Could be a good start for all of our Indian Heritage loose roots in NC and SC???? EXCELLENT INFORMATION! THANKS GWJCAL@aol.com !!! Dan ====================== Who Are The Coree? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- "The fate of the Chicora Nation is a strange blank place in our history. The Coree lacuna is an abscess that no one wants opened since we have forgotten its origin and have become accustomed to the pain." Al Pate ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- We are privileged to be able to experience a Wondrous World...that of the Internet and all the wonders residing therein. Depending on your expertise and interests this World can be an aimless maze or, as I hope it has become for those of you who are reading this particular page, it has become place of comfort and learning. Conflict too...but, even midst the conflict education is taking place. Yes? It has been my privilege, due to involvement in Lee Sultzman's work with the Compact First Nations Histories, to encounter a gentleman who has written a wonderful piece of work, The Coree Are Not Extinct. This writing sees the first light of day here at First Nations...I find this pretty damn exciting... I've asked Lee Sultzman to educate me (thence you) re the Coree and am offering his advice here so that you will have some idea as to what may be coming on following pages...Lee's advice has absolutely nothing to do with The Coree Are Not Extinct. I offer that advice here only so as to introduce those who have never heard of the Coree to a sense of what the word means. One last comment...unravelling history seems to me to be a tedious process. It requires a peculiar dedication and committment...and, as I see it "historians" are going to disagree as to what is what. However, it is the *basis* of this disagreement that actually furthers the unravelling...see? In agreeing to disagree Al and Lee are carrying on this grand tradition..and we, the Armchair CyberNauts, can do naught but sit back and marvel at the marvel they unfold...JS Dill. Lee Sultzman now speaks...Just east of the original Cherokee homeland resided a number of Nations: Hassinunga, Manahoac (Mahock), Ontponea, Shackonia, Stegaraki (Stenkenock), Tauxitania (Tanx), Tegninateo, Whonkentia, Massinacac, Meipontsky, Mohemencho, Monacan (Manakin), Monahassano (Nahyssan), Monasiccapano, Moneton, Occaneechi, Saponi, Tutelo, Adshusheer, Backhook, Cape Fear (Neccoes), Cheraw (Sara, Saraw, Saura, Sauro. Their Cherokee name was the Sauali), Congaree, Eno (Enoree), Hook, Keyauwee, Nahyssan, Pedee, Santee, Saxaphaw, Sewee, Shakori (Shoccoree), Shuteree, Sissipahaw, Sugaree, Waccamaw, Warrennuncock, Wateree, Waxhaw, Winyaw, Woccon. Collectively, these peoples are what I prefer to call, because of their related Siouan languages, the Southeastern Siouan, and as you can see, there were a bunch of them. Just to be on the safe side on what is meant by "related languages" ...these conclusions are based on the certain core words (man, woman, etc.) and/or common gramatical structure and do imply that that there was mutual intellibility. Catawba and a Lakota speakers would have as much difficulty understanding each other as for instance, a Greek and a Swede. Most of the Southeastern Siouan ended up as part of the Catawba during the 1700s. Several groups also moved north during this period and joined the Iroquois covenant chain in Pennsylvania and New York, and others simply remained in remote areas of the Carolinas and were gradually absorbed by the general population. That is until recently, when they have started coming out of the woodwork like the group in Virginia (whose name I forget) which you inquired about last spring. The largest present-day group-, the Lumbee, however, seem to be descended from Algonquin-speakers. At least this is what their tradition says because of the lost Roanoke Colony (Virginia Dare and all that). From their location in Robeson County NC, it would seem more likely that the Lumbee were Siouan, but who knows, and I have not found any reason to dispute their claim. Not much has been written about the Southeastern Siouan tribes relative to the Algonquin-speaking Powhatan and the Tsalagi who spoke an Iroquian language, but they were generally organized into small and independent bands which were generally hostile to both the neighboring Tsalagi and Powhatan at the time that Jamestown was settled in 1607. Their initial contact with Europeans began much earlier through a series of Spanish slave raids along the Carolina coasts during the early 1500s which originated from Cuba and Puerto Rico. One of these, led by Pedro de Quejo and Francisco Gordillo and funded by Lucas Vsquez de Aylln, landed at Winyaw Bay SC in 1521 and captured 60 people. Because of sickness, only a few of these prisoners lived to reach Cuba, but they lasted long enough for the Spanish to learn that they called either themselves or their homeland Chicora. One young warrior did survive the capture and voyage south, and after an apparent conversion to Christianity, was renamed Francisco of Chicora. Francisco volunteered to serve the Spanish as a guide and interpreter, and in 1525 Aylln sent Quejo back to area with two ships and 60 men. Francisco accompanied the expedition, but the Spanish had no sooner hit the beach than he took to the woods. Aylln later attempted to establish a permanent settlement on the SC and GA coast but this failed soon after he got ill and died. Note that all of these things occurrred 15-20 years before De Soto's grand tour of the region in 1539-43. Anyway, that is where the name of Chicora originated. Which tribe was this? People have been trying to figure this out ever since. Was there ever a Chicora Nation? Rather doubt this myself because as far as I can tell, the Southeastern Siouan tribes were never organized politically much beyond the village or band level until encouraged to do so by the SC colonists after 1720 when Iroquois war parties began to terrorize the region. Even then, the individual Siouan tribes were very reluctant to surrender their individual identities, traditions, and leadership. Al [the author of The Coree Are Not Extinct] proposes that the Coree were the Chicora, but others have suggested the Shakori as better possibility. A lot of these names sound pretty alike, especially after being mauled though different European languages over the years. No one knows and few care, but Al has apparently done a lot of digging where "angels fear to tread" which, because of the obvious implications of racial mixing, has been shoved under the carpet, and I would be very interested in looking a good look at what he has found. However, it appears that he has fallen love with "his tribe" since he has some pretty harsh words for other tribes: i.e., the Tuscarora and Cherokee were vassels of the Iroquois and British; the Catawba were the butt-end of different tribes; and he seems to concluded that the Cofachiqui were Siouan speakers. It seems fairly certain that the Cofachiqui who were visited by De Soto in the spring of 1540 were Muskogean speakers (related to the Creek) who had moved into the Columbia SC area from the southwest during the 1300s. According to the De Soto Chronicles, the Cofachiqui had a lot of Mississippian cultural characteristics (mounds, temples, priests, ossaries or bone houses). The Southeastern Siouan tribes were matrilineal and farmed, but beyond this had none of these other traits....Lee Sultzman So...now you have some sense of what might have been, what might be, actually...and we can move on...it is with great pleasure I welcome you to a Prologue to The Coree Are Not Extinct . ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- Who are the Coree Family History Relating to the Coree Indians The Historical Problem Coree - Intro Coree - Chapter One Coree - Chapter Twelve Coree - Chapter Twenty Coree - Chapter Twenty-eight Coree - Chapter Thirty-one Coree - Chapter Thirty-two ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- This site is maintained by JS Dill. Please provide an opinion regarding this site... -----Original Message----- From: GWJCAL@aol.com [mailto:GWJCAL@aol.com] Sent: Sunday, October 07, 2001 5:55 PM To: JERNIGAN-L@rootsweb.com Subject: [JERNIGAN-L] Jernigan's and Coree Indians http://www.dickshovel.com/coreeal.html <A HREF="http://www.dickshovel.com/coreeal.html">Click here: Coree?</A> BEGIN QUOTE Barna Jernigan, was the grandson of my great x 5 grandfather "Lame David" Jernigan, the grandfather of Christian Ammons Pate. Barner Jernigan, his brother Lovett, his and grandfather David, were all three hung for activities in Wayne, Duplin and Sampson Counties arising out of the War of 1812, in which they were allied with Indians. They were accused of stealing and transporting slaves to Georgia for sale. These slaves had been subsisting as families in the woods for over eight months, when the Jernigans became involved with them, and I believe these slave were Indians, in lifestyle and identity--with perhaps some African and European ancestry. "Lame David" Jernigan ran to his friend "Round-Headed Billy" Powell, for asylum, after murdering Sheriff John Coor-Pender. However, when 18-year-old Paul Coor-Pender (son of Sheriff Coor-Pender) went to apprehend him, Powell turned the old man over to him. The Wayne County Jernigans were served badly by the War of 1812 and subsequent events, that resulted in the hanging of a beloved patriarch, and two of his most promising grandsons.Most of the Jernigans ended up south of Neuse River, where there were many Jacobses, Wynns, Carrs, Simmonses, Hedgepeths, Ammones, Bakers and other families associated with North Carolina Siouan tribes. These folks were a varied lot. Some were holders of slaves. Some were free. Some were not. Some had "something". Others had a lot of debt. Conflicts ran high, and political strife was polarized between Grantham and Patetown. "Lame David" Jernigan, a disgruntled hero of the Revolutionary War, was a founder of Waynesboro. Waynesboro was poorly sited. The site for the county seat should have been on high ground, at Everettsville, south of the Neuse, or north of the river on the present site of Cherry Hospital, where a Siouan town survived after Torhunta's destruction. In 1740 the Quaker Kennedy family came into Wayne County and settled in the present day area of Cherry Hospital and O'Berry Center, and began to buy up slaves to ameliorate their condition. This was a source of agitation and conflict during the Civil War, for which the Kennedys suffered greatly.There's real drama in our East Carolina history. Inter-tribal Indian warfare provided much of it. Early and late in their history, the Carolina Siouans sided wrong in wars, however. The Coree were officially doomed to oblivion, the cultural and economic equivalent of annihilation, even though most of the common folk hid in the woods and watched the massacres at Torhunta and Neooheroka. I hope younger students of our history will go to the old records about what I've tried to explain, and tell the story more sympathetically to the people who were driven from their homes, to make way for European settlement. The politics, economics and sociology of the Coree history is complex. Grant Johnston, Chico, CA Maybe the grass is really greener on the other side of the fence. But it's probably because your neighbor uses more fertilizer and water.