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    1. [NCRowan] Civil War Series begins Sunday evening on PBS
    2. Betty A. Pace
    3. In case some of you don't watch much TV, here is a program that is really worth watching. Ken Burns' classic Civil War series begins this Sunday at 8 p.m. on your local PBS station (probably). This first evening is "The Cause, 1861." I think the 2nd in the series (McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in VA)airs Monday night at the same time. I don't know whether the series will skip a night and then resume, but my understanding is that they will show all of the six-part series. If you can't watch, it is certainly worth taping for the two and one half hours. I'm telling everyone I know. My local PBS is WHRO in Norfolk, VA. However, we also pick up the UNCNC PBS channel, and I frequently watch that because I like their programming a little better. You will have to check with your own local PBS station or perhaps you can find out by going to: www.pbs.org if you live somewhere exotic. Betty Pace

    09/21/2002 10:57:49
    1. [NCRowan] New Year - March or January start
    2. Betty A. Pace
    3. Forwarded for information about the ENGLISH calendar change in 1752 (NOT JUST FOR QUAKERS). It deals with Quaker marriage records but explains that the beginning of a new year used to be March 25th in the entire English world. I have heard this before and I still don't quite understand it. I hope Paul Palmer does. Betty Pace From: "Paul C. Palmer" <pcpalmer@gvtc.com> To: QUAKER-ROOTS-L@rootsweb.com Date: Sat, 21 Sep 2002 12:04:01 -0500 Subject: Re: [Q-R] Important Note on Quaker Marriage Records, please read. Quakers preferred not to use the traditional names of the months and days, as they were at worst pagan and at least unnecessary. So most of the time they used numbers only. When a document (such as a will) also needed to be readable by non-Quakers, allusions to said traditional names might be included for clarity. To complicate reading of Quaker dates even more is the fact that UNTIL September 1752 in the English-speaking world, the year began not with January but with March -- technically 25 March. Thus the 1st month was March; 2nd was April; 3rd was May; 4th was June; 5th was July; 6th was August; 7th was September; 8th was October; 9th was November; 10th was December; 11th was January; and 12 was February. I'm sure most of you know this, but I have encountered respected historians and expensive professional genealogists who misread the OLD STYLE dates much of the time. If you are a stickler for accuracy, be very wary of anyone's dates from the era before September 1752. When the changeover to the modern calendar (NEW STYLE) was made in September 1752, the days of the month were also advanced 11 days. Thus, as I recall, the day after 13 September 1752 was 25 September 1752. Few genealogists try to make that 11 day adjustment, and there probably is no adequate reason to do so. It may interest you to know that George Washington changed his birthday from 11 February (1731/32) to 22 February. Most people, I have read, did NOT choose to make such adjustments. Quakers continued to use their own system, but AFTER 1752 their 1st month was January; 2nd was February, etc. I believe there are explanatory articles available on line about the Quaker calendar and about Old Style/New Style dating. Paul C. Palmer ----- Original Message ----- From: Lottie Bardoel <mlbardoel@silvercrest.ab.ca> To: <QUAKER-ROOTS-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Saturday, September 21, 2002 12:36 PM Subject: [Q-R] Important Note on Quaker Marriage Records, please read. Hi John, I know exactly what happened. This has to do with the calendar year. It used to be off by two months. ( I will not even attempt to sound knowledgeable about this, there are others who could explain it better.) The records would say something like. " On the 5 th day of the 2nd month known as April in the year known by Christian accounts as One Thousand Seven Hundred and Forty...." This is off the top of my head as I didn't transcribe all of this. I only want to explain that for YOUR dates, they used the number of the month as in the above record would be FEBRUARY, BUT the NAME of the month was APRIL, so this is what I transcribed. This only occurs till aprox. 1754 and then the number of the months changes to the same as the present day calendar. I HOPE I have not made a serious transcription error, but I believe that this would be the correct way to do it. As the month never 'changed' i.e. July would be summer... but the 'number' of the month can mean either April or February. I am forwarding this to the mailing lists as well, because this is a good point to make with records from this time frame. If anyone else has discrepancies besides the two month difference I have talked about above, please contact me and I will double check when I return to the FHC. PLEASE include the page # and names in the subject line. Lottie [in brackets below I have put the dates I found on the film.] >>From: "John" <jtremblay@swfla.rr.com>

    09/21/2002 08:41:50
    1. [NCRowan] Pace & Hatcher
    2. Rena Worthen
    3. Is anyone researching the family of Henry Pace, Sr. and Julia Ann Hatcher on this list. Julia is my Great great aunt. Rena Worthen

    09/21/2002 08:26:37
    1. [NCRowan] Jersey Settlement
    2. Betty A. Pace
    3. Here is the web site for the Jersey Settlement (see URL in the message from JoEllen Brown. I belive the Settlement is in modern-day Davidson Co., NC. There is a message here mentioning the Quaker Hunts. Betty Pace From: JoEllen Brown <jobrown@optonline.net> To: QUAKER-ROOTS-L@rootsweb.com Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2002 12:02:31 -0400 Subject: Re: [Q-R] North Carolina Quaker Hunt Family Http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/mckstmerjersey.htm -Good Luck! Tom Hamm wrote: > No. If this is the family that I think it is, even though they lived > near the Quaker Hunts in New Jersey and North Carolina, no one has > has connected them. But I'd be interested in knowing the URL for the > web site, in case there's new information available. > > T Hamm > > >I saw an interesting site about the Hopewell NJ and Rowan NC connection > >mentioning Hunts, have you seen it? > > > >Tom Hamm wrote: > > > >> By 1800, there were more Friends in Guilford County than any other > >> county in North Carolina, but there were Quaker settlements in > >> adjacent counties and in other parts of the state. > >> > >> T Hamm > >> > >> >Was Guilford the main Quaker settlement in North Carolina or were there > >> >others? I am looking for Pattersons and Eatons.-Thanks > >> > > >> >Tom Hamm wrote: > >> > > >> >> William and Mary (Woolman) Hunt were married in Burlington Co., NJ, > >> >> in 1720. Both died, it appears, in what is now Frederick Co., Md. > >> >> All five of their children, including Hannah (Hunt) Kersey, who was > >> >> born in 1730, moved to what is now Guilford County, North Carolina, > >> >> and it appears that all but one died there. The exception was the > >> >> youngest son, William Hunt, Jr. (1733-1772), a Quaker minister who > >> >> died of smallpox while visiting England. > >> >> > >> >> I'm descended from William and Mary's oldest child, Margaret Hunt > >> >> (1721-1796), who married John Beals. If you can tell me more about > >> >> this John Hunt I might be able to help. > >> >> > >> >> T Hamm > >> >> > >> >> >Where did Hannah and William Hunt live? I am connected with John Hunt > >> >> >born abt 1791 in North Carolina and had three children > >>Prudence, William > >> >> >and Henry. Henry married Hannah Unknown. I was trying to see a > >> >> >connection. > >> >> > > >> >> >Thank you > >> >> > > >> >> >Bev Jones > >> >> > > >> >> > >> >> -- > >> >> > >> >> ==== QUAKER-ROOTS Mailing List ==== > >> >> HOW TO UNSUBSCRIBE FROM THIS LIST: Send an email to: > >> >> QUAKER-ROOTS-L-REQUEST@RootsWeb.com > >> >> The ONLY word in your message should be UNSUBSCRIBE. > >> > > >> > > >> >==== QUAKER-ROOTS Mailing List ==== > >> > HOW TO UNSUBSCRIBE FROM THIS LIST: Send an email to: > >> > QUAKER-ROOTS-L-REQUEST@RootsWeb.com > >> > The ONLY word in your message should be UNSUBSCRIBE. > >> > >> -- > >> > >> ==== QUAKER-ROOTS Mailing List ==== > >> Quaker-Roots Archives - Search List Messages From 1996 On > >> http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl > > > > > >==== QUAKER-ROOTS Mailing List ==== > >Need assistance? Please contact:Quaker-Roots-L-Admin@RootsWeb.com > > List Manager for Quaker-Roots-L and Quaker-Roots-D > > Now with over 900 subscribers > > -- > > ==== QUAKER-ROOTS Mailing List ==== > HOW TO UNSUBSCRIBE FROM THIS LIST: Send an email to: > QUAKER-ROOTS-L-REQUEST@RootsWeb.com > The ONLY word in your message should be UNSUBSCRIBE. ______________________________

    09/21/2002 06:00:34
    1. [NCRowan] Re: COTTEN, COTTON
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Surnames: BETHEL Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/an/0VB.2ACI/1023.3492 Message Board Post: I was wondering if you had found out anymore info on Benjamin Bethel- son of Thomas Franklin Bethel?? I may have his sister, Belinda Bethel in my line??? She married a Thomas Williams who I have as d.14 APR 1875 in Nassau, BWI. I have Benjamin listed as her father and Mary Ann as her mother. (All this info was sent to me by another Williams relative) Let me know what you think...could this be a link to your Bethel??? Kristine Andrews

    09/21/2002 05:18:44
    1. [NCRowan] Re: KELLER
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Surnames: Keller, Boren, Riggs Reynolds Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/rw/0VB.2ACI/2757.1.1.1.1.1 Message Board Post: Dear Sharyn, Thanks for the reply, I seem to have forgotten that we corresponded some time back. I must of had "A senior moment." I went to geocities and was wondering about the inclusion of Polly Nail listing as a heir for Barbara Keller will but she is not mentioned in the body for the will. Could you please help me with this?

    09/21/2002 03:11:29
    1. [NCRowan] Free maps - ancestry.com
    2. Betty A. Pace
    3. Free on Ancestry.com Betty Pace THIS WEEK'S FEATURED MAPS For best results viewing Ancestry.com maps, download the free MrSID image viewer at: http://www.ancestry.com/search/io/plugin.htm Commonwealth of Australia, 1901 http://www.ancestry.com/rd/map.asp?ImageID=282 Conquest of Peru, 1531-33 http://www.ancestry.com/rd/map.asp?ImageID=202 Eastern and Central America, 1755 (U.S.A.) http://www.ancestry.com/rd/map.asp?ImageID=414 Europe, 1730 http://www.ancestry.com/rd/map.asp?ImageID=370 The Netherlands, 1559-1600 http://www.ancestry.com/rd/map.asp?ImageID=242

    09/21/2002 02:00:20
    1. [NCRowan] Re: McCrary
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Surnames: McCrary Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/rw/0VB.2ACI/839.4674.1 Message Board Post: Cnythia, Are you still looking for Elijah McCrary's wife's name? Your query dates back to 2000. Hugh and Susannah were my ancestors. McCrary family used names again and again each generation. If it is the Elijah who went to Buchanan Co. MO I can give you his wife's name. I think you might find McCrary at http://hometown.aol.com/holmestree then go to McCrary name. Linda Holmes Mason

    09/20/2002 01:34:59
    1. [NCRowan] Re: KELLER
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/rw/0VB.2ACI/2757.1.1.1.1 Message Board Post: Dear Kay, I saw your message about being related to Abraham Keller's child Melinda. My husband is descended from Abraham's nephew Absalom Keller (went to Union Co, Il with uncles Abraham and Joseph). Our research is posted on Gen Circles at: http://www.gencircles.com/users/sharynf/1 We live in CA also. I was entertained by Abraham's notes giving consent to the marriages of his various children in Union Co, IL! He must have had a sense of humor. Sharyn Fuller

    09/20/2002 12:18:43
    1. [NCRowan] Re: KELLER
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/rw/0VB.2ACI/2757.1.2.1.1.1 Message Board Post: Dear Audrey, Thanks for your reply. I don't believe Hans Michael is Jacob's father. Our research is posted at Gen Circles (http://www.gencircles.com/users/sharynf/1). Jacob lived and died in RowanCo, NC. The only descendant that went to TN was his grandson John (about 1860). Nice try. I appreciate your sharing with me. Sharyn Fuller

    09/20/2002 12:09:31
    1. [NCRowan] Re: Genealogy Information
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Surnames: Blaine, Blane Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/rw/0VB.2ACI/5250.6222 Message Board Post: Please post more information for William Blaine (dates, location, etc.) I may have what you're looking for.

    09/20/2002 10:56:53
    1. [NCRowan] Flowerdew Hundred - Willcox
    2. Betty A. Pace
    3. I know there are Willcox researchers on NC mailing lists. Here is a quote from the web site shown below. The website has pictures of various artifacts from the Flowerdew Hundred plantation from early 1600s. I don't know if this is the same Willcox family as the NC ones, but this is an interesting web site for very early VA history.. "John Vaughn Willcox, a wealthy Petersburg merchant, married the heiress to the Poythress estate in 1804. Adding to his wife's inheritance through the purchase of adjacent tracts of land, Willcox and his son, John Poythress Willcox, assembled a 1400 acre tract. By 1855 the Willcox property included the original 1000 acre land grant. Mary Jane McGowan Willcox exercised full control of the property after the death of her husband in 1857." I thought some Willcox descendants might be interested. Betty Pace --------- Forwarded message ---------- From: "Roy Johnson" <roy.w.johnson@worldnet.att.net> To: PACE-L@rootsweb.com Date: Fri, 20 Sep 2002 08:55:15 -0500 Subject: [PACE-L] Flowerdew Hundred Message-ID: <006501c260af$39f0c960$5e6c550c@brat> Flowerdew Hundred was near Pace's Paines. Karen Shriver (see below) found an error on the Pace's Paines page of the Pace Network and very kindly notified me of it. I thanked her and asked her for more about information on Flowerdew Hundred. Her response is below. I believe it is of interest to Pace researchers. Roy Johnson Dear Mr. Johnson, Your quite welcome. Forgive me for not listing our website. We are http://www.flowerdew.org. There are over 200 hundred artifacts that are available on our website as a searchable database. We are in the process of updating our site and welcome any comments that you may have. Our museum is open for tours by appointment during the week and our operating hours are from 10:00 am to 3:30 pm. Tours are given on demand on Sat. and Sun. The operating hours for Sat. are from 10:00 am to 3:30 pm and on Sunday from 1:00 pm-3:30 pm. Admission fees are $6 for adults, $4 for Seniors (55 and up) and children are $3. Children under 5 are free. We look forward to seeing you in the near future and please call ahead if you have 10 or more people in your party, for there is a group rate available at $4 per person. Also note, that during the week, if you happen to drive in there is a red phone at the entrance to the museum. It is a direct line to our administrative offices and will put you in touch with an interpreter for the next tour of the day. Sincerely, Karen K. Shriver Curator of Collections The Flowerdew Hundred Foundation kshriver@firstsaga.com ==== PACE Mailing List ==== To share info which may be of interest to others, reply to the mail list (PACE-L@rootsweb.com). To say thank you or otherwise reply personally, reply to sender.

    09/20/2002 06:49:10
    1. [NCRowan] Re: RANKIN, JESSE - SCHOOL IN ROWAN CO. 1827-28
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/rw/0VB.2ACI/6971.1 Message Board Post: The names Lemley and Poole are common to the St. Matthews Lutheran Church area in eastern Rowan County. Below is a website that lists the burials in their cemetery. http://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/nc/rowan/cemeteries/stmatthw.txt

    09/19/2002 02:04:04
    1. [NCRowan] Re: KELLER
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Surnames: Keller, Hinkle, Boren, Riggs Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/rw/0VB.2ACI/2757.1.1.1 Message Board Post: Tim, I have corresponded with a lady in San Bernardino CA who's husband is one of the Keller's descended from Abraham. This particular Keller went to California so this may be you ancestor. I am descended from Abraham through his daughter Melinda who married Coleman Boren. They ended up in Utah. Kay

    09/19/2002 02:04:01
    1. [NCRowan] Re: KELLER
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/an/0VB.2ACI/2757.1.2.1.1 Message Board Post: My apologies... from my records below. I have no idea who he married or when/where he died but the other info might help make a connection. Let me know. Generation No. 1 1. Hans Michael1 Keller was born 1704 in Holland. Notes for Hans Michael Keller: Hans Michael Keller came to US in 1733 Keller, ???, as given by an NC relative, however, this is what I have Place: Charleston, SC Year: 1752 Primary immigrant: Keller, Michael Accompanying family members: Child Hans Michael 22; child Barbara 16; child Marie 11; child Frederick 14; child; child Jacob 17 Permanent entry number: 1342236 Accession number: 8794976 Source publication code: 4570.9 Source publication page number: 154 Source publication: LEE, JANICE GARTMAN. "The Cunliffe Passenger List." In Lexington Genealogical Exchange, vol. 4:4 (1985), pp. 152-155. Source: Passenger and Immigration Lists Index Child of Hans Michael Keller is: + 2 i. Jacob2 Keller. b.@1735 Holland Generation No. 2 2. Jacob2 Keller (Hans Michael1) born abouut 1735 in Holland d. unknown married Unknown Unknown. Child of Jacob Keller is: + 3 i. Mary3 Keller. Generation No. 3 3. Mary3 Keller (Jacob2, Hans Michael1) b. 1775-1780 in NC. D. after 1820 NC. She married William MacKey, son of John MacKey and Ann Alexander. Notes for William MacKey: The 1830 census shows William and his family living in Sumner Co, near Gallatin TN; The 1850 census shows them living in Logan Co, near Adairville KY. Michael Keller Mackey was living in Todd Co. KY. William MACKEY died of exposure in Sumner Co TN on "Cold Friday" sometime after 1840 and before 1850. Family legend tells that William was seen to ride his horse into the barn. When he did not come into the house, someone went looking for him and found him astride his horse frozen to death. He is buried in Sumner Co., TN. William married probably 1797 or 98 in Burke Co. NC to MARY KELLER b 1775-1780 NC. She was probably the daughter of Jacob KELLER . She was the granddaughter of Hans Michael Keller. Family legend tells that Mary was killed and scalped in an Indian massacre at a religious meeting in Buncombe Co, NC near Asheville, probably in the latter part of 1820. Such a massacre has not been documented. (At least we haven't found it.) It is not known where Mary is buried. After the Rev. War most of the MACKEY family moved to Tennessee. They did not stay there very long. They moved on to Pike Co., MO where some descendants still live today. Children of Mary Keller and William MacKey are: 4 i. Michael Keller4 Mackey. + 5 ii. Mary Polly Mackey, born January 27, 1808 in Morganton, Burke Co, NC; died May 15, 1883 in Enola, Morganton, Burke Co, NC. Generation No. 4 5. Mary Polly4 Mackey (Mary3 Keller, Jacob2, Hans Michael1) was born January 27, 1808 in Morganton, Burke Co, NC, and died May 15, 1883 in Enola, Morganton, Burke Co, NC. She married Peter McKibbon Denton April 26, 1827 in Enola, Morganton, Burke co, NC, son of Joseph Denton and Polly Hudson. He was born February 20, 1804 in VA, and died September 26, 1879 in Enola, Morganton, Burke Co, NC.

    09/19/2002 01:52:18
    1. [NCRowan] Re: KELLER
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Surnames: Keller, Hinkle, Riggs, Boren Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/rw/0VB.2ACI/2757.1.2.2 Message Board Post: Audrey, If some of the information that I have seen is ever verified Jacob Keller may well be Hans Michael Keller son. I actually have to sets of parents for Jacob. I have not worked on this line for a long time but am still very interested in proving some of the information I do have. Kay

    09/19/2002 01:48:39
    1. [NCRowan] Re: KELLER
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/rw/0VB.2ACI/2757.1.2.1 Message Board Post: Dear Audrey, I can't answer your question for 2 reasons: 1)I don't know Jacob's parents and 2)you didn't say what state or what time period, so I haven't the faintest idea if Hans could possibly be Jacob's father. Jacob Keller, d. Rowan Co, NC 1804, md. Barbara is the one I'm inquiring about. Sharyn Fuller

    09/19/2002 12:28:08
    1. [NCRowan] Re:CHARLES MOWERY
    2. This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Surnames: Poole, Mowery, Pace, Julian, Watson, Bolen/Bullen/Boling Classification: Query Message Board URL: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/rw/0VB.2ACI/2855.1.2 Message Board Post: Do you know of a CHARLES W. MOWERY from Salisbury, Rowan Co., NC. He married my grandmother's sister, Roxanne Poole. Roxie Olivia Poole was born in 1877 in Salisbury, Rowan County, NC. She was the daughter of Clayton W. Poole (1848-1908) and Susan Julian Poole (1854-1908). Her grandparents on her father's side were David Pool(e) and Angeline Bolen Poole. Her grandparents on her mother's side were Williiam Julian (b. 1795?-1868) and Mary Watson Fraley Julian (1814-1867). Roxie married Charles W. Mowery (1874-1937) in Salisbury. Their children were: Cathlene, Wakefield, & Doris Mowery. Doris is believed to have married a Mr. Brooks and moved to Richmond, VA. Roxie's sister, Mary Ann Poole, was my grandmother, who married Charles W. Pace in Salisbury. These sisters had brothers named: Walter W., George Grayson, David R., and Henderson Horton--all Pooles. I am interested in contacting other researchers of this family, all centered in Salisbury in the late 1800's and early 1900's. I have been told that the Mowery family moved to Raleigh (Wake Co.) NC around 1910, or somewhat later, but I can't find them. Betty Pace - bapace2@juno.com

    09/19/2002 09:50:28
    1. Re: [NCRowan] Re: MOWERY
    2. Janice Lee Ahola
    3. ----- Original Message ----- From: <rporter6@houston.rr.com> To: <NCROWAN-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Wednesday, September 18, 2002 10:51 PM Subject: [NCRowan] Re: MOWERY > This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. > > Classification: Query > > Message Board URL: > > http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/msg/rw/0VB.2ACI/2855.1.1 > > Message Board Post: > > Tell me more about the record you found. My maiden name is Porter and some are my relatives are near Houston. Could you give me a bit of your lineage? We may be related. Thank you > > > ============================== > To join Ancestry.com and access our 1.2 billion online genealogy records, go to: > http://www.ancestry.com/rd/redir.asp?targetid=571&sourceid=1237 > > >

    09/19/2002 07:04:52
    1. [NCRowan] Slavery in the early VA colony
    2. Betty A. Pace
    3. I thought this was an interesting and informative presentation of the role of African-Americans in the early days at the Jamestown settlement in VA. I hope it does not offend anyone. My comments are added in brackets [...] for clarification. Betty Pace --------- Forwarded message ---------- From: "Roy Johnson" <roy.w.johnson@worldnet.att.net> To: PACE-L@rootsweb.com Date: Thu, 19 Sep 2002 09:09:08 -0500 Subject: [PACE-L] Some historical surprises I taught history for 31 years of my life, and my history books told of the first blacks brought to Jamestownin 1619 by a Dutch slaving ship that ran aground and then sold their cargo to the colonists. The books said that the Jamestown residents were quite startled as they had never seen blacks before. I have a copy of the marriages performed in St. Dunstan parish [Stepney, London] in 1608, which included the Richard Pace marriage [the Pace patriarch at Jamestown, VA]. Imagine my surprise as I looked at the other marriages of that year to find "Sam and Mary, nigers." First, I was surprised at the word "nigers". I had been under the impression that the term "nigger" was derived from a corruption of the Spanish word "Negro", meaning simply "black", evolving first into "Nigra" then "nigger". However, the word "niger" is LATIN for "black". It now appears that this term pre-dated the Spanish "Negro", which came into use only later when most slaves were acquired from Spanish sources. I would guess that the older term then took on a negative connotation which it probably did not have in the beginning. Secondly, the assumption that Richard Pace and the other Jamestown residents had never seen blacks is obviously untrue. Richard and Isabella Pace, William Perry, and others from the St. Dunstan area were undoubtedly familiar with Africans before they came to America. Slavery did not exist in English law at that time, but indentured servitude did. Most servants had a contract for x number of years, but the law set a limit on how long servitude could be in the absence of a contract--I think it was 16 years. So those early African-Americans were released after their term of servitude and became free men. There is a record of at least one of them taking up some land and paying the passage of some white servants from England, thus acquiring indentured servants of his own. Not too many Americans realize that there was once a time when blacks could own whites. Also, there are descendents of these early black servants whose ancestors (in that line, at least) were never slaves. It took 100 years for American law to create our "peculiar institution" of slavery. In the 1600s when a person said he owned "slaves" he was referring to his indentured servants, and they could be white, black, or native American. Gradually laws were passed extending the term of servitude for blacks and shortening it for whites, until it eventually became a lifetime obligation. Other laws forbade black-white and slave-free marriages, and eventually, required that the children of slaves also be the property of the master, making American slavery unlike slavery in ancient Rome or in Africa, where this was not the case. It would be most interesting to know where Richard Pace was when those first blacks were brought ashore in 1619, and what he thought. Of course, we can only speculate. I suspect that his kindness to the Indian boy Chanco [saved Jamestown settlers in 1622 Massacre by warning Richard Pace of impending attack] would presuppose a similar attitude toward the Africans. I wonder if he knew Sam and Mary back in England. Roy Johnson ==== PACE Mailing List ==== Help this list grow - tell other Pace researchers about it. Also, the Pace Society of America home page is located at: http://www.pacesociety.org - check it out!

    09/19/2002 05:22:43