

Ok, Bunny is up and looks good. My guess is that she will be home Tue of Wed of next week. They just want to keep a good eye on her. She is eating solid foods and seems anxious to get home. :) SHARING works.... try it..... just once... you could reap the benefits ! ! ! ! !.

Chester Co, PA Archives Indentured Servants and Apprentice Records, 1700-1855 http://dsf.chesco.org/archiveIndex/servants/ Example: Servant's Name: Jones , Mary Township of Residence: Darby Servant's Race: Servant's Occupation: Master's Name: Harvey, Job Master's Occupation: Petitioner: Master Date of Petition: February 26, 1739-40 Reason for Petition/ Complaint: bearing of a bastard child Book/Page Number: 150 Sally Rolls Pavia sallypavia2001@yahoo.com "Save the Earth, it's the only planet with Chocolate!" List Owner: GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

The ketubbot (Jewish Marriage Contract) digitization project aims to create a worldwide registry of ketubbot in public and private collections throughout the world. Based on the collection of the Jewish National and University Library with over 1200 items, the project contains ketubbot originating from dozens of different countries, and covering a time period of over 900 years. It is a major resource for research in Jewish history, law and art.. <http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/ketubbot/> http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/ketubbot/ Sally Rolls Pavia <mailto:sallypavia2001@yahoo.com> sallypavia2001@yahoo.com "Save the Earth, it's the only planet with Chocolate!" List Owner: <mailto:GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com> GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: <http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES> http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

On April 29, 1945, the U.S. Seventh Army's 45th Infantry Division liberates Dachau, the first concentration camp established by Germany's Nazi regime. A major Dachau subcamp was liberated the same day by the 42nd Rainbow Division.Established five weeks after Adolf Hitler took power as German chancellor in 1933, Dachau was situated on the outskirts of the town of Dachau, about 10 miles northwest of Munich. During its first year, the camp held about 5,000 political prisoners, consisting primarily of German communists, Social Democrats, and other political opponents of the Nazi regime. During the next few years, the number of prisoners grew dramatically, and other groups were interned at Dachau, including Jehovah's Witnesses, Gypsies, homosexuals, and repeat criminals. Beginning in 1938, Jews began to comprise a major portion of camp internees.Prisoners at Dachau were used as forced laborers, initially in the construction and expansion of the camp and later for German armaments production. The camp served as the training center for SS concentration camp guards and was a model for other Nazi concentration camps. Dachau was also the first Nazi camp to use prisoners as human guinea pigs in medical experiments. At Dachau, Nazi scientists tested the effects of freezing and changes to atmospheric pressure on inmates, infected them with malaria and tuberculosis and treated them with experimental drugs, and forced them to test methods of making seawater potable and of halting excessive bleeding. Hundreds of prisoners died or were crippled as a result of these experiments.Thousands of inmates died or were executed at Dachau, and thousands more were transferred to a Nazi extermination center near Linz, Austria, when they became too sick or weak to work. In 1944, to increase war production, the main camp was supplemented by dozens of satellite camps established near armaments factories in southern Germany and Austria. These camps were administered by the main camp and collectively called Dachau.With the advance of Allied forces against Germany in April 1945, the Germans transferred prisoners from concentration camps near the front to Dachau, leading to a general deterioration of conditions and typhus epidemics. On April 27, 1945, approximately 7,000 prisoners, mostly Jews, were forced to begin a death march from Dachau to Tegernsee, far to the south. The next day, many of the SS guards abandoned the camp. On April 29, the Dachau main camp was liberated by units of the 45th Infantry after a brief battle with the camp's remaining guards.As they neared the camp, the Americans found more than 30 railroad cars filled with bodies in various states of decomposition. Inside the camp there were more bodies and 30,000 survivors, most severely emaciated. Some of the American troops who liberated Dachau were so appalled by conditions at the camp that they machine-gunned at least two groups of captured German guards. It is officially reported that 30 SS guards were killed in this fashion, but conspiracy theorists have alleged that more than 10 times that number were executed by the American liberators. The German citizens of the town of Dachau were later forced to bury the 9,000 dead inmates found at the camp.In the course of Dachau's history, at least 160,000 prisoners passed through the main camp, and 90,000 through the subcamps. Incomplete records indicate that at least 32,000 of the inmates perished at Dachau and its sub-camps, but countless more were shipped to extermination camps elsewhere. Sally Rolls Pavia <mailto:sallypavia2001@yahoo.com> sallypavia2001@yahoo.com "Save the Earth, it's the only planet with Chocolate!" List Owner: <mailto:GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com> GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: <http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES> http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

Ride a Cock-Horse to Banbury Cross – Patricia Law Hatcher, CG, FASG [printd with prior permission of Juliana Smith, Editor of Ancestry Daily Newa] Ride a cock-horse to Banbury Cross To see a fine lady upon a white horse With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes She shall have music wherever she goes Banbury is a charming market town in Oxfordshire. Beginning in the sixteenth century, it held an official market every Thursday and fairs twice a year (although it had already been a market place for four centuries). For those of you who are not familiar with this usage of the word cross, we are talking not about a cross on a church steeple, but about a market cross. English market towns may have a market cross as a focal point, usually near the main road or where roads cross. The Banbury Cross of the nursery rhyme was destroyed by Puritans in the seventeenth century. A nineteenth-century print on my kitchen wall shows a cross-topped stone pillar in an English town surrounded by a cobblestone area, where merchants and farmers and townspeople would have gather on market day to buy and sell. Towns in early America didn't have a market cross (and much of early America was frontier, with few towns). Where did people meet to buy and sell? One substitute was the courthouse on court day, which was usually held monthly, sometimes lasting for two or three days. But Americans developed their own market system, with significant differences from the English system. Although the idea of self-sufficiency was strong, especially in early New England, there were practical aspects that required trade. No settler started out with seeds or seedlings for all of the types of plants his family needed. Nor did he bring every type of animal or every type of tool. And the reality is that disasters happened-- plants and animals died, barns burned, and so on. Obviously, there was some basic family-to-family bartering. Once you get past the jargon of historians as they discuss the early-American marketplace, it seems that the issue they are debating comes down to, “Did they or did they not deliberately produce goods to sell?” The response, of course, lies in the phrase you've read so often from me: “It varied by time and place.” But it shouldn't take too much thought to realize that the question above oversimplifies the issue. “Goods” are only a portion of the true marketplace. Services are important, too. Consider, for example, the blacksmith. Obviously, he could shoe far more horses than he owned, shape far more tools than he could use. And how was his neighbor, who owned no forge, to get his horse shoed, his broken plow repaired? Let's look at this practically. Broken plows weren't planned for. As we've considered earlier, there was a significant shortage of currency. We can see that there had to be an individual-to-individual trade system. The distressed yeoman may have had nothing at the moment that the blacksmith needed. So they came to an agreement. Maybe the blacksmith would receive future farm crops. Perhaps it was an exchange of labor. It may even have involved a third party. For example, in 1769 a court case was heard in Louisa County, Virginia. In 1764 (five years earlier), Thomas Almond had “made a number of hilling hoes, grubbing hoes, trowels, axes, and other metal farm instruments for a total of £2.5.6” for Ambrose Bullard, overseer for John Sutton. “Bullard looked to Mr. John Sutton his employer for paying of the bill.” Then, however, Bullard found that Almond was indebted to Sutton in an amount larger than his bill and would not pay him. This brief court case (unfortunately, there is no indication of how it was settled) makes it clear that the colonial economy involved a credit system that could span long periods of time. In the Pulitzer-Prize-winning A Midwife's Tale, Laurel Thatcher Ulrich shows that there was also a women's marketplace, separate from that of their husbands, albeit with occasional crossovers. Martha Ballard “sold” garden produce, skeins of yarn, woven cloth, and her midwifery skills. Similarly, she “bought” goods and services from the other women in her community. The idea of family-based sufficiency was less important outside of New England. As a practical matter, households (particularly those remote from others) had to maintain a large degree of self-sufficiency, but there was considerably less aversion to devoting some of one's efforts to growing, raising, or creating excess products that could be sold to others. Most of the Southern marketplace was based on a cash crop, primarily tobacco, although indigo and rice were also important. In English towns you find market halls, such as the seventeenth-century market hall in Tetbury, Gloucester, with its famous clock and open space underneath, or the cloth hall in Halifax, Yorkshire, shaped as an open quadrangle. Here cloth merchants congregated to buy cloth woven on home handlooms or raw materials such as wool from local sheep. The closest American equivalent may be the tobacco warehouses and associated stores of the Chesapeake, where English and Scottish merchants and their agents bought tobacco and supplied goods to the planters or to those who had bought tobacco from smaller farmers. In frontier America, the general store was an important part of the economy. (Remember that “the frontier” was constantly moving, beginning only a few miles from the Atlantic Ocean and creeping westward over time.) The storekeeper stocked items needed by the residents in the community. Because of the lack of ready currency, both as a medium of exchange and because our ancestors, like ourselves, didn't always have cash when they needed it, the storekeeper extended credit and accepted items in trade from his customers. Some of these items he resold to other customers. Some were goods that he resold to other merchants. (In the next article, we'll talk more about the record keeping and records of the American credit-based system.) At the end of the nineteenth century, the entrepreneurial vision of Richard Sears changed our idea of “market” forever. In one brief decade he aggressively expanded from a small catalog in 1891 selling watches, jewelry, and sewing machines, to a massive publication in 1900 selling everything from medicine to cure “asthma, hay fever, influenza, catarrh, cramps, and ordinary colds in the head” (page 15) to trombones (page 277) to bicycle lamps (page 421) to corset covers (page 689) to hay rakes (page 944) to baby carriages (page 1120), creating the foundation for Internet shopping a century later. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- Patricia Law Hatcher, FASG, is a technical writer, instructor, and professional genealogist. Her oft-migrating ancestors lived in all of the original colonies prior to 1800 and in seventeen other states, presenting her with highly varied research problems and forcing her to acquire techniques and tools that help solve tough problems. She is the author of Producing a Quality Family History. Copyright 2005, MyFamily.com. All rights reserved.

F A M I L Y T R E E M A G A Z I N E N E W S S E R V I C E April 28, 2005 http://www.familytreemagazine.com HISTORIC RESERVATIONS Congress is considering a proposal that, according to the National Trust for Historic Preservation, would weaken the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). A House Resources Committee subgroup has issued a discussion draft of amendments to the NHPA. That prompted the National Trust for Historic Preservation (http://www.nationaltrust.org) and six other organizations to call the proposals "the biggest threat to the integrity of the National Historic Preservation Act since its enactment in 1966" in a letter to the subcommittee. Current federal guidelines direct US agencies to identify historic places, consider a development project's effect on them and balance the project's purpose with historic preservation values. The amendment would require a federal agency to consider only a project's effects on properties already listed on the National Register of Historic Places or formally determined to be eligible, leaving hundreds of thousands of other historic structures vulnerable. Historic sites, such as an American Indian village adjacent to the 1607 Jamestown settlement in Virginia, also would lose protection. American Indian religious and cultural resources are particularly vulnerable since few traditional sites are listed on the National Register. The joint letter also objected to a proposal that would deny National Register status to all property owners in a historic district where more than half of owners don't want to be listed. See http://www.nationaltrust.org/ issues/index.html for more information. Sally Rolls Pavia sallypavia2001@yahoo.com "Save the Earth, it's the only planet with Chocolate!" List Owner: GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

Really has some interesting info, you could spend hours just looking. Sally Displaced Persons' (DP) Camps Table of Contents .. Also includes concentration camps, slave labor camps, captured German records, DP camps in various countries, Original military travel papers from Germany 1948 Immigration to other countries, Russian POW info, etc http://www.dpcamps.org/dpcamps/ Sally Rolls Pavia sallypavia2001@yahoo.com "Save the Earth, it's the only planet with Chocolate!" List Owner: GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

Brief articles on various aspects of US (and World) History... www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/ Sally Rolls Pavia sallypavia2001@yahoo.com "Save the Earth, it's the only planet with Chocolate!" List Owner: GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES-L-request@rootsweb.com Archives: http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGYBITSANDPIECES "All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus"

Free Genealogy Forms http://www.free-genealogy-forms.com Prayers going out for Bunny Glory Gospel Group http://glorygospelgroup.homestead.com/Welcome.html Cades Cove Preservation Site http://cadescovepreservationtn.homestead.com/welcome.html Cades Cove,TN Site http://cadescove.homestead.com/cadescove.html -- No virus found in this outgoing message. Checked by AVG Anti-Virus. Version: 7.0.308 / Virus Database: 266.10.3 - Release Date: 4/25/2005