In Gerard Moran's book, Sending Out Ireland's Poor / Assisted Emigration to North America in the Nineteenth Century (Four Courts Press, 2004), the number of Irish assisted to Canada and the U.S. by landlords, philanthropists, and poor law unions during the 19th century is reckoned to be between 250,000 and 300,000, which is higher than previous estimates: " ... it would appear that between 250,000 and 300,000 received full or partial assistance to North America during the nineteenth century." The book is well worth reading for anyone interested in learning more about Irish migrations. Landlord assistance was prompted not only because the owners were made to bear the costs of the poorest Irish on their estates during famine years but also because the land system was modernizing. Mary Lee ________________________________________________________________________ AOL now offers free email to everyone. Find out more about what's free from AOL at AOL.com.