<A HREF="http://www.agnr.umd.edu/nnfr/research/pv/pv_ch7.html">Click here: USAF & NNFR Partner Violence document</A> http://www.agnr.umd.edu/nnfr/research/pv/pv_ch7.html under mixed marriages Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.execpc.com/~ag/APSR/">Click here: A.P.S.R.</A> http://www.execpc.com/~ag/APSR/ Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.1freespace.com/spouse">Click here: africa spouse family south human rights residence home affairs buthelezi migration immigration foreign protection</A> http://www.1freespace.com/spouse Bright Star

<A HREF="http://1freespace.com/spouse/media1.html">Click here: (Type a title for your page here)</A> http://1freespace.com/spouse/media1.html Bright Star

Mixed Marriage (Latin Matrimonia mixta). Technically, mixed marriages are those between Catholics and non-Catholics, when the latter have been baptized in some Christian sect. The term is also frequently employed to designate unions between Catholics and infidels. From the very beginning of its existence the Church of Christ has been opposed to such unions. As Christ raised wedlock to the dignity of a Sacrament, a marriage between a Catholic and a non-Catholic was rightly looked upon as degrading the holy character of matrimony, involving as it did a communion in sacred things with those outside the fold. The Apostle St. Paul insists strongly on Christian marriage being a symbol of the union between Christ and His Church, and hence sacred. The very intimacy of the union necessarily established between those joined in wedlock requires a concordance above all in their religious sentiments. Holding this doctrine, it was but natural and logical for the Church to do all in her power to hinder her children from contracting marriage with those outside her pale, who did not recognize the sacramental character of the union on which they were entering (see Marriage). Hence arose the impediments to a marriage with a heretic (mixta religio) and with an infidel (disparitas cultus). As regards marriage with an infidel, the early Church did not consider such unions invalid, especially when a person had been converted to the faith after such marriage. It was hoped that the converted wife or husband would be the means of bringing the other party to the knowledge of the true faith, or at least safeguarding the Catholic upbringing of the children of the union. This held even for Jews, though the Church was naturally more opposed to wedlock between them and Christians, even than with pagans, owing to the intense Jewish hatred for the sacred name of Christ. By degrees, however, the objection to a marriage between a Catholic and an infidel grew stronger as the necessity for such unions decreased, and so in the course of time, more by custom than by positive enactment, the impediment of disparitas cultus making such marriages null and void began to have force. When the Decretum of Gratian was published in the twelfth century, this impediment was recognized as a diriment one and it became part of the canon law of the Church. (Decretum Grat., c. 28, q. 1.) >From that time forward, all marriages contracted between Catholics and infidels were held to be invalid unless a dispensation for such union had been obtained from the ecclesiastical authority. Marriages, however, between Catholics and heretics were not subject to the same impediment. They were held as valid, though illicit if a dispensation mixtæ religionis had not been obtained. The opposition of the Church to such unions is, however very ancient, and early councils, legislated against marriages of this character. Such enactments are found in the fourth century Councils of Elvira (can. 16) and of Laodicea (can. 10, 31.). The General Council of Chalcedon (can. 14) prohibits such unions especially between members of the lower ecclesiastical grades and heretical women. While the Western Church forbade these marriages, it did not declare them invalid. In the Eastern Church, however, the seventh century Council in Trullo, declared marriages between Catholics and heretics null and devoid (can. 72), and this discipline has since been maintained in the Greek Schismatical Church. The latter has also shown itself opposed to marriages between members of the Orthodox Church and Catholics, and in Russia various laws were passed ordering that such marriages be not permitted unless the children of the union are to be brought up as schismatics. The advent of Protestantism in the sixteenth century renewed the problem of mixed marriages in a heightened degree. The danger of perversion for the Catholic party or for the children, and the almost certain unhappiness awaiting the members of such unions caused more stringent legislation on the part of the Church. This was emphasized by the impediment of clandestinity enacted by the Council of Trent. We say enacted by the Council of Trent, because from the twelfth century the validity of clandestine marriages had been recognized by the Church. This was not, however, the original discipline, for it had anciently been looked on as proper for Christians to contract marriages only in facie Ecclesiae (Tertullian, De Pudic. c. 4). Marriages contracted otherwise were held as null and void by various decrees of the Roman Emperors of the East and capitularies of French Kings, and the same is evident from the False Decretals. The Council of Trent therefore in declaring all matrimonial unions between Catholics and non-Catholics null and void, unless entered into before the ecclesiastical authority, was rather inaugurating a return to the old discipline existent before the twelfth century than making an entirely new law. By its decree the Council requires the contract to be entered into before the parish priest or some other priest delegated by him, and in the presence of two or three witnesses under penalty of invalidity. Marriages otherwise contracted are called clandestine marriages. The Church did not find it possible, however, to insist on the rigour of this legislation in all countries owing to strong Protestant opposition. Indeed, in many countries, it was not found advisable to promulgate the decrees of the Council of Trent at all, and in such countries the impediment of clandestinity did not obtain. Even in countries where the Tametsi (q.v.) decree had been published, serious difficulties arose. As a consequence Pope Benedict XIV, choosing the lesser of two evils, issued a declaration concerning marriages in Holland and Belgium (Nov. 4, 1741), in which he declared mixed unions to be valid, provided they were according to the civil laws, even if the Tridentine prescriptions had not been observed. A similar declaration was made concerning mixed marriages in Ireland by Pope Pius, in 1785, and gradually the "Benedictine dispensation" was extended to various localities. The object of the Council of Trent in issuing its decree had been partly to deter Catholics from such marriages altogether, and partly to hinder any communion in sacred things with heretics. By degrees, however, the Popes felt constrained to make various concessions for mixed marriages, though they were always careful to guard the essential principles on which the Church found her objections to such unions. Thus Pius VI allowed mixed marriages in Austria to take place in the presence of a priest, provided no religious solemnity was employed, and with the omission of public banns, as evidence of the unwillingness of the Church to sanction such unions. Similar concessions were later made, first for various states of Germany, and then for other countries. Another serious difficulty arose for the Church where the civil laws prescribed that in mixed marriages the boys born of the union should follow the religion of the father and the girls that of the mother. Without betraying their sacred trust, the popes could never sanction such legislation, but in order to avoid greater evils they permitted in some states of Germany a passive assistance on the part of the parish priest at marriages entered into under such conditions. As to a mixed marriage contracted before a non-Catholic minister, Pope Pius IX issued an instruction, 17 Feb., 1864. He declared that in places where the heretical preacher occupied the position of a civil magistrate and the laws of the country required marriages to be entered into before him in order that certain legal effects may follow, it is permitted to the Catholic party to appear before him either before or after the marriage has taken place in prescence of the parish priest. If, however, the heretical minister is held to be discharging a religious duty in such witnessing of a marriage, then it is unlawful for a Catholic to renew consent before him as this would be a communion in sacred things and an implicit yielding to heresy. Parish priests are also reminded that it is their strict duty to tell Catholics who ask for information that such going before a minister in a religious capacity is unlawful and that they thereby subject themselves to ecclesiastical censure. Where, however, the priest is not asked, and he has reason to fear that his admonitions will prove unavailing, he may keep his peace provided there be no scandal and the other conditions required by the Church be fulfilled. When a Catholic party has gone before an heretical minister before coming to the parish priest, the latter cannot be present at the marriage until full reparation has been made. For the issuing of a dispensation for a mixed marriage, the Church requires three conditions; that the Catholic party be allowed free exercise of religion, that all the offspring are to be brought up Catholics and that the Catholic party promise to do all that is possible to convert the non-Catholic. It is not to be supposed, however, that even when these precautions have been taken, this is all the suffices for the issuance of a dispensation. In an instruction to the Bishops of England, 25 March 18698, the Congregation of the Propaganda declared that the above conditions are exacted by the natural and divine law to remove the intrinsic dangers in mixed marriages, but that in addition there must e some grave necessity, which cannot otherwise be avoided, for allowing the faithful to expose themselves to the grave dangers inherent in these unions, even when the prescribed conditions have been fulfilled. The bishops are therefore to warn Catholics against such marriages and not to grant dispensations for them except for weightly reasons and not at the mere will of the petitioner. The latest legislation affecting mixed marriages is that of the decree Ne temere which went into effect 18 April, 1908. By this decree all marriages everywhere in the Latin Church between Catholics and non-Catholics are invalid unless they take place in the presence of an accredited priest and two witnesses, and this even in countries where the Tridentine law was not binding. By a later decree, Provida, The Holy See exempted Germany from the new legislation. (See Clandestinity: Disparity of Worship; Dispensation; Sacrament of Marriage). APPENDIX: LATER DECISIONS OF THE HOLY OFFICE Since the article on this subject was written, the following decisions have been issued by the Congregation of the Holy Office, 21 June, 1913. The dispensation from the impediment of disparity is never to be granted except with all the explicit guarantees or safeguards. If granted, it is not valid, and the ordinary can declare the nullity in such cases, without recourse to the Holy See for a definitive sentence. The prescription of the Decree "Ne Temere" on the asking and receiving by the parish-priest, for the validity of marriage, of the consent of the parties, in mixed marriages in which due guarantees are obstinately refused by them, henceforth does not apply, but strict observance is to be paid to preceding concessions and instructions of the Holy See on the subject, especially of Pope Gregory XVI, Apostolical Letter, 30 April, 1841, to the Bishops of Hungary. Bright Star

Black Cherokees This list of surnames represent the names of the freedmen who were adopted through the Dawes Commission, between 1898 and 1916. Note that many of these names appear in other Indian nation lists, and their appearance here does not provide proof of Black Indian Ancestry. In addition to these items, it is recommended that the researcher obtain as much oral history as possible on the family, and then locate the Dawes records on the family, including the names of ancestors on the Enrollment Cards and other pertinent records. A Cordrey Hall Mathews Ross Adair Cornish Hamilton Mayberry Roster Adams Cotton Hanks Mayes Rowe Alberty Cox Hardman Mayfield Aldrich Crapo Hardrick Mayo S Allen Cravens Harlan McClure Sales Alrid Crawford Harland McConnel Sanders Alwell Crippen Harlin McConnell Sango Anderson Crittendon Harper McCoy Scales Armnstrong Crockett Harris McCrackin Scarborough Arnsby Crossland Hayes McCullough Schaefer Austin Crossley Henderson McCurtain Schrimsher Cruthfield Hickey McDade Scott B Curls Hicks MaDaniel Shankling Baker Curtis Hight McDaniels Shannon Baldridge Hill McElroy Shepard Ballard D Holt McIntosh Sheppard Barden Dalton Homes McLain Silk Barker Daniels Hopkins McNack Simmons Barlow Dansby Howell McNair Skates Barnes Davis Hudson McQueen Slater Beam Dawn Huff McWaters Smith Bean Day Hughes Meadonw Snow Beck Dean Humphreys Meigs Spight Beeson Deaton Humpries Melton Stanton Bell Deckman Humphry Merrell Starr Benge Delswood Hunter Middleton Stidman Benton DeMumber Huston Milam Stidmon Berlone Dennis Miller Still Berry Derrick I Minnus Sumner Bird Dickson Ireland Minsy Sumpter Birdson Diges Irons Mitchell Sutton Blackhawk Dixon Irven Monday Swan Blackwell Dotson Ivory Moore Swepston Blair Dowling Morgan Sykes Black Drew J Morris Blunt Duncan Jackson Muldrow T Blythe James Mundis Taylor Bolin E Jamison Munson Terry Boone Eagle Jenkins Musgrove Theodore Boudinot Eastman Jimison Thomas Bowles Eaton Johnson N Thompson Bowlin Ebb Jones Nalls Thornton Boyd Edwards Nash Townsend Bradford Elliott K Nave Tucker Brady Ellis Kell Nelson Tyner Brannon Escoe Kelly Nero Braves Evans Kemp Nivens V Break-bill Kernel Nolen Van Zant Brewer F Keys Vann Brown Fields Kilpatrick O Bruce Fleeks King Owens W Bruner Flowers Kircum Wade Bryant Flynn Kirk P Wagoner Buckler Folsom Kirby Pack Walker Buckner Ford Paine Wallace Buddington Foreman L Parker Ward Buford Foster Laflace Parks Warren Burgess Francis Landrum Parris Washington Burney Frazier Lane Patterson Watie Bursby Freekman Lang Pee Watkins Burton French Langston Penn Watson Butler Fry Lasley Pennington Wear Byrd Fulsome Ledman Perry Weaver Funkhauser Lee Perryman Webb C Funter Leek Petit Webber Caesar Lephew Pettitt Welch Caldwell G Lett Pinder Welcome Calvin Ganies Lewis Poorboy West Campbell Garlington Lilpe Porlar White Canard Garnett Linsey Porter Whitemire Carbin Garrett Little Posell Whitmire Carr Gaskins Logan Powell Whickliff Carson Gentry Lorens Price Whiggins Carter Gibson Litt Purtle Williams Cates Gilds Love Willis Chambers Givens Lovely R Wilson Charles Glass Lowe Ragsdale Winters Chase Goff Lowery Ratcliff Wofford Chatman Goldsby Luckey Ray Wilfe Childres Graves Luther Reed Woodall Choate Gray Lynch Reese Woodard Chouteau Grayson Lyons Reeves Woods Chukelaste Green Reid Workman Clagget Griffin M Reynolds Wright Clark Grimmett Mabry Richardson Clay Grobes Macken Rider Y Clifton Groomer Mackey Riley Young Clinch Grooms Mackum Roach Youngblood Coast Grye Madden Roberson Coker Gunter Malven Robertson Colbert Manley Robinson Coleman H Markham Rodgers Collins Haddox Marshall Roe Coody Hailstock Martin Rogers Cooper Hale Martom Rose

Black Chickasaws A Crooms Hamilton Mimmus Shell Abram Culpepper Hampton Mintfield Shirley Alberson Cunish Harlan Mitchell Shoeape Albert Curry Harper Mohuntubby Smallwood Alexander Harris Molton Smith Alfred D Harry Monroe Sparks Allen Daly Hawkins Montgomery Speer Alop Daniel Heard Moddy Speers Anderson Daniels Henderson Moore Spencer Armstrong Danna Hendersy Morrow Spigener Augustus Daugherty Hennesy Moses Stanfield Austin Davidson Hervey Murray Stephen Davies Hines Murry Stevenson B Denmark Hodges Myers Stevison Bachelor Dindy Holder Stewart Bailey Dinwiddie Homedy N Stroud Barlow Dixon Hooks Nance Sumers Barr Doleon Horn Neel Summers Beasley Doser Hornbeak Nero Sutton Bend Douglas Houser Newberry Swindle Bennett Douglass Houston Nims Bice Dumkus Humby Noel T Birt Duncan Humdy Nolitubby Taylor Bishop Dunford Humphreys North Tecumseh Black Dyer Huntley Nowell Thomas Blackwater Thompson Block E I O Tipkins Blue Eastmasn Ingram Ogles Tobler Bly Edwards Irvins Oldhom Toles Bower Eights Oscar Townsend Boyd Elliott J Owens Townsley Brashears Eubanks Jackson Towser Brewer Evans Jacobs P Triplett Breyson Even Jameson Paris Tutter Bright Everhart Johns Parks Twyman Brooks Johnson Patrick Tyner Brown F Jonas Patton Tyson Bruner Factor Jordon Paul Buckley Falless Joseph Payne U Bullocks Farrow Peaersey Underwood Burden Findley K Pendleton Burney Finlay Keel Peoples V Butler Finley Keep Perry Van Fisher Kelly Peters Vanley C Fitchgerl Kemp Pettus Vaughn Caldwell Flacks Kennedy Petty Vincent Campbell Flint Kersey Phillips Vollen Carney Ford Kiah Pickens Carolina Foreman Kimbale Piggett W Carroll Forrester Kingsberry Plumemr Wade Carson Fort Kinrick Poe Walker Carter Franklin Kirk Pollen Walton Cass Frazier Porter Ward Charles Fulsom L Powell Washington Chawano-chbbby Lamey Powers Waters Cheadle G Lawrence Preuilt Watson Chery Gaines Leader Price Watts Chesnut Gamble Lee Prince Wesley Chico Garrett Lewis Whaley Chief Gas Ligon Q Wheeler Childs Gasper Lin Quinn Whitaker Chitlow Gates Lincoln White Choate Gentry Lofton R Whitson Choice Gibbs Loftus Randolph Wilder Christiqan Gibson Love Reed Wiley Clark Giles Lynch Reese Wilkerson Clay Gillespie Reynolds Wilkes Cobry Givens M Richardson Wilkins Cochran Glover Mahardy Ridge Wilkinson Cohee Goff Manning Rivers Wiliams Coker Golden Martin Roberts Willaimson Colb Goldsmith Mason Roby Willis Colbert Gooden Mays Rodville Wilson Cole Gorden McCain Rollen Windom Colly Graham McClendon Rose Wolf Combs Grant McClish Ross Woods Conley Grayson McCooy Roy Worley Conly Green McDermott Russell Wright Cook Greenwood McDonal Cooper Greer McGee S Y Covan Gresham McGilbray Sampson Yates Cox Grey McKenzie Samuels Yocubby Crathers Griffin McKinney Scannon Young Cravatt Grimmett McMillan Scott Younger Cravans Gunn Merriman Sealy Crittenden Mike Sears Crockett H Miles Shatubby Croomes Hall Miller Shaw

Black Choctaws This list of Black Choctaws represents the Choctaw freedmen from Oklahoma, and does not represent persons from among the Mississippi Choctaws. A Coleman Harrison McChristian Roebuck Abbott Colly Harvey McClendon Rogers Abram Conard Hatley McCloud Rose Adams Cook Hawkins McCoy Ross Adamson Cotton Haywood McCurtain Russell Ainsworth Cox Henderson McDaniel Alberson Craig Henry McDonald S Alexander Cravens Hester McGee Sakki Allen Crawford Hicks McGilbry Sams Anderson Cris Hill McGuire Samuels Arnold Crittendon Hilliard McKee Sandridge Askew Crooms Hills McKinley Scott Austin Croons Hines McNeill Seely Crutchfield Hodges McQuilla Sell B Cubit Hogan Meadows Severe Bagley Culver Holford McKinney Sexton Bailey Cunford Hollaway Meggs Shaw Banks Hollin Meighbors Shelby Barber D Holt Merritts Shelton Bardner Dana Homer Miles Shephard Barley Dangerfield Hoppy Miller Shield Barr Daniels Horn Mills Shields Barrett Daugherty Hornback Milton Shirley Barrows Davis Horton Minner Shoals Bary Demps Hotchkins Mitchell Sholes Bassett Demus Hotchkiss Moore Short Battie Dizer Howell Moors Sifax Battiece Dockins Hughes Morgan Simmons Battiest Dodd Humdy Morotn Simpson Beams Dodson Humes Moses Sims Bearden Donegay Humphrey Mosley Sindham Beavers Douglas Hunter Moss Smallwood Beckwith Douglass Hutchins Munn Smith Beeson Duckett Hutchison Murchison Spencer Belcher Dumas Hyatt Murphy Spring Bell Duncan Murray Stakohaka Belvin Durant I Musgrove Stanley Benson Ingram Star Bibbs E Irving N Starly Bidden Eastman Nail Starr Biggs Easton J Nash Stephenson Binks Edd Jackson Neal Stevenson Bird Edwards Jacob Neioll Stewart Birdsong Eights Jamerson Nelson Striblin Blackwater Ellis James Newberry Stribling Blair Ellison Jeater Newton Stubblefield Bledsoe Elridge Jeffers Nolan Suton Blocker Epps Jefferson Noland Sutton Blue Ervin Jeffries Nolen Blunt Eubanks Jeter Norman T Boatwright Evans John Norris Taylor Boldin Everidge Johnson Nourvle Teel Bolding Evrett Johnston Nunley Thomas Bonham Ewing Jolly Nunnally Thompson Bordon Ewings Jones Nunnely Thurman Bowers Jordon Timpson Boyd F Joseph O Tinkshell Boyles Factory Judy Oats Tis Brack Farris Justice Oliver Titus Bradley Featherspoon Osborn Triplett Brady Featherston K Oscar Tucker Brasco Ferguson Keel Overton Turner Brashears Fields Keith Owens Tyler Brewer Finley Kemp Owles Tyner Briggs Fisher Kendrick Tyson Briley Flack Kendricks P Brown Fleeks Kincade Paris V Bruce Flint King Parish Valliant Brumley Floyd Kingsbury Parker Vaughn Bruner Folsom Kirk Parkins Vinson Bryant Foreman Partilla Virgil Buckman Franklin L Patterson Voryd Buckner Frazier Larkin Patton Buffington Freeman Last Payton W Bulger Freeney Lathers Pearson Wade Burks Freeny Lawrence Pendleton Wagoner Burris French Lawson Perry Waldron Burton Fullbright Lee Phelps Walford Busby Fulsom Leflore Phillips Walker Butler LeFlore Pickens Walls Byrd G Leftridge Pierce Walter Gables Lenox Pitchlynn Walton C Gaffney Leppord Pitner Walzer Caephus Galbert Lewis Poleon Ward Cahill Galloway Liggins Powell Ware Cain Gant Lison Pratt Warner Campbell Garland Littlejohn Price Warren Carney Gay Livingsyton Prince Warrior Carr Gibson Logan Pryor Washington Carroll Gidden Looney Pulcher Waters Carson Givens Love Purdy Watson Carter Glover Lovelace Pursley Webb Caruthers Gooding Low Welch Cass Goodlow Lowery R West Cennis Graham Lownen Radford Whitaker Chalk Graham Lynch Railback Whitby Chambers Graves Read White Chandler Gray M Rechardson Wilburn Chapman Grayson Mabry Record Wilkins Charry Green Mackey Rector Williams Chatman Greenwood Mahardy Reddick Willis Cheadle Greer Mann Reed Wilson Chester Gross Mackey Reeder Wimbley Chilton Grundy Manning Reeves Wine Chism Guess Mansfield Rentie Woods Choate Guest Mat-ub-bee Reynolds Wooter Christian Maturby Rice Worthen Clark H Maupin Richards Wright Clay Haley Maxwell Riddle Clayton Halford May Ridge Y Cleveland Hall Mayes Riffington Yocubby Cochran Hampton Mays Riley Young Cohee Hardlan Maytubbe Riston Cohes Harkins Maytuby Roberts Colbert Harnage McAfee Robinson Cole Harris McCarty Roby

Black Creeks Note that since the Creek Freedmen are from Oklahoma, this list is not representative of the Creek Nation of Alabama. A Culley Hill Moore Sango Abrams Cully Hills Morey Scales Adams Curns Hobbs Morgan Scott Add Curtis Hodge Morris Scruggs Adkins Cyrus Holloway Morrison Seaman Alberty Holmes Mosley Sears Alec D Homer Mullen Segro Aleck Dan Hope Mure Sells Alex Daniels Horn Murphy Serrell Alexander Davis Houston Murray Sevel Allen Davison Howard Murrell Sewel Andrew Dean Hudson Murrill Sewell Andy Deleny Hughes Myers Sharper Ard Deloney Hunley Myles Shaw Asbury Dennis Hutton Shawnee Atkins Derisaw N Shelton Austin Dindy I Nail Shepard Dixon Irving Nash Sherman B Doil Isaac Nave Shields Bailey Dolman Isaacs Neal Shoals Baker Douglass Island Nero Shoto Ballard Downs Nevens Siah Banks Doyle J Nevins Sier Barber Drake Jack Newell Simmons Barker Draper Jackson Newman Simon Barnes Drew Jacobs Nichols Sims Barnett Duff James Nix Skeeter Barnette Dunbar Jameson Noble Smith Barrett Durant Jamison Nomman Sneed Bates Dyle Jefferson Norfer Snowden Batt Jimmerson Norwood Solomon Batts E Joans Sookey Bean Easley Job O Spaks Bear Eastman Johnson Olden Spencer Beaver Edwards Jonas Oldham Spring Bell Epperson Jones Osborn Standford Berry Escoe Osborne Stanford Berryhill Eubanks K Overton Starr Billy Evans Kanard Owen Staten Birney Everett Kell Owens Steadham Bishop Kelley Stendham Blackburn F Kelly P Stephens Blackstone Factor Kemp Parker Stepney Boone Faro Kennedy Parlor Stevens Bowleg Faster Kernal Paro Stewart Bowlegs Fee Kernel Patrick Stidham Bowman Fester Keyes Patterson Street Boyd Fields Keys Payne Stroy Bradberry Fife Kidd Pea Sugar Bradford Fink King Perkins Brady Fisher Knowles Perry T Brewster Flannagan Krooms Perryman Tab Brinkley Flint Peter Tanner Bristor Flowers L Peters Taylor Broadnax Flynn Lacy Peterson Tecumseh Brooks Folsom Lampkins Pettitt Thomas Brown Ford Landrum Philips Thompson Bruner Foreman Lawrence Phillips Thursday Buckner Forman Lee Pierce Tiger Buffington Foster Leffard Pippins Tipton Bumpus Fox Lester Poldo Tittle Bunn Frances Lewis Pompey Tobey Burgess Francis Lincoln Pond Tobler Burnett Franklin Little Ponds Toliver Burney Frazier Logan Porlar Tolliver Burton Froe Loneon Porter Tom Butler Fryday Long Post Toney Byrd Fulsom Love Postoak Trotter Lovett Potts Tucker G Low Pratt Turner C Gains Lowe Price Typer Canada Garmon Lowery Primmer Canard Garrett Luckey Primous V Cannon Gaskine Lucy Primus Vann Carlina Gates Lunnon Prince Vannoy Carliner Gaylord Luster Pyles Vaughn Carnard Geary Lyons Verner Carolina Gentry Q Vincent Carr Gibson M Quabner Virgel Carson Gilbert Mackey Quinn Carter Glover Mahardy W Ceasar Golden Makins R Wade Chambers Gooden Malvern Ragen Walcot Charles Gordan Malvery Ragsdale Walden Childers Graham Manac Randolph Walker Childs Grant Manuel Rector Wallace Choteau Gray Marshal Redmon Wallas Clark Grayson Martin Redmond Walton Clayton Green Mathews Redmouth Wamble Clinton Gregory Mayberry Reed Ware Coats Greyson Mayes Rentie Warner Cobb Griffin Mayfield Rice Warrior Cobbrey Griggs Mayson Richard Washington Cohee Grimmett McClain Richards Watson Colbert Guess McDaniel Riley Webber Cole Gwin McGee Roane Webster Coleman McGilbra Robbins Welch Collin H McGilbray Roberson Welsh Colling Hamilton McGirt Roberts Wheat Colly Hammonds McHenry Robertson White Conner Hampton McIntosh Robins Williams Connor Hardgray McKellop Robinson Willis Cooks Hardrige McKinney Robison Wilson Coon Harper McNac Rodgers Wisner Corbray Harris McNack Roe Wofford Cousins Harrison McSimms Rogers Wollard Cowans Harrod McSims Rorex Woodall Cox Harvey Meriwether Rose Woodard Crabtree Hasup Mike Ross Woodley Craig Hawkins Miles Rowe Woods Crane Hayes Miller Russell Wright Craw Haynes Millett Crossley Henderson Mimms S Y Crosslin Henry Minas Samuel Young Cruel Herod Minnis Samuels Cudjo Hershey Monday Sancho Cudjoe Hickles Monroe Sanders Cuff Higginbottom Moody Sandy

Black Seminoles These names represent only the Seminole freedmen of Oklahoma, and not the Seminoles of Florida. A Dandy Johnie Morrison Se-ne Aaron Daniel Johnoche Mosar Sentevey Abb Davey Johnsey Moses Sigler Abey David Johnson Mot-hoh-ye Silla Abraham Davis Jonah Mulcussey Sillah Adam Davison Jonasse Mulcy Semleteke Adams Dean Jones Mulgusse Simma Ahaisse Deer Joney Mulleah Silla A-ha-la-ko-chee Dennis Josey Mundy Sim-me-te-da-kee Ahaloke Dicey Joseph Mungo Sim-e-di-ha-kee Ah-ho-he Dillsa Joshua Munnah Simena Ah-weep-ka Dinah Judy Muthoye Simon Albert Dindy July Sissie Alberty Dosar Jumper N Sissy Alec Doser June Nancy Skiff Aleck Doyle Nannie Smith Alecky Drew K Napoeche Solomon Alex Dunford Kamabe Narcome Sona Alexander Dunlap Kane Natukse Sonny Alfa Dyal Kaney Nellie Sowanoke Alfred Dyer Katie Nellsie Sowatske Alice Katy Nelly Spencer Alicky E Kenah Nelsey Stafey Allen Echoille Keno Ne-ma Stanton Alley Edmond Ke-pa-ya Nero Steel Allie Eliza Key Nevins Stephenson Amesta Ellen King Nicey Stepney Amey Elochee Kinnona Nitchey Steppe Amos Elsa Kissie Nitey Stewart Amy Elsie Kith-lee Noah Stidham Anderson Elizabeth Kotska Noble Street Anna Emartha Nokoseka Suc-car-see Annie Emarthla L Nokusile Sullivan Annoche Emarthoge Lanego Nora Sumka Archibald Emmy Larney Noska Sumpsey Archockee Emoche Lasley Nuksokoche Sunday Archole En-le-te-ke Leader Sunny Es-ho-po-na-ka Leah O Susanna B Estachuksehoke Lelusse Okfuska Susey Baby Estomethla Lena Okfuskey Susie Baker Eunasse Letka Okfusky Suthoye Barkus Lewis Omayaye Su-wa-key Barnett F Liley Osborne Barney Factor Lina Otheche T Barricklow Fanny Lincoln Tahike Bean Fay Lindsey P Talmasey Bear Fekhoniye Litka Palmer Talmascy Beard Fife Little Paney Tanyan Becky Fik-hith-ka Lizzie Parney Tar-co-sar Bemo Fish Losata Parnoche Tayeche Bennett Fixico Lodie Parnosa Taylor Berry Flanley London Par-nos-co-che Tecumseh Bettie Foster Lopka Parsosee Teller Betsy Fox Lottie Parnoskey Tena Billy Freeman Lotty Paroah Te-tah-ke Bottley Fulsom Louie Passake Tewe Bowlegs Fuswa Louisa Pa-ta-ge Tewee Brown Futcha-hoke Lousanna Payne Thahoyane Bruce Futopeche Lovett Pennose Thasate Bruner Lowe Perryman Thlocco Bryant G Lowery Peter Thocco Buck Gaines Lowesa Phena Thomas Buddy Gano Lowine Phenie Thompson Bull George Lowiney Philip Tiger Burden Gibbs Lozana Phillip Tikahche Burgess Gibson Lucina Phillips Ti-u-na Butler Gibsy Lucy Pheobe Tobie Goat Lula Pilot Toche C Gooden Lumba Pochuswa Tolmochusse Caesar Gordon Lumsey Polly Tolomka Canard Grant Lundo Pompey Tommy Carbechochee Gray Lusoche Ponkilla Toney Carbiticher Grayson Lustey Ponluste Tulla Carolina Greenleaf Pon-no-kee Tulsay Carpitche Ground M Porter Turner Carr McCoy Possuk Carter H McCulla Pottey U Catcher Hagie McGeisy Powell Ut-tley Catchoche Haney McGeisey Proctor Charlesey Hanna McGirt Pullotka V Charley Hannah McIntosh Puncho Vann Charlie Hardy McNac Punka Charty Harjo Mahale Punluste W Checotah Harjoche Mahardy Putkeh Wadsworth Che-da-ka Harrison Malinda Waitey Cheeska Hatty Mandy R Wakkie Chepaney Hawkins Maney Rabbit Walker Cheparney Hayecha Manuel Raiford Wallace Cheponoska Hayes Marcus Reed Walter Chippee Henne-ho-chee Marcy Renton War-le-do Chisholm Henny Maria Renty Warrior Chochee Henry Marks Rhoda Washington Choharjo Hepsey Marpiyecher Riley Wasutke Chosey Hesahoka Marshal Ripley Watson Chotka Hill Marshall Robert Watty Chotke Hilly Martha Roberts Weattie Chotkey Hochifke Marthla Roe Webster Choya Hoktochee Martin Rosanna Weely Chulma Hoktoke Marty Ross Wellington Chumsey Holata Mary Wells Chupco Holatka Matuth-hoke S Wesley Chupcogee Hollins Maude Sa-che-meche West Church Holmes Mecco Saketheche Wetley Cindy Hopoille Meley Sakoeka White Clark Hotulke Melishkoche Sakteke Whitfield Cloud Hulbutta Melisse Saley Wildcat Cobb Hulhoke Melo Salina Willea Co-e-see Hulleah Mogee Salinda William Coffee Hully Meney Sallie Williamkee Coker Hulwa Mesale Sally Williams Coley Hutke Mesaley Saloche Williamse Concharty Hutche Metetakee Salma Williamsee Condella Micco Sam Willie Condulle I Miley Samby Willis Conhecha Ida Miller Samele Wilsey Conner Iley Milley Sammah Wilson Co-nok-kee Ishmael Millie Sammy Winey Contaley Island Mills Samochee Winton Coody Milly Sampson Wise Cooper J Milsey Samuel Wisey Cornelius Jacksey Mimey Sancho Wisner Cosar Jackson Mina Sandrige Witlow Cotcha Jacksy Minda Sandy Wright Cowake Jacob Mingo Sango Wyetka Co-wok-o-chee Jakey Misselda Sando Wolf Cox James Missena Sapalpake Wood Crain Janey Missey Sapehunka Wotko Crane Jannati Missie Sapokhohthe Crow Jefferson Mitchell Sarber Y Cudjo Jemima Mitchile Sarney Ya-fo-la-gee Cudjoe Jennetta Mokoyike Scipio Yahola Cully Jennie Moleya Scott Yakopuche Cumpsey Jesse Mollie Seeley Yamie Cumseh Jimmey Molly Sefah Yanah Cundy Jimmie Monacheke Seharney Yarber Cunny Jimmy Monday Sehoka Yarnah Cunsah Jimpka Monkah Sehunka Yekcha Cynda Jimpsey Mooney Selba Yoney Cyrus Joanna Moore Selda Youngs Jo-co-chee Moppin Selma Yowelle D Joe Morgan Semissee Daily John Morris Sena

Source: JT Road Hello... This is Harvey Arden, Leonard Peltier's editor... I goofed on the URL for the LEONARD PELTIER CLEMENCY PETITION that I sent you with the CNN interview yesterday... Here's the correct URL-- <A HREF="http://www.petitiononline.com/Clemency/petition.html">Clemency for Leonard Peltier Petition</A> http://www.petitiononline.com/Clemency/petition.html Please click, read and sign!!!! I urge you to go there immediately...barely a hundred people have so far...let's show'm our numbers...we have MILLIONS...let's all stand up together and LEONARD WILL BE OUT!!! It's up to each of us to do it! Also, since a man's life is at stake here, please have friends, relatives, even enemies sign the petition!!! This is IMPORTANT!! Many thanks! /Harvey Arden

<A HREF="http://www.texasindians.com/bsem.htm">Click here: Black Seminole Indians, African American Indians, Texas Indians</A> http://www.texasindians.com/bsem.htm Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.netstrider.com/documents/whites/">Click here: The Jackson Whites</A> The Jackson Whites Description and history of the Ramapo Mountain People, a group similar to the Melungeons on the New Jersey - New York border. http://www.netstrider.com/documents/whites Bright Star

marriage law the body of legal specifications and requirements and other laws that regulate the initiation, continuation, and validity of marriages. Marriage is, by definition, a legally sanctioned union between a man and a woman and is thus viewed as a contractual agreement subject to legal processes. A newly married couple undergoes a radical change in their legal status by the act of marriage. This change involves their assumption of certain rights and obligations to each other. In many societies, these obligations include living together in the same or nearby dwellings, the provision of domestic services such as child rearing, cooking, and housekeeping (usually on the part of the wife), and the provision of food, shelter, clothing, and other means of support (usually on the part of the husband). The rights of marriage include the shared ownership and inheritance of each other's property to varying degrees and, in monogamous marriages, the exclusive right to sexual intercourse with each other. These generalizations notwithstanding, every past or present society has had its own concept of marriage, and many have created marriage laws that reflect their particular cultural standards and expectations concerning the institution. Ancient Roman law recognized three forms of marriage. Confarreatio was marked by a highly solemnized ceremony involving numerous witnesses and animal sacrifice. It was usually reserved for patrician families. Coemptio, used by many plebeians, was effectively marriage by purchase, while usus, the most informal variety, was marriage simply by mutual consent and evidence of extended cohabitation. Roman law generally placed the woman in the "power" of her husband and on the same footing as children. Under Roman law no slave could contract marriage with either another slave or a free person, but the union of male and female slaves was recognized for various purposes. The canon law of the Catholic Church was the only law governing matrimonial relations between Christians in western Europe until the Reformation and still has considerable authority in some Roman Catholic countries. The church historically regarded marriage as a lifelong and sacred union that could only be dissolved by the death of one of the spouses. This exalted view of marriage envisaged the husband and wife as made of "one flesh" by the act of God, and marriage was thus transformed from a terminable civil contract under Roman law to a sacrament and a mystic union of souls and bodies never to be divided. In canon law the free and mutual consent of the parties was regarded as essential to marriage. Marriage was regarded as completed between baptized persons by consent and then consummation. Canon law held a marriage to be null and void in cases in which the parties were within prohibited degrees of close blood relationship (consanguinity and affinity). (See Roman Catholicism.) Marriage law as it developed in England specified the requisites of marriage as being the following: each party shall have attained a certain age; each shall be sexually competent and mentally capable; each shall be free to marry; each shall give his or her consent to marry; the parties shall be outside the prohibited degrees of blood relationship to each other (consanguinity and affinity); and the marriage ceremony shall conform with the statutory formalities. The marriage law of most western European nations and that of the United States (which is itself based on English marriage law) is the product of Roman Catholic canon law that has been greatly modified by the changed cultural and social conditions of modern industrialized and urbanized life. Modern marriage law regards marriage as a civil transaction and allows only monogamous unions. In general, the legal capacity of a person to marry is the same all over the Western world and is subject only to impediments such as consanguinity and affinity and, in some cases, restraints due to mental incapacity. The age limits for marriage, which formerly permitted 12-year-olds or even younger persons to marry, have been revised upward in most countries to between 15 and 21 years of age. Divorce is almost universally allowed, with restrictions on divorce undergoing gradual relaxation in Roman Catholic countries. In Russia only registered civil marriage is recognized. Monogamy is strictly enforced there, and marriage must be completely voluntary between the parties, who must be over 18 years of age. (See English law.) In Muslim countries of the Middle East, Asia, and North Africa, the prevailing Islamic law regards marriage as a contract for the "legalization of intercourse and the procreation of children." Marriage is purely a civil contract, the terms of which depend on the will of the consenting parties. It may be constituted without any ceremonial. The essential requirement of marriage is offer and acceptance, expressed at one meeting. Islamic law has historically permitted the practice of polygamy, but polygamy was waning in virtually all Muslim countries by the late 20th century. (See Shari'ah.) Polygamous marriages are still permitted under customary laws in many African nations, but there is a growing tendency toward monogamy. Many developing nations in Africa and elsewhere are markedly different from Western nations in that there is no uniform marriage law. The regulation of marital relations is based either on religion or on the customary laws of the territory. This leads to a diversity of laws within one territorial unit and often gives rise to complex problems in the case of tribal, ethnic, or religious intermarriage. In Japan polygamous marriage is prohibited, and age limits of 18 years for men and 16 years for women are specified before marriage can take place. Consanguinity to a close degree is prohibited, and all marriages must be registered in accordance with law. Polygamy is also forbidden in China. Formality in the marriage celebration has been dispensed with, but the civil marriage must be duly registered to be valid. (See Japanese law, Chinese law.) source info Encyc.Britta. 2000 Bright Star

slavery Slave demography It is sometimes alleged that slavery and marriage were totally incompatible, for recognition of the husband-wife bond would have limited intolerably the slave owner's authority and his right to dispose of his property. Historically, however, such a view is incorrect. Limitations on the right to dispose of property have been frequent throughout history, and slaves were no exception. Thus, slave marriages were recognized in a number of slave-owning societies, including Carthage, Hellenistic Greece, late Byzantium, most of the Roman Catholic medieval world, Ch'ing China, Hindu India, Thailand, the Tlingit and Kwakiutl, and Oregon coast tribes. Hanbali Muslims stated that a slave could insist that his master provide him with a spouse, and Ming Chinese masters were obliged to choose mates for their female slaves when the latter were in their teens and for males around the age of 20. In Russia marriage between a free person and a slave was recognized legally, but according to one of the oldest Russian laws the free person became enslaved by marrying a slave. In Muscovy if a married slave fled, remarried, and was subsequently apprehended, he was to be rejoined to the first spouse. In the majority of slave societies (the Danish Virgin Islands excepted), on the other hand, slave marriages were not recognized in law and were not something that slave owners had to think about legally when disposing of slaves. For example, the Louisiana Code of 1824 explicitly stated that a slave had no right to be married. Nevertheless, even in these societies, including Rome, the American South, and West Indian Barbuda, slaves formed what they considered marriages and had children. Southern slave owners often recognized such marriages (even across estate boundaries) and their offspring because to have done otherwise would have interfered with production. In Brazil slave marriages were recognized by the Roman Catholic Church and recognized by law in 1869, but in 1875 only one-sixth of the slaves of marriageable age were recorded as married or widowed. Slave demography was frequently determined by the occupational employment of the slaves. Consequently, sexual imbalance was not at all unusual. In 9th-century France on the Abbey of Saint Germain des Prés' territory there were nearly three male slaves for every female, presumably because of the demand for agricultural labourers. In late medieval Europe, on the other hand, there was a great demand for female slaves as domestics and concubines. The same was true in China, where by the end of the Ch'ing era the institution of slavery had become primarily a female one. In early modern Russia there were two male slaves for every female because of a market demand for cavalrymen, military body servants, and domestics who could perform heavy labour. Concubinage, moreover, was illegal, and those who sold themselves into slavery practiced female infanticide before selling themselves. In many parts of Africa the demand was primarily for women and children for the purpose of incorporation into and expansion of lineages. Adult males were often killed unless they could be exported abroad. Such export conveniently fit into the circum-Caribbean demand for productive slaves to work in sugar, tobacco, and cotton production. Consequently, twice as many males as females and relatively few children under age 10 were shipped to the New World. One of the notions about slavery has been that slaves rarely reproduced themselves in bondage. Given the skewed demographic profile of many slave societies, it is not surprising that they failed to do so. The slaves of the Athenian Laurium silver mines or the Cuban sugar plantations, for example, lived in largely male societies. In Islamic slave-owning societies, castration and infibulation curtailed slave reproduction. The major exception to the rule was North America, where slaves began to procreate in significant numbers in the mid-18th century. This fact helped the slave owners survive the cutting off of imports in 1808. Between the censuses of 1790 and 1860 the slave population of the South expanded enormously--from 657,327 to 3,838,765--one of the fastest rates of population growth ever recorded prior to the advent of modern medicine. Paradoxically, although the Southern slave regime was one of the most dehumanizing ever recorded, it was one of the most favourable on record demographically, because the nutritional and general living environments were highly conducive to explosive population growth. Without significant imports the Southern slave population increased fourfold between the early 1800s and 1860. The ages of slave populations also were determined partially by productive requirements. As mentioned above, in Africa children were preferred for incorporation into lineages, whereas in much of the circum-Caribbean world adults were demanded for production. As a consequence, the age pyramids of both societies were skewed; in Africa children predominated, in much of the New World people over age 15. In Muscovy, to take another example, the age structure was skewed toward young adults, for it was primarily young adult males (aged 15-25) who sold themselves into slavery. source info Encyc. Britta 2000 Bright Star

In a message dated 7/7/00 3:00:31 PM Eastern Daylight Time, HAWKL35@aol.com writes: << [MIXED-BLOODS-L] RE: Roll Call >> Bright Star's surnames; Mothers side Krauss Hasson Berlin Hornberger Bryant Kendall Manning Riggins , Crosby, Sharpless, Wilson, Matlack,Kuntz, Funk,Miles, Ottey,Wilimziby Dads side: McLaughlin,Moore,Taylor, Williams, Lewis,Adams, Bright Star

<A HREF="http://ethics.acusd.edu/theory/Race/PowerPoint/index.htm">Click here: The Ethics of Diversity: Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Moral Theory</A > http://ethics.acusd.edu/theory/Race/PowerPoint/index.htm Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.familysearch.org/sg/Usout.html">Click here: United States Research Outline</A> http://www.familysearch.org/sg/Usout.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~ruthann/surnames/surnames.html" >Click here: RuthAnn's SURNAMES Links and more Page</A> http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~ruthann/surnames/surnames.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://genealogy.org/~palam/ia_index.htm">Click here: On-line Immigrant Ancestor Register Index</A> http://genealogy.org/~palam/ia_index.htm Bright Star