Good morning, and again, thank you for the fabulous comments on this series. Many good suggestions have been made and I'll try to see what I can find! Sandi TIP# 166 - GRANDPA WAS A DRUGGIST AT AN APOTHECARY - GRANDPA MADE EYEGLASSES. An apothecary of the older years bore little resemblance to our modern day pharmacy full of greeting cards, household supplies, and cosmetics. Druggists at that time we so close to being physicians that it was sometimes difficult to tell them apart. The druggist prescribed medicines, but also made house calls and tended the sick. Using blisters and poultices, he did all within his power to ease the suffering of his customers. Sometimes he brought with him his supply of medicines and mixed them at the pioneer's home. And the medicines - well, they were not exactly what is stocked in the pharmacy today. It seemed to be the rule of thumb that the worse the medicine tasted, the better it worked. When a customer came to the apothecary, they did not bring a prescription from their doctor. They simply told the druggist what they thought was wrong or what hurt, and he would prepare a medication to hopefully help them. It must also be remembered that in this early time frame, anyone who wanted to set up an apothecary or be called a physician could. There was no such thing as licensing until many years later. Most physicians and druggists had apprenticed to another physician or druggist much like the early lawyers "read law" under another practicing lawyer and then put out his shingle. Most of the early medicines were simply blends of herbs and medicines that had found their way over from the old country. This was a time of rampant advertising by the druggist of many different "home-brew" combinations promising to cure everything from baldness to hot flashes! Most druggists found their own ingredients in the pioneer days of Kentucky and other states. He would go into the woods looking for specific herbs and plants with which to mix together. The apothecary got its liquid goods also from the druggist or a wholesaler. They were sent in large pots wrapped in burlap. These were stored on his shelves until called for. When a certain medication was needed, he pulled down all the various jars or boxes from the shelf and mixed them on the spot. The bottles used for many liquid medicines had a wooden cork and were sealed with regular sealing wax to keep them hopefully fresh. In the larger communities, a wider variety of drugs were available consisting of lineaments, purgatives, emetics and the ever-popular blood thinners. Later on in the tips, I will publish some of the most popular home remedies used not only by the druggists but by the pioneers themselves. Later on, druggists were required to register annually with the County Clerk and pay a fee for their license. These lists can still be found in some of the counties. The apothecary, like the general store, was a favorite gathering place for the locals. A special tribute should be paid to the old-time druggist; he didn't always get it right, but his valuable contributions to the health of the community made him near the top of the list as one of the most valuable occupations. The EYEGLASS MAKER AND SELLER also contributed to our Kentucky past. I often wonder, when attempting to read some of the old records if the writer knew a good eyeglass maker! How many pictures have you seen of our city father in lenses? Eye glasses were known and used as far back at 1294. They soon became very popular, but the settlers didn't often have the advantage of a neighbor in town who made eyeglasses. The city folk were more fortunate as each town normally had someone able to make glasses. But when one thinks of the new frontier lands of Kentucky, this was a luxury not often enjoyed! Early in the use of glasses, only the far-sighted were really helped. These early glasses were most often a guessed at prescription because very few knew anything about the working of the eyes. They were simply concave glass which may or may not help the wearer. A lot of country folk heard tales that glasses would allow the wearer to see into the future or make the blind to see! A little later, Venitian glasses came into vogue; the precursor of our sunglasses. Good old Benjamin Franklin made the most discoveries about eyeglasses and as most of us remember, he invented the bifocal. His glasses, as many in the olden times, were made from ordinary window glass; many coming with the bubbles and flaws of that glass. It wasn't really until the early days of the 20th century where glasses were more efficiently ground. A gent, called a grinder, using the best glass he could find, chipped away at it with a hammer or pliers until he got it into the approximate shape he needed. Using special tools, he waxed one side of the lens with hot pitch. If he used a dish shaped form, he would get a convex lens; if he used a mushroom shaped on, he had a concave lens. He polished the lens with wet sand or other abrasive. Then he turned the lens over and repeated the process on the other side. Another change over the years was the fact that the old glasses didn't have any means of support. No one had thought of the modern style. It wasn't until the 18th century that progress was made in this area and the hinged ear pieces were added. © Copyright 23 July 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

Good morning. Again, many thanks on the compliments on this series. If there is something you'd like to see information about, please write me privately and if I can find information, I'll try to include it for you. Sandi TIP# 165 - GRANDPA WAS A BARBER OR WIGMAKER AND GRANDPA WAS A BAKER The town barber also wore many hats. He shaved the gents' faces and the heads when wigs were in fashion. He normally worked with a youthful apprentice who was learning the trade. The normal man in the earlier days believed in shaving once a week. Wigs were not all that popular in Kentucky outside of the larger communities, but there were those who held to this old English custom. In most pictures you will note that the wigs are white. This was not always the case. Those that could afford them used human hair wigs and left it in the donor's color. Some of the old terms for the wigs were: Perruques: These were large wigs that appeared in the early 1700's. They were high on top near the front and fell into long curls that could be as long as to touch the shoulder. One who wore these wigs was the gent who would be seen in fancy silk stockings and breeches - the upper crust so to say. Ramillies: These were short tailed wigs. They are the ones who would have a bow made out of fine ribbon near the shoulder. Wigs were expensive and it cost more to keep them in presentable fashion. Barbers could be paid up to $400 a year to keep a wig looking stylish. Hmmm … and men complain of the costs of women's hair-dos today? To clean a wig or "dress" it consisted on cleaning, combing, curling on heating cylinders, powdering or tinting. The barber had to be sure the wig fit on the head of the purchaser too and this was a lengthy process. The hair for the wig was cleaned, combed with a hackle, held by the roots in a vise. He had to knot the ends into triple strands. In the larger cities, there sprang up barbers just for the women folk, but in smaller towns, the barbers "made curls" for the wives of their patrons. Even women went through the wig stage in the late 1760's, but were pretty much passe by the 1780's. GRANDPA WAS A BAKER: Fortunate was the town that had a real bakery! Grandma did most of the baking, but in the larger communities, bakers thrived. They obtained their raw materials from the miller - "tolled" flour. The baker had to sift the flour in a wooden trough and he started mixing the dough. Just like it is done today by our energetic housewives, then followed a lot of kneading, punching down, rising, etc. If the baker was fortunate enough to have apprentices (and most did) one of their jobs was to close the lid on the trough during the rising process - the lids were heavy. After the dough had risen for the last time, the apprentices cut large chunks, weighed them and put them on a floured table and then shaped them into loaves. After they had a table full, the loaves were covered and left to rise again. The baker had a large brick oven which generated much heat! It is said that the baker and his apprentices worked in as few clothes as was permissible! Everyone wore close fitting caps to keep the flour dust out of their hair and their hair out of the flour! When the oven was at the right temperature, the baker had to rake the coals, sweep out the ashes and slid the loaves on a "peel" - a flat shovel. The loaves went in without the use of pans. The door of the oven was closed and the remaining heat baked the bread. Some bakers worked in basements, and many time the bakers worked during the cool of night. He had to have the bread ready for his customers bright and early next morning. While one batch of bread was baking, he was preparing the dough for the next day. The apprentice made a mixture of yeast culture called the "barm" by mixing it into a thin paste of flour and mashed potatoes. The baker's wife and children all helped in the process to - it was they who many times sold to the customers. And the baker could be called upon to do something quite different from baking … if the barber needed assistance, he at times would curl hair for wigs! © Copyright 21 July 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

Good morning! Just a quick note to express thanks for your comments on this short series and when something I post brightens your day. I will soon be returning to the Revolutionary War soldiers etc. and just learned that someone on the list just found their ancestor as a soldier! Wishing you a good remaining week and I'll see you Tuesday. Here is the URL again for the past 163 posts I've made: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips TIP #164 - GRANDMA WAS A WEAVER AND A CHANDLER I thought it was about time to show that Grandma had some talents too! When it came to weaving, there were few that could outshine Grandma. If a pioneer raised sheep, he also sheared them and then strolled into the cabin with a present for Grandma! He always sheared in the spring and the pelts had to be thoroughly washed. Grandma took the wool and carded it into "slivers". This was done by pulling it between paddles which had studs on them with wire hooks. After doing this, she had a year long task of working with these slivers. She twisted the slivers together on the old spinning wheel. Grandpa also harvested his flax. He pulled up the plants in the middle of summer and then let them rot in water. This was called "retting" them. They were broken into pieces or fragments in sheath and a core on a wooden flax brake, then he used a processing called "scrutching" or "swingling" to cut out the larger chips. Grandma then took over and worked with the fibers. She dragged them through iron combs which were called hatchels. This removed the remaining splinters. Then, back to the wheel which she turned by use of a treadle. She spun the lines into yarn - another process lasting all year. There were male weavers; some were travelers who visited on horseback during the year. If there was no lady of the house, or for some reason she was unable to weave, the visiting weaver would stop by and assist. He would work at Grandma's loom for weeks on ends. Linen woven by Grandma created most of the clothes needed by the early pioneers; shirts, napkins, towels, smocks and many other articles. The wool she wove turned into blankets and outer wearing apparel. If the wool and the flax were combined, the result would be what was called linsey-woolsey and made a very durable and comfortable garment. Ladies who were good weavers were a "catch" for the settler. Many of these ladies became quite professional in working in patterns into the material. A brief description of the process would be: 1. The warp threads were fed from the warp beam (a roller) and guided forward to a smooth timber which was called the breast beam. 2. A crank, located on one side, turned the cloth beam occasionally and rolled up the finished work. There were ratchets on the cloth beam and the warp beam which were adjustable by the weaver and could set the tension. 3. A high backed bench was used by the weaver which hung in front of the loom. Between the bench and the warp beam, she ran the warp threads through a harness. The harness was no more than two sticks - one above the warp and one below it, these connected by "heddles" made of string. Each heddle had a eye tied in the middle through which the warp thread passed. These warps lay between the heddles of the rear harness and vice versa. There was a short rope hitched in the middle of the lower stick and fastened to the treadles near the weaver's feet. Like the old time treadle sewing machine; Grandma beat out a constant rhythm with the treadles. 4. The tramping on the treadles caused the harness to pull downward; the ropes over the roller pulled the other one upward simultaneously. Each carried warp threads. Tabby weaving, which was the term for every other thread, a shed was opened. Grandma threw the shuttle through the shed, pushed down on the other treadle to bring the odds down and the evens up and enclosed the new "weft". The shuttle was made of dogwood or holly normally if these were available. A narrow hole in the shuttle held the weft, wound around a "quill", and it turned on a wire sprung between the ends of the hole. 5. As the shuttle passed, the weaver pulled the material, called batten, toward her. This made an unusual "whomping" sound which could be heard from cabin to cabin. This is a very brief and non-technical look at the workings of a loom. Every woman was proud to say that she was a weaver, and you will not this occupation listed on many of the census records. It was not until many years later than professional weavers opened up shops and could mass produce clothing. But, could it be as special as that made by Grandma? If Grandma was called a CHANDLER, this meant that she never threw away any fat! She rendered the fat and stored it in pottery crocks. During the early pioneer days, the house was illuminated from the grease lamps. Effective perhaps, but it produced a lot of smoke and it didn't smell the best in the world! Candles were much nicer. Grandma would make what was known as "taller dips" in a process of constantly dipping wicks in hot tallow - then cooling them between each dip. If the family had the means, they owned molds made out of tin that could make as many as a dozen candles at a time. If Grandma didn't have the supplies, there were traveling chandlers who came equipped with his own molds and normally made six candles at a time. They were strung on tow-linen candlewick which Grandma had to provide. He melted down some of the stored fat and made a year's supply of candles. There was a well-known superstition that as the mixture boiled he had to turn it with his wooden paddle in only one direction or it would fail. © Copyright 16 July 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

Welcome to all our new subscribers! I am running a limited series on the occupations of our pioneer settlers before returning to Revolutionary War soldiers and other topics. Thanks for all the compliments on this series and I hope you enjoy them! Sandi TIP #163 - GRANDPA WAS A FULLER - GRANDPA WAS A CAT WHIPPER! A fuller was the individual who cleansed woolen cloth of grease and compacted the fibers thus raising the nap. This applied to both the home weavers or the professional weavers; the wool all had to have special treatment. Many of you farmers know about threshing parties. There used to be fulling parties in the olden days. All the friends and neighbors were invited who wished to participate and the people sat in a circle. They stomped on the wool which had been saturated with soapy water. This was a lot of fun, but it really didn't do a very "professional" job. It was awfully hard on feet and floors, too! Fulling mills began operation with the oldest known one being established in 1864. To full wool, the following had to be done: The cloth was thoroughly washed in hot water and soap to get as much dirt and grease out as possible. From there it was carried to a trough called a "beating trough" with fuller's earth and was "thumped" mechanically hour upon hour. Other fullers used pestles which fell into a trough and were raised up and down by cams called tapped arms. Fuller's earth is an absorbent clay which is normally green. It did an excellent job of pulling the natural grease from the wool, but then this had to be washed out of the cloth. The cloth was then stretched while wet on tenter frames to eliminate wrinkling and to maintain its shape. When the cloth was completely dry, the fuller hung the cloth over specially designed rods and he started currying the cloth. A special tool was used for this by mounting on a handle less than a dozen dried seed pods. The pods were covered with hooked spines which raised the nap of the cloth. Trimming was sometimes necessary if the fibers were not the same length. In addition to his regular duties, fullers often side-lined as woolen cleaners for the citizenry. He used fuller's earth, ox gall and even egg-yolks to get out those tough spots. GRANDPA WAS A CAT WHIPPER! Why mean old Grandpa we might say! Not exactly. A shoemaker had many titles throughout history including being known as a cordwainer in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Then his title became "cobbler", "botchers" and other titles. A shoemaker who didn't work out of a shop, but traveled the countryside was a "cat whipper." He was not always held in the highest esteem by the citizenry over the years. It appears that he loaded up his equipment and rode by horseback from town to town, or more likely by mule. Some cat whippers who might have had a little more financial backing carried a folding bench or chaise with him thus requiring a rig of some sort to carry the equipment. It was too big to be carried in a regular saddle bag. Some put the bench in a wheelbarrow. The children and women folk loved it when the cat whipper came to town. He would set up his equipment in the people's cabins and a time of gossip normally transpired. He loved to talk and he worked slowly. He resoled shoes, and fixed up any old shoes that still had some "life in them." He replaced the shoes that were beyond repair. If someone needed shoes and had none to model after, he would be forced to whittle a pair from white pine as a mold. Both shoes were identical - there was no left and right show. The cat whippers' shoes were extremely heavy but he had a market. He would sew a sole on them with linen thread. (c) copyright 14 July 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP# 162 - GRANDPA WAS A TANNER AND A CURRIER Tanyards were not the most welcome addition to the neighborhoods … they stank! But every community had one and desperately needed on. Leather was early on needed for belts, saddles and many other items; the days of plastic and silicone was not known yet! What would the settler do without his leather "breeches" of shoes? Carriages later needed tops … the list was almost endless. So, when a man moved into the county and announced he was a tanner or a currier, he was welcomed with outstretched arms. While many settlers had learned to tan hides at home, it was not a job that they relished. So, the tanner could earn a living wage. The tanner was normally paid in one half of the hides he tanned. He also collected and kept the hair as it was used as a wonderful addition to hold lime mortar together. He could make money from the hair sales, increasing his profits, and he also sold what is known as offal to peddlers who resold it to make glue. The tanner separated out his hides into different categories. There were cows, bulls, ok, horse, often moose, buffalo, calf, sheep, deer, goat and pig skins. While the tanning process cured every type of hide and some of the skins, the thinner hides which were more delicate were "tawed." Tawing was seldom done in the little country tanneries. To start the process, the tanner had to prepare the hide by splitting it in half making two sides. The smaller size was easier to work with and everything "worthless" was trimmed away. The hide then had to be soaked in water which softened the hide. By soaking the hide in lime water loosened the hairs. If this process was not used, the tanner stacked wet hides for several days, causing them to "sweat". Stopping just short of rotting the hides, the sweating didn't hurt the leather. The next step was to put the hide over a beam which was slanted. The tanner scraped the hide with a two-handled knife on the flesh side which eliminated the fat and tissue. On the grain side, it took off the hair and the outer layer of skin. Following a thorough washing the under skin was covered with tannic acid and gelatin. This toughened the skin into leather. The tannic acid was produced from tree bark with the black oak being considered the best and hemlock the next. Some men learned to run a bark mill which was a simple device with a vertical post, a heavy pole as an axle. A corregated edge crushed the bark when pulled by a horse or oxen. This operation could produce about 1 ½ cords of wood a day. Since the tannery needed water, and lots of it, you would always find it located by a stream of water. Each tannery had about 6 vats sunk in to the ground and walkways ran between them. Each vat as six feet long and four feet deed and from 4-6 feet wide. The hides were soaked first in a week solution of bark called "ooze". This was increased in strength over a period of several months - all this was preliminary to the actual tanning. When the hides were ready, the tanner filled a dry vat with layers of bark, one inch thick, and then a layer of hides, then the bark, alternating to the top. The vat was then filled with water and kept full while the hides lay between the bark. This process could last up to one year. On occasion, the tanner turned the sides with a pole with a large hook on one end. This took a lot of muscle. A good tanner could "sense" when the hides were ready - he could tell by the feel of them if the process was completed. He had to pull the heavy leather hides out and put them on a cart. Then he took the cart to the stream for a washing once again, then laid them on drying racks. But, the process was not yet over. The tanner had to take heavy clubs and "thump" them. This toughened the leather and compacted it into a required size. The leather used for shoe soles always came from the butt of a bovine hide which is the thickest part near the backbone. Upper bellies were used for "uppers" for the heavier shoes and for boots. Calf skins were used for the fancier footwear. Calf skins were handled a little differently. After they were soaked, scraped and washed, these skins stayed a week or more in a blend of pigeon or hen dung and turned quite frequently. The tanning required a ooze which was increased in strength. They were not layered. Sheep and goat skins had to be tawed. Tawing was done as follows: After the soaking, scraping and washing, they were immersed for a long period of time in a mix of alum and salt. Then the skins were curried. The currier started working when the skin was still wet. He had to make a soft and pliable hide so he had to remove any thick spots. Using a fluted pin, he removed the yellow bloom from the grain side. Next, he scoured both sides with a small stone mounted in a handle. He kept repeating this process to burnish the surface. The hides were then crammed into a mix of tallow and neat's foot oil and beaten with a mallet, with the final step for now being hung up to dry. The drying process stiffened the hide but the currier was not yet done. He had to "bruise" an stomp the hide in addition to working it with his hands. © Copyright 9 July 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

Good morning! A personal note quickly here for all who have asked. I had my 6-week check-up with the surgeon yesterday and he gave me a clean bill of health - I don't have to go back for a year thankfully. Again, thanks for your prayers and help through this whole time!!! Sandi TIP# 161 - GRANDPA WAS A HOUSEWRIGHT In the construction business, even back to the early settlement days, there were many distinct classifications of craftsmen. These varied from whether it was in the country or the towns. In town there were the carpenter who framed the house and the joiner who did the finishing work. In the country, often the same man wore both hats. They also had other "specialities" including glazing, the making of coffins and sometimes masonry work. The housewright was one of the specialists whose services were called upon in the erecting of a structure. Many types of wood were used for building houses - primarily whatever was available in the area. Oak has long been a favorite because of its durability. So, let's take it step by step and see who did what: The CARPENTER hewed the logs after the tree had been felled. If there was a sawmill handy, he would take the logs to the mill, but many times this was a long trek and he found it easier to do it himself. A "balk line" was made on the log showing the carpenter how much wood to remove. He snapped it on with a stretched string that had been dipped in red ocher known as "keel". The log was braced against two other logs, just off the ground and the hewer started scoring the bark along its right side using a felling axe. An inch or so of wood was allowed to remain outside the balk line and the hewer removed it with his broad axe. He then made a series of "back cuts" . The HOUSEWRIGHT cut the timber to size for the particular house being erected, jointed them and assembled all of them on the ground - laying out a side of the house at a time. Workers came next to raise the frame with long poles known as "pikes". The carpenter had to cut the timbers to the correct length using a cross-cut saw. Most posts needed for the house had to have tenons on both ends - this being a projecting piece of wood which was inserted into a mortise cut into the timber - thus allowing the two pieces to be joined together. When the two wood pieces were joined, he used a cross-handled auger to bore a hole straight into both pieces and pinned them with a "trunnel" (tree-nail). It took many hours for a worker or an apprentice to shaping tree-nails. He needed the assistance of the village or country blacksmith to make the tools he needed. These iron tools included the square and level. Many times the tree-nails were driven into the logs by wooden mallets or mauls; the claw-hammer didn't come into vogue until the 18th century. The builder used angled corner braces to "stiffen" the frame of the house, these being positioned between posts and beams and the spaced vertical studs. As the frame was nearing completion, the spaces between the studs was filled "nogging" - a term I can find no definition for. Sometimes stone or clay was used, also lime morter. I believe this is what is more commonly known as "chinking." Later clapboards were used instead of nogging. The tools used by the housewright included the broad axe, chalk line reel, the adz, mortise and tenon, auger, handsaws, squares, levels and hammers or mallets. The SAWYER was one who worked by hand, in pairs, to cut most of the timbers and boards to make the boards for the flooring of the cabin or house, and the wainscotting. It was a recognized craft, but required more brawn than brains. They are considered artisans by many of the old records. The sawyer needed a saw pit These were narrow holes in the ground with the timber laying across the top. If the pit was to be a permanent one, it was sometimes lined with brick at the bottom. The "top sawyer" was the leader or the boss and we worked at the top of the bit. He stood on the timber and guided the saw along a pre-drawn line. He pulled the saw up so the pitman below could pull it down again to make the cut. They used a whipsaw or a sash saw which had a long narrow blade in a wooden frame. As more sawmills came into use, the sawyer's duties became more recognized, and the circular saw came into use in the early 1800's. The JOINER as mentioned above, was a hard working man. He was responsible for dressing the board cut by the sawyer or the planing mill. This was done by hand using plane. The plane removed shavings from the surface of the board and it had to be a constant thickness. He had many different varities of planes to work with, most were made of maple. He worked diligently to shape the wood according to specification and then pierced it with a hole. This hole was wide at the top and tapered down to a blade slot in the bottom of the wood. He cut a sloping "frog" to receive the blade and the wedge that held it. The primary planes were known as the jack plane (used for rough work - 17 inches long, curved blade edge and deep set); the trying plane (also known as the short joiner - used to smoothing boards and squaring the edges, 20 inches long); the long jointer (used for smoothing of floors, 30 inches long), and the smoothing plane (7 inches long and used for trimming.) He also used rabbet planes, joiner's clamps, marking gauges, brace and bit and bow drills. He also constructed wooden staircases, window frames, sashes, simple furniture, drawers, panel carvings and other miscellaneous tasks! © Copyright 7 July 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #160 GRANDPA WAS A COOPER It has been said that there were as many, or more, coopers in the southern part of the United States as there were blacksmiths. There was a definite need for their services in the country and in the city as the cooper made barrels. The early farmers found it a very tedious job carving out tree trunks to make the barrels they needed; these hollowed out tree barrels were called "gums". Barrels were needed for everything - storing flour, corn meal and other grains in what were called "slack barrels", and for liquid storage he needed a different kind. They stored molasses, maple syrup, beer, fish, salt meat and other commodities. Yet another variety of barrels were known as kegs which were used for storing gun powder. The cooper could provide all these barrels plus necessities for the old Kentucky housewife in the way of pails, wash basins and assorted storage containers. The cooper used a shingle horse and cut the transverse arcs into a barrel stave by the use of curved drawknives. A drawknife roughed out the angles needed for the sides of the staves. They were then roughly finished and beveled. The process was a long one. The cooper pulled the stave edges across the blade of a fixed jointer plane which was normally more than five feet long. This was attached to "legs", blade side up. He stood a set of staves on end inside a stout truss hoop which was adjustable. It was fastened at the lower end and allowed the tapered slaves to flare outward at the top. The rope of the cooper's windlass was then passed around the tops which bent them and pulled them evenly together. The cooper removed the rope and drove the hoop downward with a wooden mallet and a wooden "drift" to tighten the staves against each other. The stave ends were left rough until the hooping process was done; the cooper then trimmed off the ones that were too long with a hand adz and smoothed the ends with a tool called a sun plane. Then he took another cutter called a howel beveled the "chines" on the inner edges of both ends. He also used a strange saw which had an arched blade set which had a few coarse teeth. Using this, the cooper made a shallow cut which gouged out a V-shaped groove. This groove was often called a "croze" Barrels had to have "heads" which the cooper doweled together the edges of about 2 boards, and then, using a large compass, scratched out two circles on the wide surface and them cut them out. The cooper continued in this fashion for many years, some even past about 1800 when riveted iron hoops came in vogue. Cedar was a favorite wood as the "wet" barrels were had staves nearly an inch thick. Dry barrels did not have to be as thick and birch and cedar were used. The WHITE COOPER was more likely to be found in the small towns and cities. His handiwork produced measures for grain, firkins, sieves, and boxes; many time using poplar. The boxes were made out of wide strips of bass or poplar shaved quite thin. He rolled them into cylindrical drums. These were riveted in shape with tacks and bands surrounded the ends as hoops. Other tools used by the cooper included the temse, pod auger and kerfing saw. I could find no definitions for these tools but the pod auger was an auger with a handle at the top. © Copyright 2 July 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

Good morning and welcome to all the new subscribers! I hope you take the opporunity of looking through all the past tips which have been posted and how you enjoy this new series. Sandi TIP #159 - GRANDPA WAS A BLACKSMITH I'm going to interrupt our other posts for a time and run a limited series on old-time occupations. We might think we know what all these people did when we see them listed on the census as a blacksmith, farmer, etc., but do we really know how their lives effected others, what tools they used, what services they provided? Let's take a look at the village smithy. The blacksmith has long been considered the most important of the early American artisans. We often see him pictured in old westerns hammering away at a pair of horseshoes, but his job was much more involved than that. He was a specialist and he provided many services to the town or country people. The blacksmith first had to have a forge. Stone was normally used for the forge, sometimes brick was available, and the forge had to have a chimney and hood. The base was a masonry block, flat, around 2 1/12 feet tall. There was a fire hole on top slightly in front of its center. A grate, which was set in the hold, held charcoal, below it was the ash pit. Another hole was found on the back, below the grate level. A "tue iron" was cemented into this; a tapered nozzle through which the hot air blew the fire to its intense temperatures. The anvil was located about 4 feet in front of the forge, reachable by long tongs. It was made of forged iron and usually rested on the bottom of a log set in the earthen floor. The shape of the blacksmith's anvil has barely changed over the thousands of years of its existence; it has a wide base, a rectangular core, a tapered beak over which the iron was bent, and a square hole in the core. The forge and anvil provided all the tools that were necessary for the blacksmith - from these two, he made all of his other equipment. He not only made horseshoes, but hoes, plowshares, cowbells, awls, scrapers, plane blades. Another term that has almost faded from the American vocabulary was the "farrier". The blacksmith often filled this roll too, for the farrier shoed horses and oxen and was often the closest thing to a veterinarian that most small towns had. In times of need, the local blacksmith could be called on to pull an aching, rotten tooth! Horse shoe making was an art in itself. He had to know exactly the size and shape of the horse hoof from which he shaped the horseshoe to make it fit perfectly. An ill-shod horse was of no use to anyone. Shaping took place at the forge and when up to specifications, the horseshoe was pushed soundly against the sole of the hoof, burning the hoof to make total contact. It is said that there is a lot of smoke, but no pain to the animal due to the horny surface of the hoof. Pre-punched holes in the shoe allowed for nails to be nailed into the shoe. Oxen have a different style hoof - they are "cloven footed", thus the blacksmith had to make their shoes in two pieces. And, it was more difficult shoeing an oxen, because, as the farmers out there know, a horse can stand rather peacefully on three legs - an oxen can not. Thus a sling had to be used to hold the ox up. "Citified" blacksmiths also made other tools including nails. After the use of the wooden plug had diminished, people wanted real metal nails. These had to be pointed on one end, cut and a head had to be created. And it was preferable that the nails be all the same length! It is said that many city blacksmiths trained young men apprenticed to them by teaching them to make nails. They progressed from there to gridirons, trivets, pot hooks, trammels, dippers, strainers, toasters, strap hinges, fire tongs, andirons, slide bolts, interior and exterior door hinges and cupboard hinges. As the farmer's barns became more ornamental as well as useful, the smithy was often called on to create elaborate weather vanes. Soon town officials wanted balcony railings on their city halls, sign brackets for businesses, chandeliers to hold candles in the town "ordinary" or tavern. The blacksmith has always held the reputations of being a hard working man, sturdy, dependable and honest. So when you find your ancestor listed as a blacksmith, be proud of the work he did. He was the backbone of the community and the farm. © Copyright 29 June 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com. Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP# 158 - THE KENTUCKY WEDDING AND HOME In the past, I have published articles on the Kentucky Woman, the Kentucky Man and the Kentucky Child. I have been asked to do an article on the Kentucky Home. I am looking now back into the early settlement days of the counties. To have a home, there had to be a wedding. The early inhabitants of Kentucky and other states generally married young. There was no definite distinction between rank and fortune. The expression of "love at first sight" might well describe our great-great grandparents and back. Normally it appeared that the first impression of love would result in a marriage and then began the establishment of the family. It cost little more than a little labor and not much else. A Kentucky wedding in earlier times was quite an event. It excited the attention of entire communities in which it occurred. On the morning of the wedding day, the groom and his attendants met at the house of his father for the purpose of proceeding to the "mansion" of the bride. Noon was the most common time for the ceremonies to begin - the wedding just HAD to "come off" before dinner. The era of the church wedding was a long time in the future. Our forefathers and mothers did not have the luxury of bridal registries, wedding consultants, bridal shops or beauty shops. They just dressed in their best "duds", with the groom often found outfitted in leather breeches, leggings, linsey hunting shirts and moccasins. The bride to be wore linsey petticoats, linsey or linen gowns, coarse shoes, stockings, handerchiefs and buckskins or hattern. The march began at the house of the groom on way to the bride's house. If they lived any distance apart, this march might be interrupted by narrow roads, fallen trees which had to be moved out of the way, grape vines blocking the progress of the horses. Many times, in celebration of the upcoming event, the male party would discharge their guns, announcing their arrival. All of a sudden, the party would emerge from the woods with great shouts and yells and the girls would start shrieking and running about excitedly. Sometimes a few bruises, falls from horses or other minor accidents would occur during this chivalrie, but the injured were just bandaged up with materials on hand and the ceremony barely delayed. Sometimes, except in the homes of the devout church-goers, another ceremony took place before the party reached the home of the bride - this coming about after the introduction of whiskey. When the men were within a mile or so of the bride's house, two young men would be singled out to "run for the bottle." This was announced by a piercing Indian yell. The bottle was always filled for the occasion, and the first who reached the door of the bride was presented the bottle with the contents distributed among the company present. The ceremony of the marriage preceded dinner. This was a total feast, prepared by love from the available food by the bride's mother. It consisted of beef, pork, fowl and sometimes venison or bear meat roasted or boiled with potatoes, cabbage and other vegetables. After relaxing for a while after a full meal, the dancing began and this usually lasted through the night into the next morning. Dancing would never occur at the homes of the Baptist and several other churches which frowned upon the dance and was reason for dismissal from the church. Those that did dance did the four handed reels, square sets and jigs. About nine or ten o'clock, a group of young ladies stole off the bride and a group of young men stole the groom. They were taken to their room upstairs for the night, with food being brought to them if it was remembered! Downstairs the dancing continued. If there was a shortage of chairs, a young man was obliged to provide a seat on his lap for one of the girls. Now that we have a happy couple, the next step was getting them a place to live on their own if this was economically feasible. This was called the "settling." A spot was selected on a piece of land of one of the parents. A day was "appointed" shortly after the marriage for commencing the work of building the cabin. A group of men called the "fatigue party" was made up of tree choppers whose only business it was to fell the trees and cut them off at the right lengths. A man with a team came by to haul them to the place selected for the cabin and arranging them property assorted at the sides and ends of the building. Next came a carpenter, if one could really call him that, who had to search the woods for a suitable tree for making clapboards for the roof. The trees had to be straight grained and from 3-4 feet through. This board was split four feet long with a large froe and as wide as the timber would allow. They were used without planing or shaving. Another group of men were employed in getting puncheons for the floor of the cabin (if a floor was planned - many had just dirt floors); this being done by splitting logs about 18 inches in diameter and hewn with a broad axe. They were half the length of the floor. While the materials were being gathered, the friends and neighbors gathered together to start the process of raising the cabin. The roof and sometimes the floor was finished on the first day. A third day was normally needed by the carpenters to level off the floor and make a clapboard door and table. The table was made of a split slab and supported by four round legs set in auger holes; some 3-legged stools were also made for the bride's new home. Pins stuck in the logs at the back of the house supported clap boards for cupboard ware or anything else. The cabin being finished, the house-warming began before the young couple were allowed to move in. There was another dance which continued many times all night and all the friends, neighbors and workers were in attendance. The next morning, the likely weary couple moved in their very first home. It might be noted that an expression came into existence during this time called "Lawrence." Lawrence designated an individual who found an excuse not to assist in house raisings, log rollings or harvest parties. © Copyright 25 June 1998, Sandra K. Gorin. All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP# 157 - REVOLUTIONARY WAR SOLDIERS - GRANT, GRAVES, GRAYSON, GREEN, GREENUP, and HANCOCK COUNTIES. GRANT COUNTY: Barker, No first, Pvt., NY Line; 17 May 1819; 9 Sept 1818; age 96; age 75. Bates, James, Pvt of Infantry & Cavalry, VA Line; 27 Dec 1833; $85; age 79. Childers, Henry, Pvt., VA Militia; 22 Feb 1833; $20; age 69. Crook, Jeremiah, Pvt., VA Militia; 22 Feb 1833; $20; age 70. Jones, Joshua, Pvt., VA Militia; 25 Sept 1833; $60; age 74. Jump, John, Pvt., NC State Troops, 18 Dec 1833; $40; age 86. New, Jacob, Pvt., VA Militia; 7 Feb 1834; $20; age 73. Seward, Daniel, Pvt., PA Militia; 31 Jan 1834; $30; age 73. Spencer, Joseph, Captain, VA Line; 13 Feb 1819; 28 May 1818; $240; age 84; died 27 Aug 1829. Theobald, James, Pvt., VA Militia; 9 Jan 1833; $80; no age shown. Zinn, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 11 June 1834; $80; age 71. In county, 1840: Aaron Adams, 71; John Lawless,89; John Linn, 79. Total for county: 14 GRAVES COUNTY: Adams, Walter, Pvt., NC Militia; 17 Aug 1833; $43.33; age 79. Brimmage, John, Pvt., MD Militia; 10 May 1834; $20; age 73. Cook, William, Pvt., NC Militia; 26 Jan 1833; $80; age 71. Gilbert, Charles, Pvt., MD Militia; 11 Jan 1834; $60; age 78. Hawthorn, John, Pvt., MD Militia; 11 Jan 1834; $60; age 78. Johnson, William, Pvt., VA Militia; 20 Jan 1834; $63.33; age 74. Lovelace, Vachel, Pvt., NC Militia; 17 Aug 1833; $30; age 76. Odill, John, Pvt., SC State Troops; 11 June 1834; $67.50; age 75. Odom, Willis, Pvt. Of Infantry & Cavalry, SC Militia; 24 Feb 1834; $28.16; age 71. Rhodes, Benjamin, Pvt. Of Cavalry, NC Militia; 26 Jan 1833; $29.16; age 69; died 1 Mar 1834. Ross, James, Pvt., NC Line; 1 July 1829; 7 Feb 1829; $96; age 78; died 27 Feb 1831. Rowden, George, Pvt & Infantry & Cavalry, NC Militia; 25 Mar 1834; $85.54; age 91. Stafford, John, Pvt., MD Militia; 13 May 1834; $200; age 67. In county, 1840: Daniel Fox, 75; Joshua Gamblin, 75 and Joseph Glover, 80. Total for county: 17. Stokes, John, Pvt., NC Militia; 21 Oct 1833; $66.66; age 71. GRAYSON COUNTY: Ashcroft, Daniel, Pvt., VA Line; 9 Sept 1833; $30; age 65. Beatty, Joseph, Sgt., PA Line; 13 Dec 1823; 22 Sept 1823; $96; age 81; died 8 Sept 1827. Bosworth, Jonathan, Pvt., PA Line; 13 Dec 1823; 22 Sept 1823; age 80; died 14 Sept 1830. Bowles, Matthew, Pvt., VA Militia; 16 Apr 1833; $36.66; age 71. Cleaver, William, Pvt., VA Militia; 17 Aug 1833; $33.33; age 73. Decker, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 22 Aug 1833; $33.33; age 82. Decker, William, Pvt., VA Militia, 6 May 1833; $22.33; age 89. Fulkerson, John, Pvt., NJ Line; 16 Mar 1833; $80; age 79. Gore, Isaac, Pvt., VA Militia; 18 Aoct 1833; $40; age 73. Mimms/Minzes, Joseph, Pvt., NC Line; 28 Aug 1830; 28 Aug 1830; $76; no age shown. Phelps, John, Sgt., VA Line; 6 June 1834; $120; age 75. Prior, Simon, Pvt., NJ Line; 17 Aug 1833; $80; age 74. Skaggs, Henry, Pvt., VA Militia; 17 Aug 1833; $30; age 75. Vanmeter, Isaac, Pvt., PA Militia; 23 Feb 1833; $35.96; age 82. Williams, Isaac, Pvt., VA Militia; 19 Feb 1834; $30; age 80. Zerry, Josiah, Pvt., VA Line; 9 Aug 1833; $70; age 79. In county, 1840: Edward Dehaven, 84 and John Rowe, 98. Total for county: 18 GREEN COUNTY: Barbee, Elias, Pvt., VA Line; 29 Mar 1833; $60; age 71. Barnet, Andrew, Pvt., SC Militia; 31 May 1833; $80; age 73. Barnet, William, Pvt., SC Militia; 30 May 1833; $80; age 76. Berry, Thomas, Pvt., PA Line; 1 Oct 1819; 28 Apr 1818; $96; age 82. Bright, Wyndle, Pvt., VA Line; 9 Apr 1833; $80; age 78. Campbell, Lawrence, Pvt., VA Militia; 12 Apr 1833; $20; age 71. Carlisle, James P., Pvt., VA Militia; 15 Nov 1833; $60; age 73. Chadoin, Andrew, Pvt., VA State Troops; 9 Apr 1833; $60; age 73. Cowherd, James, Sgt., VA Line; 27 Mar 1833; $120; age 76. Cowherd, Jonathan, Pvt & Lt., VA Line; 7 Dec 1833; $120; age 78. DeSpain, Peter, Pvt., VA Militia; 1 Dec 1832; $60; age 71. Dicken, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 22 Aug 1833; $80; age 75. Emerson, John, Lt., VA Line; 21 July 1819; 26 Apr 1818; $240; age 82. Gaines, Thomas, Bombardier, VA Line; 17 Aug 1833; $108; age 75. Green, William, Pvt & Capt., VA Line; 25 Apr 1834; $76.66; age 80. Griffin, Sherrod, Pvt., VA Line; 29 May 1833; $75; age 76. Harding, Thomas, Pvt., PA Line; 9 Apr 1833; $80; age 76. Hatcher, Henry, Pvt., VA Line; 7 Nov 1832; $80; age 78. Lee, Joshua, Pvt., GA Militia; 9 Aug 1833; $24.88; age 76. Lee, William, Pvt. & Sgt., VA Militia; 7 Nov 1832; $39.16; age 80. Meers, Moses, Pvt., NC Militia; 21 Aug 1833; $32.44; age 71. Miles, John 2nd, Pvt., MD Line; 22 Sept 1819; 2 May 1818; $96; age 94, died 17 Mar 1827. Minor, Larkin, Pvt., VA Line; 14 May 1819; 28 May 1818; $96; age 54 [sic] Morris, Jesse, Pvt., SC Militia; 17 June 1834; $21.13; age 77. McCorkle, Samuel, Pvt., VA Militia; 9 Aug 1833; $26.66; no age shown. Parsons, Thomas, Pvt., VA Militia; 7 Nov 1832; $65.54; age 86. Pierceall, Richard, Pvt., VA Militia; 25 Apr 1833; $20; age 90. Price, William H, Pvt., NC Militia; 26 Sept 1833; $30; age 79. Puryear, Jesse, Pvt., VA Line; 10 Juy 1819; 28 Apr 1818; $96; age 80. Phipps, Joshua, Pvt., VA Line; 25 June 1819; 25 May 1818; $96; age 89. Reily, John 2nd, Pvt., VA Line; 21 July 1819; 2 May 1818; $96; age 65. Rice, Randolph, Pvt., VA Line; 7 Nov 1832; $80; age 72; died 7 Aug 1832. Sherrill, James, Pvt., VA State Troops; 9 Apr 1833; $63.66; age 60. Short, Joshua, Pvt., VA Line; 14 May 1819; 28 May 1818; $96; age 82. Shown, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 9 Aug 1833; $25.48; age 74. Skaggs, William, Pvt., VA Militia; 21 Aug 1833; $36.66; age 77. Smith, John, Pvt., VA Line; 7 Nov 1832; $80; age 75. Smith, Thomas, Pvt., VA Line; 7 Nov 1832; $80; age 72. Spoffner, Henry, Pvt., NC Militia; 7 Nov 1832; $50; age 79. Steerman, William W., VA Line; 8 Nov 1832; $79; age 79. Sympson, William, Pvt., VA Line; 9 Apr 1834; $20; age 67. Tapscott, William, Pvt., VA Militia; 11 June 1834; $23.33; age 70. Taylor, John S, Pvt., VA Line; 21 July 1819; 28 Apr 1818; $96; age 76. Thurman, John, Pvt., GA Militia; 21 Oct 1833; $40; age 67. Timberlake, Joseph, Pvt., VA Line; 12 Dec 1822; 18 Nov 1822; $96; age 82. Warren, Hugh, Pvt., NC Militia; 18 July 1834; $40; age 70. Watson, David, Pvt., VA Line; 21 Aug 1833; $80; age 75. Woodard, George, Pvt., VA Militia; 12 Apr 1833; $36.66; age 73. Wright, Thomas, Pvt., VA Militia; 2 Oct 1819; 28 May 1818; $96; age 80. Total in county in 1840: James Bigg, 87; Jeremiah Ingram, 81; John Greenwell, 80; Richard Purcell, 99 and Daniel Tribble, 80. Total for county: 54. GREENUP COUNTY: Burns, Jeremiah, Pvt, VA Line; 9 Dec 1818; 28 July 1818; $96; age 72; died 13 Oct 1824. Howe, John W., Pvt., VA Line; 18 Oct 1833; $33.33; age 82. Johnson, John 2nd, Pvt., CT line; 21 July 1819; 29 July 1818; $96; age 89; died 30 Aug 1824. Lawson, James, Pvt., VA Militia; 21 Aug 1833; $30; age 74. Mayhew, Elisha, Pvt., Congress Regiment; 21 July 1819; 13 Oct 1818; $96, no age; died 2 Nov 1819. Patten, James, Pvt., PA Line; 12 Nov 1833; $21.66; age 83. Riggs, Charles, Pvt., MD Line; 8 June 1833; $80; age 78. Sartin, Clayburn, Pvt., VA Line; 9 Aug 1833; $80; age 79. Smith, Godfrey, Pvt., VA Line; 11 May 1820; 24 Oct 1819; $96; age 59. Zornes, Andrew, Pvt., PA Line; 25 Jan 1823; 24 Apr 1820; age 77. Living in county 1840: John Chadwick, 75; James Norton, 73; Thomas Hackworth, 77. Total for county: 13. HANCOCK COUNTY: Leonard, Patrick, Pvt., PA line; 23 June 1819; 27 June 1818; $96; age 82; transferred from Ohio 4 Mar 1820, died Aug 1822. Newman, Edward, Sgt., VA Line; 3 Nov 1832; $90; age 72. Total for county per Collins 1840: 2 © Copyright 23 June 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #156 - CLAIMS BELOW THE TENNESSEE RIVER Be sure to check out the URL in my signature line for KYRESEARCH to find the previous 155 tips! I appreciate all the comments you have been sending and am glad this series is a help to you! I am continuing to improve and regain my strength and want to thank all of you again for all your prayers, cards, gifts and words of encouragement! Sandi For this tip, I shall be quoting Chapter CXI of the Revised Statutes of the State of Kentucky, 1822. Part of an act passed December 22, 1792, in force from its passage. Sec. 1: If any surveyor within this commonwealth, shall enter, or suffer to be entered in his office, any entry for land, or receive or issue any plat or certificate of survey, on any entry made since the first day of May last, he shall forfeit and pay two hundred pounds for every such offence, to the use of the commonwealth; to be recovered, with costs, on motion of the auditor, in any court of record within this state, having cognizance of the same; Provided such survey or have ten days' notice of such motion; and moreover shall be liable to be removed from office. And every surveyor shall certify, on any plat or certificate of survey, the date of the entry on which such survey was made, that may hereafter be taken out of his office, to be returned to the register of the land office. Sec. 2. If the register of the land office shall receive into his office any plat or certificate of survey on which the date of entry is not certified, or shall issue any grant for land on any plat or certificate of survey, where the entry on which survey was made hath been entered since the first day of May last, he shall forfeit and pay two hundred pounds to the use of the commonwealth, for every such offence, to be recovered with costs on motion of the auditor, in any court of record within this state, having cognizance of the same; provided such register hath ten days' previous notice of such motion; and he shall moreover be liable to be removed from office. And the auditor is hereby empowered and required to move against every surveyor or registor so offending accordingly. Sec. 3. Every entry of land made on any military or treasury warrant, or which shall be made until otherwise directed by law, since the first of May last, which is in the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety two, and every survey made on any such entry, or grant, that may issue for land by virtue of any survey made on such entry, is hereby declared null and void. An act passed December 24th, 1808, in force from its passage. Sec. 1. The register of the land office shall not receive into his office, nor receipt for any plat or plats, nor certificate or certificates of surveys, made on any treasury warrant or warrants within the boundary set apart by the act of the legislature of the State of Virginia for the officers and soldiers of the Virginia state and continental lines, ….. An Act passed December 22, 1818: Sec. 1: No entry or survey shall be made upon any portion of the lands lying within the late Chickasaw Indian boundary … and for the extinguishment of whose title a treaty has been lately negotiated by Isaac Shelby and Andrew Jackson … An act passed February 14, 1820. Sec. 1. There shall be appointed by a joint vote of both houses of the general assembly, some fit person as superintendent in surveying the lands situate west of the Tennessee river in this state. Sec. 4: Said superintendent shall lay off, and divide the last west of said river by north and south lines, running according to the true meridian, and by others crossing them at right angles, so as to form townships of six miles square …. The corners of the townships shall be marked with progressive numbers, from the beginning, making the south east corner of each township the beginning corner … Sec. 5: Said superintendent shall cause four complete plats to be made out, each of which shall exhibit the townships and sections, and portions of townships and sections … a copy to the clerk of Livingston County, one to the clerk of Caldwell county. An Act passed December 26, 1820: Sec. 1: The surveyor of the lands set apart for the satisfaction of the legal bounties of the officers and soldiers of the Virginia line on state establishment be …. On warrants for military services .. lands laid off by William T. Henderson, state surveyor … Sec. 6: The lands aforesaid lying west of the Tennessee River shall be subject to taxation as other lands in this commonwealth. An Act passed December 27, 1820: Sec. 1: Whereas the general assembly of the commonwealth of Virginia, at their October session 1783, authorised the deputation of officers of the Virginia lines, on state as well as on continental establishment, to lay off four thousand acres of land, in such manner and form as they might judge most beneficial, for a town, on the Mississippi, on the waters of thereof, and vest the same in trustees for the common benefit and interest of the whole. And whereas William Croghan, Major Carrington, John Montgomery and John Rogers were appointed as trustees …. Did locate said 4000 acres 2nd August 1784, including the Iron Banks. William Croghan, and the surviving trustee Joseph Rogers Underwood, Richard Taylor, jun, William Montgomery and David L M'Kee, appointed trustees … Mentions again the Iron Bank and the town of Columbus. This is a long and detailed description of the laying off of lands in this area and it would be beneficial to researchers of this area to investigate all the acts involved. © Copyright 18 June 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #155 - THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO AUNT LIZZIE SYNDROME Today's tip is courtesy of Bill Utterback who is the list owner of KYJACKSON-PURCHASE, and an extremely knowledgeable in researching techniques and history of Kentucky. He has graciously permitted me to reprint a tip which recently appeared on his list, and I have added some comments of my own at the end. "Almost every family has an elder matriarch or patriarch to whom we go for family information. In most cases, the elders of the family also can thrill us with their bits and pieces of other data, besides the facts about their peers which we need to know, and which they may be in a position to tell us. How many of us have been told that we had Native American blood in our veins, or that two, or three, or four brothers "came over from the old country" and founded the family in America, or some other family tradition? Many of you will be nodding your heads, as you recognize and remember these family traditions. The problem for genealogists relative to family tradition is twofold: in the first place, it is very easy to become so convinced that a family tradition "just as to be true because Aunt Lizzie said so", that we begin to try to shape genealogical fact to meet our need to prove Aunt Lizzie correct. And, in the second place, if Aunt Lizzie is still living, and if we should prove the family lore which she so lovingly related to us is false, there is the very real possibility that Aunt Lizzie - or others in the family - might feel that we have impugned her integrity or honesty. One of the most vivid examples of the misuse and misconstruing of family tradition can be seen in Alex Haley's work, "Roots". In that work, Haley attempted to take the family lore about his "ancestor", Toby - or Kunta Kinte, as he supposedly called himself - and prove it to be true. Over the years since the publication of "Roots", very detailed research has been done to backtrack Haley's own efforts and his own scholarship as he tried to prove that family tradition, and, almost without fail, every significant "fact" which he proffered to document his lineage has shown to be incorrect or false. It has had an unfortunate effect on those interested in pursuing African-American genealogy, since it stressed "oral tradition" over documented fact. So how do we avoid that same pitfall? The best approach - and the one that I have taken over the years - has been to try equally as hard to disprove a family tradition. For example, I have a Bailey line in my background, and perhaps a half dozen people over the years have told me that their grandmother, or great-aunt, or some elder family member, had told them that there was an extraordinary Choctaw Indian man in our ancestry by the name of John Armstrong(and the name "Armstrong" can be an Indian name), and that he had been, in the 1700's, educated at Oxford, and was, in all respects, one of the more privileged people of his time and background. I set out to prove or disprove that story, which came from different people (who did not know each other) at various times over a ten year period. There was, in fact, an ancestor named John Armstrong Bailey, who was my ggg-gf. That was an interesting development, when I discovered him. Going back into the 1700's, however, I found that John A. Bailey was, in fact, named for his great-grandfather, John Armstrong. Further research, over a long period of time, indicated that John Armstrong lived in England for a time, did attend Oxford, and, in America, he was well known among the Choctaw in Georgia, as he traded with them and was a good friend to them. So, we somehow, over 200 years, had gone from a man who was named John Armstrong, and who did attend Oxford, and who worked and helped the Choctaw nation, to a Choctaw Indian man who went to Oxford. Family traditions give us a hint of where to go and perhaps a pinch of information about what we may hope to find, but we always need to try to remember that just because Aunt Lizzie says it is so does not automatically confer sacredness on her statements. A wit once remarked that it is amazing how a sheet of paper will just lay there and let anyone write anything on it. The same can be true with spoken tradition. In the 19th century, storytelling was not just a pastime - it was really an art, and embellishment was a part of that art. As long as we keep all of that in mind, we'll do alright with how we handle those family stories." Now to Sandi's comments. What Bill has said is painfully true. I would like to cite some other examples that I have run into with first a comment about "Roots". Although much of the authenticity of Haley's works has been in dispute, it did accomplish something very important. It DID get a lot of people of African-American ancestry interested in finding out more about their roots! It gave many a sense of determination to find out more on their families and have inspired many Black youth to start talking to their elders and putting total an oral history of their family … whether 100% accurate is always in question, black or white! When I was deep into my research on our families, I was met with a family member, quite intelligent, quite well-known, quite learned, who was more than glad to share some of the most fascinating facts with me. I spent several hours with him, writing and taping fiendishly. I had no reason to doubt his accuracy as he was describing events involving his own personal life and those around him. However, just before "going to press" with a family book, another family member, quite closely related, asked to see a copy of this fabulous story. Well, needless to say, 99% of the material had to be pitched upon inspection, as the individual was simply volunteering information the way he hoped he would be recorded, not the way it actually happened! I was saddened but thankful to have found out before publishing! On the other side of the coin however. A dear lady in another state wrote me early in my researching days in my county trying to seek information about a relative here, "crazy Aunt so and so" who said that this relative was hung in the county. She was trying to prepare a family history book for her grandchildren and doubted the accuracy of her aunt's stories! My simple reply back to her was 'Would you like an 8 x 10 glossy of the hanging?" Her relative had indeed been hung here, the last legal hanging in the county. So, this time, Aunt Lizze (or whatever her name) was being accurate. Another tale in our family came down that one of our not so distant ancestors had something very important to do with the typewriter. Hmmm. After 30 some years of hit and miss researching on this great great uncle, lo and behold I find a book listed in the Library of Congress by him and find that he indeed did make a significant contribution. He invented the space bar on the typewriter and had even published a book about touch typewriting - that course so many of labored over in high school! So, we have to do as Bill suggested; work just as hard to disprove as to approve. Maybe we will never find the actual truth. In that instance, I am prone to include it in my writings but stress that this is ORAL tradition and that I am unable at this time to confirm it. Perhaps one of our children or grandchildren can finally find the absolute documentation that Greatgrandma Pocahontas was indeed of Cherokee heritage and not just named that because it was "in" to use the name. Or that Uncle Harry wasn't known as a great horseman and was kidnapped somewhere out west - but that he had been a horse thief and took off for parts unknown! Oral tradition and family tales make our family history live, if we remember as Bill says that story telling can be embellished over the years and grow from generation to generation. The noted author, Lynwood Montell has many books in print on folk tales, ghost stories and superstitions of this part of Kentucky and Tennessee. He has them methodically categorized as to location, age of teller, variations on a theme, etc. It is interesting to note that many of these stories grew out of the same source, but each family added their own "twist" to the tale. After a generation or so, each family swore that it happened to THEIR family, when in fact it was an oft-repeated story that had been heard so many times in front of the fireplace in their woodland cabins, that it became the gospel truth to them and became part of their history. So, if you are faced with Aunt Lizzie tales; go out and challenge them, investigate them, disprove them or prove them! That's one of the fun things of genealogy! Our pastor out in Arizona, George Whitehood, prefaced his little book on his family history with this statement: "This is a story of the way it might have been by someone who wasn't there." © Copyright 16 April 1998, All Rights Reserved, Bill Utterback and Sandi Gorin. Sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/ BarrenObits PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP# 154 - DEFINITIONS SU THROUGH Y Subsister: A prisoner who had no money. Substitute soldier: One who served in the service for another; paid by the one who should have served. Sunday Saint: One who was always in church for services but was also known as a cheat or reviler the rest of the week. Surety: One who voluntered to be liable for the debts of another if the other person defaulted. Surrogate wife: Mistress Survey: Locating land accurately by meets and bounds. Sustre: Sister Sutor/Sutter: cobbler or shoemaker. Sutton's Law: Named for Dr William Sutton, 1st president of the KY State Medical Association. A bill Requiring collection of vital statistics for KY, to be reported by all clergymen, doctors and midwives, Jan 1852 to 29 Aug 1862. Then repealed. Swamp sickness: Milk sickness. Sward: A sodded (normally) acre of land. Sweating sickness: Caused profuse sweating and also known as day fever. Swele: Tumor or swelling. Swinacie: Quinsy. Swizzle: A mixture of ale and beer. Tabellarius: Record keeper. Tabler: One who kept boarders. Taedium vitae: Weariness of life Talesman: The last man chosen to complete a jury when others had been excused for various reasons. Tall clock: Grandfather's clock. Tansy: A herb used in cooking. Tap House: Inn or tavern. Tapster: Bartender Tattoo: Nightime bugle call that preceded taps. Also known as the evening gun. Taxables: Those liable for paying taxes. 16 and older males; some paupers, disabled individuals and Some ministers excluded. If a man was over 53 and didn't have any males in his household of military Age, they were sometimes double taxed for their real and personal property. Tax list: The list of those due to pay taxes for themselves, white males over 16, cattle, horses, carriages, Etc. If a woman's name is found, normally a widow. If a young man is shown with little and another Man nearby suddenly has one less horse or cow etc., a clue that this might be his father. Used many Times to supplement the census records or for years the census was burned. Teamer: a team of 5 horses. Temulence: Drunk. Tenancy at will: A rental agreement continuing as long as the parties desire - ended by a written notice from either party. Terce: a widow's life rent allowed as part of her husband's estate. She must have been married for at least A year and a day or have a child. Test/teste: Attest. Testamentary guardian: One named by the father in his will or in a deed. Testament testamentor: The executor was named by the deceased in his will. Testate: Died leaving a will. Testator: One making a will. Testatrix: Female who makes a will. Teste: Witness. Tetter: Skin eruption. The Late Hostility: Civil War The Lost Cause: Civil War The Recent Unpleasantness: Civil War The Southern Uprising: Civil War Third father: Great-grandfather Thorowstone: Flat gravestone. Throw-out land: Land that has become worthless because the land wasn't rested or the same crop was Planted year after year. Thundering minister/preacher: A visiting or itinerant preacher known for his "hell and brimstone" Preaching. Tintype: A positive style photograph on a thin iron plate which has been coated with a thin layer of tin to keep it from rusting. Also known as a ferrotype. Tippling House: Tavern Tirewoman: Milliner. Tory: One loyal to the British government during the Revolutionary War. It was later sometimes used for A southerner who sympathized with the north. Town crier: One who roamed the streets calling out "ads", announced found or lost cattle, etc. Trace: A simple path created by animals, later followed by men and later widened into a road. Tread road: Two strips of pavement were driven on by the vehicles. Trespass: To enter the premises of another without authorization. True bill: A bill of indictment issued by a grand jury who has heard all the evidence and have reached a Decisiion. Trussing bed: A portable bed/cot. Turnpike: Roads where a toll was paid, built by private companies in the late 1700's. Normally dirt and Almost totally impassable in rainy weather. There was no toll for those going to church, voting, going to mill or the blacksmith; physicians and midwives did not pay tolls. Twinlinges: Twins. Ult: From the Latin Ultimo which means last and normally meant the month before. "7 September - John Smith died 17th ult" means he died the 17th of August. Underground railroad: Citizens against slavery who bound together in a way to get slaves out of the territory and headed north. Traveling was done at night and people hid the slaves during the day time. Travel was by foot, or by boat. Underground stations: Safe houses for slaves going north. Unsolemn will: No executor named in the will. Uterine brother and sister: Children who have same mother but different fathers. Vacant land: No one holds a title to - government land was included in this. Vane man: The assistant to a surveyor. Vanity book: County history book where the subscribers were charged to include their biographies. Vault: The burial chamber beneath a church, or in a tiny building on a cemetery lot. Wagoner: One who hauled food and products. Walking purchase. The amount of land included in an area walkable by a man in a day and a half. War for Abolition. Civil War. War of Emancipation. Civil War War of Northern Aggression: Civil War. Watching candle. Found at a wake to provide light for a person sitting up all night with a corpse. Way wardens: Those who kept private roads. Wedman: Husband Weepers: Those who attended funerals and make the crowd appear larger and wept loudly. Sometimes they were paid for their services. Wenche: Black female slave. Found on many tax lists. Westylvania: This land company was founded in 1776 and included a large amount of land in the Applachian Mountains, some of southwest Pennsylvania, all of West Virginia and northeastern KY. Whig: One who swore allegiance to the Colonies against the British during the Revolutionary War. White swelling: Thrombosis of the large veins of the leg with swelling, pain and hardness. Also called milk leg as it occurred most often after child birth. Winter fever: Thought to be pneumonia. Year's provisions: That which was allotted to a widow from her late husband … enough to support her For a year. Younger children: This included all the children except the eldest son. The latter didn't have as many Provisions. Daughters who were older than the eldest son were included as "younger children." I hope you have enjoyed the series! © Copyright 11 June 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com - Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits

TIP#153 - TOWNS, STRAYS, LUNATICS This tip will be a little shorter than usual, due to the fact that I just got out of the hospital and can't sit easily for long periods of times. It's good to be back! On 19 December 1796, the State Kentucky Legislature set forth some definitions of towns and how they were to be established in the Commonwealth. It stated that the county courts were vested with full power and authority within the bounds of their respective counties, and were to establish a town and vest any particular tract or parcel of land as they deemed necessary for this purpose. They could appoint trustees and notification of land to be purchased was to be posted at the courthouse door and in the Kentucky Gazette or Herald. No town could be established on any land or any land laid off in addition to any town already established that had been claimed by any person without consent. Land vested to become a town as to be laid off in "convenient streets and lots" with the lots being disposed of in publish auction for the best possible price. The trustees were to take bond with security for the payment of the purchase money to the proprietor and deliver bond to him. The trustees were also charged with the responsibility of maintaining the city streets to insure that they were free of refuse, and kept in a state of repair. There were up to 15 trustees allowed and they were to meet on the county court day in August every second year. After a town had been established, and a proprietor of the land adjoining the town wished to add to or enlarge the town, this was to be advertised and the additional land laid off. Special legislation was passed in February of 1798 making it illegal to run or race a horse within the town limits, or to shoot within the town limits. Those with stud horses were also restricted to keeping the horse "covered" and the public water source was to be kept clean and pure. In December 1800 the election for trustees was set as the first Monday in each August with the applicant being a free male 18 years old or older, an actual resident of the town, a real estate owner. Taxation was to be determined by the trustees and various rules established for the collection and recording of said taxes. STRAYS: When one thinks of strays in the early days, one normally thinks of stray livestock. However, there were also regulations about stray boats, canoes or any other vessel adrift! Anyone finding same was required to go before a justice of the peace and give a description of the vessel, where it had been found, etc. It was recorded by the County Clerk and published for 3 successive court days; the one finding the vessel was entitled to a reward of 6 shillings for every boat, 3 shillings for every vessel or canoe. When it came to livestock, this included horses, mares, colts - 10 days were allowed for the finder to take the animal before a justice and make oath of where they had found same, and to record any brand or mark. 3 disinterested parties were called to make an evaluation of the animal and to note the apparent age and shape. The finder was paid 6 shillings for each horse, mare or cold, 2 shillings for every head of "neat cattle", one shilling for every sheep or goad and one shilling for every hog above a year old. If the animal was not claimed within 2 months (being advertised in newspapers and at the courthouse), the finder could have the animal. Sometimes strays could be held a year and then sold with the money going into the treasury. A pound was to be built in every county next to or close to the courthouse for holding the stray animals. Individuals had to come to the court house to claim their property. LUNATICS: According to the law passed December 19, 1798, a lunatic was defined as "any person of unsound mind". The Attorney General or the attorney for the county, had to make application to a court of chancery within the Commonwealth of Kentucky, to appoint a committee to such unsound person. The court of chancery made an order respecting the support, restraint and/or safe-keeping of the individual of unsound mind as they thought fit and proper. When the estate of the person of unsound mind was sufficient for the support of his family (if he had one), the person was supported out of his own money. But, if there was no estate, or it was insufficient, the court had the power to make an order that a sum was to be paid to the committee out of the public treasury. © Copyright 9 June 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com - Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits

I certainly didn't look or act like a woman who had surgery last week. All staples are out and everyone is pleased with how I look and feel. THE TESTS ALL CAME OUT OK! - NO SIGN OF MALIGNANCY! Praise the Lord, right? I can't drive for 2 weeks (ouch!), but can pretty well keep my own schedule if I promise to rest a lot. I have to go back one month from today. Feeling good - but going to stretch out a bit - about 4 of the 52 staples zinged me! Sandi Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com - Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits

what's going on at our house? He has been running an hour late recently and he's blaming it all on me! Again today, I was tickled pink to have a whole batch of cards from you sweet people - books, devotionals, book orders .... words just can't express what's in my heart right now. I sat up for awhile after a walk and have finished reading through all the e-mails that flew back and forth while I was in the hospital. I can't yet comprehend your concern - but this gal is blessed above all to have such an extended family of friends. If you ever get close to Glasgow, just give me a call and I'll direct you to the house so I can meet you in person! Think I'll have to hire a few of you - I have over 80 book orders to fill when I get on my feet and as you know, I don't keep the books in stock - I stop and copy them and bind them when I get an order. Kris and Shelley are going to get their feet much wetter on this stage of publishing too! Thanks is such a shallow word at a time like this, but I think you know how much I mean it. My Mom offers her thanks too - all the cards you sent her helped bolster her faith and strength during my surgery too. How am I feeling? Pretty doggone good. I get sleepy early and usually retire about 8:30. I have occasional twinges but no actual pain. In fact some of the staples are starting to have itching going on around them so healing has to be taking place. I am starved all the time! After 2 sessions of liquid dieting I'm a little behind yet. We've had a lot of food provided by neighbors and friends and the microwave is also getting a workout! I can't look cream of anything soup in the face yet, or jello, but everything else looks wonderful. I've put back on all but 4-5 pounds so much be raiding the refrigerator a LOT! And, I'm not falling asleep on people's conversations any more. Poor Wayne and Larry who kept such wonderful tabs on me while in the hospital normally had a one-sided conversation - I'd close my eyes and I'd be asleep on them. I've renewed my acquaintenances with Wheel of Fortune, the Price is Right and know what's going on in the world for a change. Still avoiding all the talk shows tho! I can laugh gently and can actually cough once in awhile without crossing my eyes and toes! Kris, my household helper, oldest dau and right hand gal actually can get out of the house once in a while now and doesn't have to help me out of bed. Shelley can sit down at the computer and write her friends and not have my e-mail to go through. She's on air over in Bowling Green right now - she's putting in a 7 day week this week to make up for taking off during my surgery. She and Kris even had time to hunt for the last of the Teeny Beenies at McDonalds! Two people mailed me Beanies and Shelley got me a Teddy Bear which stayed at the hospital with me. The nurses laughed once out loud when they came in to check on me and I was curled up almost in a ball clutching my teddy! Blush! I think, if I am careful now, after the staples are out and if the doc is pleased, that I will make a post a day to this list of a genealogy nature. I might have a research tip ready this week, maybe some bios, but they take me longer. I will NOT push myself too hard. But surely am getting tired of cross-word puzzles and I do love word games! I read in the afternoon (thanks to a lot of good reading material some of you have sent me, thanks!), and I turn into a couch potato in the evenings. I'll let you know if the news media beat a path to my door (doubtful, but would be a neat way of spreading the word about internet genealogy!), and the results of the biopsy when I get it Monday. Thank you for your continued prayers ... some of your messages have brought tears of gratitude to my bifocaled eyes believe me! As ever - Sandi Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com - Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits

from the hospital last night. Still dopey and in pain this morning and unable to sit up for long. But I'm home. Thanks to all who have written, mailed cards and prayed. I'll check in everyone once in a while and hopefully it won't be much longer before I can get on a regular schedule. Sandi Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com - Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits

Hi everyone, This is Sandi Gorin's daughter, Shelley. Some of you may be on the South Central Ky list or others to know about my mom having surgery Friday. If not, I wanted to let everyone know that the surgery went well, and the doctors believe the growth to be benign. Final results will be back in a week. We are all very relieved, and there has been such a great outpouring of love, prayers and support from everyone, especially on the genealogy lists. Mom is very weak, still working on sitting up right now, but she is missing being at the computer terribly! There will be no postings this week, while she recovers. I'll let everyone know when she is home from the hospital, and I know that the moment she CAN be back at the computer, she WILL.. if we can keep her from it! *grin* If anyone wants any more specific updates or wants to send messages to Sandi, you can send them to me at rejoice@hotmail.com, or to Sandi's regular address (this one, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com). I've been passing the messages along regularly! Shelley

I physically can't answer all the e-mails that have been pouring in from my three lists - there's been over 300 of them and they're still coming. Just be assured that I'm reading everyone of them and saving them; you all have brightened my day beyond measure! Thank you for your prayers and concern; I'll be back as soon as the doc gives me a hint that I might try again! Friday sometime between 8:30 and 12:30 is the day. Sandi Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com - Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits

Good morning! I'm sending this tip through one day early. I will be going into the hospital for major surgery Friday morning and it appears I'll be there from 2-4 days and then recovering for up to 6 weeks and unable to post. I'm giving you a few week vacation (reluctantly!) and will be back with you as soon as I can! Take care while I'm gone! Sandi TIP#152 REVOLUTIONARY WAR SOLDIERS HARDIN, HARLAN, HARRISON, HART, AND HENDERSON COUNTIES: See the beginning of this series for explanations. HARDIN CO: Abnet (Ament) Anthony, Pvt; PA Militia; 9 Sept 1833; $20; age 76. Awbry (Aubrey), Samuel, Pvt; VA Line; 12 Apr 1833; $80; age 75. Belknap, James, Pvt; Massachusetts Line; 25 June 1819; 27 May 1818; $96; age 76; died 16 Feb 1824. Carson, John, Pvt, SC Line; 14 Mar 1819; 7 Sept 1818; $96; age 87. Cash, Warren, Pvt. VA Line; 12 Nov 1832; $80; age 74. Cundiff, John, Pvt; VA Militia; 2 Sept 1833; $20; age 78. Davis, Forrest, Pvt; MD Militia; 2 Sept 1833; $20; age 72. Flanders, Jacob, Pvt; NH Line; 28 Apr 1820; 30 June 1818; $96; age 74. Goodin, Isaac, pvt; PA Line; 11 Oct 1833; $43.33; age 79. Green, John, Pvt; NH Militia; 26 Mar 1833; $35.32; age 70. Hargin, Michael, Pvt; MD Line; 24 Mar 1833; $46.66; age 80. Haycraft, Samuel Sr, Pvt; VA Line; 30 Apr 1822; 20 June 1920; $96; age 80. Howe, John, Sgt; MD Line; 18 May 1819; 19 Sept 1818; $96; age 80. Melton, Charles, Pvt; VA Line; 28 Jan 1819; 20 Nov 1818; $96; age 78. Murvin (Marvin), Patrick, Pvt & Sgt; VA Line; 5 Sept 1833; $63.33; age 75. McCandless, John, Pvt; PA Line; 3 June 1820; 27June 1818; $96; age 72; died 2 Feb 1827. McCullum, James, Pvt; VA Militia; 9 Nov 1832; $60; age 73. McDougal, Alexander, Pvt; SC Line; 9 Nov 1833; $66.66; age 92. McWilliams, James, Pvt; NC Militia; 24 Sept 1833; $20; age 72. Newton, John, Pvt; MD Line; 30 June 1819; 19 Jan 1819; $96; age 74; died 9 Feb 1830. Parker, Benjamin, Pvt; VA Militia; 26 Mar 1833; $20; age 75. Patton, Samuel, Sgt; MD Line; 4 Oct 1832; $75; age 79. Rains, Henry, Pvt; VA Line; 12 Apr 1833; $80, no age given Rider, Joseph, Pvt; Massachusetts Line; 2 Feb 1833; $80; age 75. Scott, John, Pvt; VA State Troops; 2 April 1833; $60; age 91. Smith, Joseph, Pvt; PA Militia; 23 Dec 1833; $20; age 72. Smooth, John, Pvt; VA Militia; 2 Sept 1833; $80; age 79. State, James, Pvt; VA Line; 14 May 1819; 9 Sept 188; $96; age 77. Turner, Solomon, Pvt; MD Line; 4 June 1819; 7 Sept 1818; $96; age 60. Vanmeter, Jacob, Ensign & Captain; VA Militia; 2 Mar 1833; $105; age 73. Vertrees, Isaac, Pvt; PA Line; 24 Sept 1819; 7 Sept 1818; $96; age 72. Wilkins, Thomas, Pvt; VA Line; 14 May 1819; 7 Sept 1818; $96; age 77. Winchester, Richard, Pvt; RI Militia; 16 Apr 1833; $36.66; age 79. Living in county 1840: Thenas Hoskins, 82. Total for county: 34 HARLAN CO: Ballard, Richard, Pvt Inf & Cav; NC Militia; 14 Feb 1834; $34.30; age 71. Brook, Jesse, Pvt; NC Militia; 17 Dec 1833; $30; age 83. Cawood, Berry, Pvt; NC Militia; 23 May 1824; $46.66; age 76. Green, Lewis, Pvt; VA Line; 10 Dec 1833; $40; age 83. Hall, James, Pvt; SC Line; 25 Nov 1833; $46.66; age 83. Jones, Stephen, Pvt; NC Militia; 23 May 1834; $23.33; age 83. Shackleford, Henry, Pvt; VA Militia; 25 Nov 1833; $20; age 70. Living in county in 1840: Benjamin Cozad, 80; James Jackson Sr, 84 and Stephen L Jones, 99. Total for county: 10 HARRISON CO: Abbott, Elijah, Pvt; VA Line; 17 Oct 1825; 3 Oct 1825; $96; age 76. Barnes, John, Pvt; VA Line; 28 May 1819; 11 July 1818; $96; age 78. Beggs, Moore, Pvt; PA Line; 23 Dec 1818; 14 Sept 1818; $96, age 92. Casey, Archibald, no rank shown, Delaware Line; 27 Nov 1820; 6 July 1818; $96; age 75; died 22 Apr 1825. Chadd, Samuel, Pvt; MD Militia; 11 Feb 1833; $20; age 80. Cleveland, John, Pvt; VA Line; 9 May 1834; $80; age 77; died 5 Aug 1832. Chandler, Claiborne, Pvt; VA Militia; 11 Feb 1833; $20; age 73. Foxworthy, John, Pvt; VA Militia; 18 May 1833; $30; age 81. Furnish, James, Pvt; VA Militia; 1 Feb 1833; $20; age 70. Furnish, Thomas; VA Militia; 15 Jan 1833; $20; age 74. Gonsaul, James, Pvt; NY Line; 5 Feb 1833; $60; age 79. Green, Gerard, Pvt; VA Militia; 23 June 1833; $26.66; age 72. Henry, Jacob, Pvt; PA Line; 28 May 1819; 15 Oct 1818; $96; age 71; died 10 Aug 1823. Jenkins, John, Pvt; VA Militia; 11 Feb 1833; $63.33; age 74. Jenkins, William, Pvt; VA Line; 21 July 1819; 18 Mar 1818; $96; age 64; died 17 July 1830. Johnson, William Sr, No rank shown, VA Militia; 10 Jan 1833; $36.66; age 76. Kilander, Philip, Pvt; NJ Line; 25 Aug 1833; $40; age 71. Laney, William, Pvt; VA Militia; 19 Dec 1832; $30; age 74. Lanter, Jacob, Pvt; VA Militia; 5 Feb 1833; $20; age 73. Maffett, Jacob, Pvt; PA Militia; 16 Apr 1833; $50; age 90. Mann, Francis, Pvt; VA Militia; 28 Feb 1833; $20; age 76. Miller, Jacob, Pvt of Infant & Cav; VA Line; 1 Apr 1833; $22.50; age 74. Millner, Luke Sr; Pvt; VA Line; 6 Aug 1833; $70; age 83. Millner, Nicholas, Pvt; PA Militia; 18 May 1833; $30; age 90. Moore, James, Pvt; VA Line; 17 Jan 1833; $80; age 84. Morrow, Thomas, Pvt; PA Line; 26 Feb 1833; $30; age 73. McCauley, Thomas, VA Militia; 16 Apr 1833; $40; age 76. Oder, Joseph; Pvt, VA Militia; 11 Feb 1833; $26.66; age 83. Pollard, Edmund, Pvt; VA Militia; 5 Feb 1833; $50; age 75. Ralston, John, Pvt; VA Militia; 2 Oct 1832; $40; age 79. Ravenscraft, Thomas, Pvt; VA Line; 24 Dec 1818; 12 Aug 1818; $96; age 68. Reno, Zela, Pvt & Sgt; VA Militia; 11 July 1833; $83.33; age 77. Roberts, Philip, Pvt; SC Line; 10 Dec 1833; $80; age 71. Robertson, Zachariah, Pvt; MD Line; 21 May 1819; 15 June 1818; $96; age 74. Robinson, Francis, Pvt; VA Militia; 11 Feb 1833; $26.66; age 69. Rose, Jesse, Pvt; VA Line; 28 May 1819; 13 July 1818; $96; age 70. Scott, John, Pvt; PA Line; 11 Feb 1819; 14 Oct 1818; $96; age 76; died 3 Mar 1827. Sellers, Samuel, Pvt; PA Line; 15 Sept 1823; 17 July 1823; $96; age 82; died 2 Feb 1830. Smith, Michael, Pvt; Massachusetts Line; 25 Jan 1833; $80; age 82. Sutton, William, Pvt; VA Line; 19 Dec 1832; $46.66; age 69. Taylor, John, Pvt; MD Line; 21 May 1819; 15 Sept 1818; $96; age 68. Tinney, John, Pvt; VA Line; 21 Apr 1819; 14 Sept 1818; $96; age 87. Trimble, John, Pvt; PA Militia; 19 Jan 1833; $46.66; no age given. Venard, William, Pvt; VA Militia; 15 Jan 1833; $23.33; no age given. Watkins, John, Pvt; VA Militia; 13 May 1833; $37.10; age 78. Whaley, William; Sgt; VA Line; 17 May 1819; 11 Sept 1818; $96; age 70; died 14 Aug 1824. Woods, William, Sr, Pvt; PA Militia; 6 Aug 1833; $43.33; age 88. Living in county 1840: James Bean, 77; Samuel Caswell, 77; Leonard Eddleman, 79; Benoni Jameson, 67; William H Layton, 83; Thomas McCalla, 87; Mrs. Mears, widow, 76; Ann Whittaker, widow, 79; Lewis Wolf Sr, 89. Total for county: 56 HART CO: Boman/Bomar, Joseph Sr, Pvt; VA Militia; 18 Oct 1833; $25.16; age 76. Corder, Benjamin D, Pvt; VA Militia; 15 June 1834; $20; age 69. Crump, Joshua, Pvt; VA Militia; 22 Aug 1833; $23.33; age 69. Defever, John, Pvt; VA Line; 22 July 1826; 3 July 1826; $96; age 81. Edgar, John, Pvt; PA Line; 17 Aug 1833; Humphrey, John, Pvt; VA Line; 11 Dec 1820; 21 Sept 1818; $96; age 79. Logsdon, James V, Pvt; NC Line; 21 Aug 1833; $36.66; age 68. Morris, Daniel, Pvt; NC Militia; 18 Oct 1833; $26.66; age 70. Roundtree, Nathaniel, Pvt & Sgt; VA Militia; 30 May 1833; $40.22; age 74. Rowe, John, Pvt; PA Militia; 17 Aug 1833; $40; age 84. Whitman, Richard, Pvt; VA Militia; 6 June 1834; $33.33; age 78. Wright, John, Pvt; NC Line; 2 Dec 1833; $40; age 73. Living in county 1840: Campbell, Lawrence, 75; Harber, Jeremiah, 77; Patterson, John, 77; Timberlake, Joseph, 88. Total for county: 16 HENDERSON CO: Baker, Thomas, Pvt., VA Militia; 12 Feb 1834; $80; no age shown. Carmon, Furna, Pvt., NC Line; 10 Nov 1832; $26.66; age 74. Dixon, Wynne, LT., 1st Regiment, NC Line; 22 Aug 1823; $320; died 24 Nov 1829. Gibson, Joel, Pvt., NC Line, 19 May 1825; 25 Apr 1825; $96; age 87; died 23 Dec 1830. Hughes, John, Sgt., NC Line; 23 Apr 1819; 23 June 1818; $96.51; age 87. Moss, John, Pvt., NC Militia; 10 Nov 1832; $25; age 72. Ramsey, John, Pvt; SC Militia; 30 May 1833; $35; age 75. Rouse, Lewis, Pvt; VA Militia; 9 July 1834; $30; age 76. Sellars, Isham; NC State Troops; 20 Apr 1833; $68.22; age 80. Living in county 1840: Baldwin, Edward, 78. Total for county: 10 © Copyright 28 May 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorn@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141-3409 (502)651-9114 or sgorin@glasgow-ky.com - Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios BARREN CO OBITUARIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits