TIP #187 - KENTUCKY POST OFFICES MARCH 1874 - MADISON THROUGH WOODFORD COUNTIES Taken from Collin's History, towns spelled as shown then. County seats in caps. MADISON: Berea, Bill Hill, Edenton, Joe's Lick, Kingston, Kirksville, RICHMOND, Silver Creek, Speedwell, Waco, White Hall. MAGOFFIN: Johnson's Fork, SALYERSVILLE. MARION: Bradfordsville, Chicago, Gravel Switch, LEBANON, Loretto, New Market, Penick, Raywick, Rush Branch, St. Mary's. MARSHALL: Aurora, BENTON, Birmingham, Brewer's Mill, Briensburg, Caldwell, Calvert City, Exchange, Fair Dealing, Henderson's Mill, Oakland, Olive, Palma. MARTIN: WARFIELD. MASON: Dover, Fern Leaf, Germantown, Helena, Mayslick, MAYSVILLE, Minerva, Mount Gilead, North Fork, Orangeburg, Sardis, Shannon, Slack, Springdale, Washington. MEADE: BRANDENBURG, Flint Island, Garnettsville, Garrett, Hill Grove, Rock Haven, Wolf Creek. MENIFEE: FRENCHBURG. MERCER: Bohon, Cornishville, Dugansville, Duncan, HARRODSBURG, McAfee, Nevada, Pleasant Hill, Rose Hill, Salvisa. METCALFE: Centre, Cross Plains, East Fork, EDMONTON, Glover's Creek, Knob Lick, Poplar Spring, Pace's, Rockland Mills, Willow Shade. MONROE: Centre point, Flippin, Fountain Run, Gamaliel, Martinsburg, Mud Lick, River Grange, Rock Bridge, Sulphur Lick, TOMPKINSVILLE. MONTGOMERY: Aaron's Run, Elm Hill, Howard's Mill, Jeffersonville, Levee, Montaview, MOUNT STERLING, Side View. MORGAN: Bangor, Black Water, WEST LIBERTY. MUHLENBURG: Bremen, Earle's, GREENVILLE, Laurel Bluff, Mercer, Nelson, Painestown, Paradise, Riverside, South Carrollton. NELSON: BARDSTOWN, Bloomfield, Boston, Chaplin, Cox's Creek, Deatsville, Fairfield, Gethsemane, High Grove, Hunter's Depot, Nelson Furnace, New Haven, New Hope, Samuel's Depot. NICHOLAS: Black Hawk, Blue Lick Springs, CARLISLE, Head Quarters, Hooktown, Moorefield, Myersville, Oak Mills, Weston. OHIO: Beaver Dam, Buck Horn, Buford, Centretown, Ceralvo, Cool Spring, Cromwell, Elm Lick, Fordsville, HARTFORD, Haynesville, Hogg's Falls, Horse Branch, Point Pleasant, Render Coal Mines, Rockport, Rossine, Sulphur Springs. OLDHAM: Beard's Station, Brownsborough, Buckner's Station, Goshen, LA GRANGE, Peru, Pewee Valley, Westport. OWEN: Canby, Eagle Hill, Gratz, Harmony, Harrisburg Academy, Hills, Lone Oak, Lusby's Mill, Monterey, New Columbus, New Liberty, North Severn, OWENTON, Pleasant Home, Rock Dale, Squiresville, West Union. OWSLEY: BOONEVILLE, Island City, South Fork, Traveller's Rest. PENDLETON: Batchelor's Rest, Boston Station, Butler, Catawba, DeMossville, Dividing Ridge, Elizabethville, FALMOUTH, Flower Creek, Gardnersville, Knoxville, Levingood, Morgan, Motier. PERRY: Cut Shin, HAZARD. PIKE: Ash Camp, Bent Branch, Dorton, Head of Coburn, Little Creek, Mouth of Pond, PIKETON, Robinson's Creek. POWELL: Harrah's Mills, STANTON, West Bent. PULASKI: Adam's Mills, Cain's Store, Cato, Clio, Dallas, Garden Cottage, Lincolnville, Line Creek, Plaato, Shopville, SOMERSET, Sublimity, Thompsonville, Valley Oak, Waterloo, White Oak Gap. ROBERTSON: Bratton's Mills, Kentontown, MOUNT OLIVET. ROCKCASTLE: Broadhead, Fish Point, Goochland, Gum Sulphur, Level Green, MOUNT VERNON, Pine Hill. ROWAN: Farmer's, Gill's Mills, MOREHEAD, Pine Springs. RUSSELL: Creelsborough, Horse Shoe Bottom, JAMESTOWN, Millersville, Royalton. SCOTT: GEORGETOWN, Great Crossings, Little Eagle, Minorsville, Newtown, Oxford, Payne's Depot, Stamping Ground, Stonewall, Straight Fork, White Sulphur. SHELBY: Bailey's Store, Bagdad, Chestnut Grove, Christiansburg, Clay Village, Croppere's Depot, Graefenberg, Harrisonville, Jacksonville, North Benson, Scott's Station, SHELBYVILLE, Simpsonville, Todd's Point. SIMPSON: FRANKLIN, Hickory Flat, Temperance Mount. SPENCER: Elk Creek, Little Mount, Mount Eden, Smileytown, TAYLORSVILLE, Van Dyke's Mill, Waterford, Wilsonville. TAYLOR: CAMPBELLSVILLE, Mannsville, Saloma. TODD: Allensville, Clifty, Daysville, ELKTON, Guthrie, Hadensville, Kirkmansville, Pilot Knob, Sharon Grove, Trenton. TRIGG: CADIZ, Canton, Cerulean Springs, Empire Iron Works, Golden Pond, Laurel Furnace, Lindsey's Mill, Linton, Montgomery, Roaring Spring, Trigg Furnace, Wallonia. TRIMBLE: BEDFORD, Milton, Winona. UNION: Bordley, Boxville, Caseyville, Commercial Point, DeKovan, Drake's Grove, Hitesville, MORGANVILLE, Raleigh, Seven Guns, Uniontown. WARREN: BOWLING GREEN, Bristow Station, Claypool, Green Hill, Green Castle, Hadley, Hay's Ford, Memphis Junction, Oakland Station, Rich Pond Grove, Richardsville, Richland, Rockfield, Smith's Grove, Woodburn. WASHINGTON: Antioch, Beech Fork, Beechland, Fredericktown, Mackville, Sharpsville, SPRINGFIELD, Texax, Willisburg. WAYNE: Berryville, Mill Springs, MONTICELLO, Parmleysville, Rock Creek, Steubenville. WEBSTER: Clay, DIXON, Poole's Mill, Providence, Sebree, Slaughterville, Vanderberg. WHITLEY: Bark Camp Mills, Brown's Creek, Evans' Mills, Lot, Marsh Creek, Meadow Creek, Patterson Creek, Pleasant View, Rock, Rockhold's, WHITLEY COURT HOUE, Wild Cat. WOLFE: COMPTON, Hazle Green. WOODFORD: Ducker's, Midway, Millville, Mortonsville, Spring Station, Troy, VERSAILLES. © Copyright 1 October 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-kyk.com

TIP #186 KENTUCKY POST OFFICES, MARCH 1874 - ALLEN THROUGH McLEAN COUNTIES Taken from Collin's History of Kentucky: County seat in all caps. Spelling is shown as it appeared at this date. ADAIR: Breeding's, Cane Valley, Casey Creek, Chapel Hill, COLUMBIA, Glen's Fork, Gradyville, Milltown, Montpelier, Neatsville. ALLEN: Allen Springs, Butlersville, Cedar Springs, Mount Aerial, New Roe, SCOTTSVILLE. ANDERSON: Caldwell's Store, LAWRENCEBURG, Ripyville, Rough and Ready. BALLARD: BLANDVILLE, Fort Jefferson, Hinkleville, Lovelaceville, Milburn, Mixville, Ogden's Landing, South Ballard. BARREN: Bruce, Cave City, Coral Hill, Dry Fork, Freedom, GLASGOW, Glasgow Junction, Hiseville, Nobob, Pageville, Park, Prewitt's Knob, Roseville, Slick Rock, Temple Hill, Tracy. BATH: bald Eagle, Bethel, Costigan, Little Flat, Marshall, Olympian Springs, OWINGSVILLE, Peeled Oak, Sharpsburg, Wyoming. BOONE: Bullittsville, BURLINGTON, Constance, Florence, Grant, Hamilton, Hebron, Petersburg, Union, Verona, Walton. BOURBON:Centreville, Clintonville, Houston, Hutchin's, Levy, Millersburg, North Middleton, PARIS, Ruddell's Mills, Shawhan, Stony Point. BOYD: Ashland, Bolt's Fork, Burgess, Cannonsburg, CATLETTSBURG, Coalton. BOYLE: Aliceton, Brumfield Station, DANVILLE, Mitchellsburg, Parksville, Perryville, Shelby City. BRACKEN: Augusta, Berlin, Bradford, BROOKVILLE, Browningsville, Chatham, Foster, Hillsdale, Milford, Mount Hor, Powersville, Tietzville. BREATHITT: JACKSON, Jett's Creek, Lost Creek. BRECKINRIDGE: Bewleyville, Big Spring, Clifton Mills, Cloverport, HARDINSBURG, Hudsonville, Lost Run, Planter's Hall, Rough Creek, Rock ick, Stephensport, Union Star, Webster. BULLITT: Bardstown Junction, Belmont, Cane Spring Depot, High View, Lebanon Junction, Mount Vitio, Mount Washington, Pitt's Point, Quarry Switch, SHEPHERDSVILLE, Smithville. BUTLER: Berry's Lick, Brooklyn, Green River, Harreldsville, Logansport, MORGANTOWN, Quality Valley, Reedyville, Rochester, Sugar Grove, Townsville, Welch's Creek, Woodbury. CALDWELL CO: Creswell, Dulaney, Farmersville, Fredonia, Friendship, PRINCETON, Scottsburg, Walnut Grove. CALLOWAY: Backusburg, Cold Water, Crossland, Harrisburg, Hico, Kirksey, Linn Grove, Locust Grove, MURRAY, Line Bluff, Wadesborough. CAMPBELL: Alexandria, California, Camp Spring, Carthage, Cold Spring, Dale, Dayton, Flagg Spring, Grant's Lick, Indian Springs, Kane, NEWPORT, Ten Mile, Tibbatt's Cross Roads. CARROLL: Eagle Station, Ghent, Worthville. CARTER: Boone Furnace, Count's Cross Roads, Enterprise, Estill Flats, GRAYSON, Mount Savage, Olive Hill, Upper Tygart. CASEY: LIBERTY, Middleburg, Mintonville, Poplar Hill, Power's Store, Shermansville, Williams' Store. CHRISTIAN: Bainbridge, Belleview, Bennettstown, Beverly, Casky's Station, Church Hill, Crofton, Fairview, Garrettsburg, Haley's Hill, HOPKINSVILLE, Johnson's, Kelly, La Fayette, Longview, Newstead, Oak Grove, Pembroke, Sinking Fork, Stuart's Mill, West Fork, White Plains, Williams. CLARK: Kiddivlle, Pine Grove, Ruckerville, Stoner, Thomson, Vienna, Vinewood, Wade's Mill, WINCHESTER. CLAY: Big Creek, House's Store, Laurel Creek, MANCHESTER, Sexton's Creek. CLINTON: ALBANY, Brown's Cross Roads, Cumberland City, Seventy-six,. CRITTENDEN: Crittenden Springs, Dycusburg, Ford's Ferry, Hurricane, MARION, Shady Grove, Westonburg. CUMBERLAND: Big Renox, BURKESVILLE, Cloyd's Landing, Grider, Judio, Marrowbone, Peytonsburg. DAVIESS: Birk's City, Chalybeate Springs, Curdsville, Delaware, Grissom's Landing, Knottsville, Masonville, OWENSBOROUGH, Pleasant Ridge, Sorghotown, Utica, West Louisville, Whitesville, Yelvington. EDMONSON: Bee Spring, Big Reedy, BROWNSVILLE, Dickeyville, Parish Mills, RockyHill Station, Sickey's Mills. ELLIOTT: Bruin, Newfoundland, SANDY HOOK. ESTILL: Fitchburg, IRVINE, Red River Iron Works, Winston. FAYETTE: Athens, Chilesburg, Cleveland, LEXINGTON, Slickaay, South Elkhorn, Walnut Hill. FLEMING: Cowan, Elizaville, Ewing, FLEMINGSBURG, Hillsborough, Johnson Junction, Mount Carmel, Oak Woods, Orange, Plummer's Landing, Plummer's Mills, Tilton. FLOYD CO: Hueysville, Lanesville, PRESTONBURG, Martinsdale. FRANKLIN: Benson, Bridgeport, Farmdale, Forks of Elkhorn, FRANKFORT, Polgrove's Store. FULTON: Casey's Station, Fulton's Station, HICKMAN, Jordan Station. GALLATIN: Bramlette, Glencoe, Napoleon, Sparta Station, Sugar Creek, Walnut Lick, WARSAW. GARRARD: Bryantsville, Buckeye, Herrington, Hyattsville, LANCASTER, Lowell, Paint Lick. GRANT: Clark's Creek, Cordova, Corinth, Crittenden, Dry Ridge, Elliston, Gouge's, New Eagle Mills, Stewartsville, WILLIAMSTOWN, Zion's Station. GRAVES: Boaz, Boydsville, Clear Spring, Dublin, Fancy Farm, Farmington, Hickory Grove, Kansas, Lynnville, Lowes, MAYFIELD, Viola Station, Water Valley, Wingo's Station. GRAYSON: Big Clifty, Caneyville, Falls of Rough, Grantsburg, Grayson Springs, Horn's Store, LITCHFIELD, Mayo Park, Millwood, Red oak, Short Creek, Spring Fork, Spring Lick. GREEN: Allendale, Camp Knox, Catalpa Grove, GREENSBURG, Moodyville, Oceola, Summersville, Webb's. GREENUP: Duval's Landing, GREENUP, Kenton Furnace, Lynn, Russell. HANCOCK: Hancock Mines, HAWESVILLE, Lewisport, Patesville, Pellville. HARDIN: Cecilian, Dorrett's Run, East View, ELIZABETHTOWN, Franklin's Cross Roads, Glendale, Grand View, High Up, Howe's Valley, Nolin, Red Hill, Robertsonville, Sonora, Stephensburg, Uptonville, Vine Grove, West Point, White Mills. HARLAN: Clover Fork, HARLAN, Leonard, Poor Fork, Wallin's Creek. HARRISON: Antioch Mills, Berry's Station, Boyd's Station, Broadwell, Claysville, Colemansville, Connersville, Curry's Run, CYNNTHIANA, Havilandsville, lair's Station, Leesburg, Oddville, Paxton, Robertson's Station, Rutland, Smithsonville, Sylvan Dell. HART: Bacon Creek, Caverna, Cub Run, Dog Creek, Grinstead's Mills, Hammonville, Hardyville, MUNFORDVILLE, Omega, Rio, Rowlett's Depot, Seymour, Three Springs, Woodsonville. HENDERSON: Bluff City, Cairo, Corydon, Genevia, Hebbardsville, HENDERSON, Robard's Station, Scuffletown, Smith's Mills, Spottsville, Zion. HENRY: Bethlehem, Campbellsburg, Eminence, Franklinton, Harper's Ferry, Hill Spring, Jerico, Lockport, NEW CASTLE, Pendleton, Pleasureville, Port Royal, Smithfield, Spring Hill Depot, Springport, Sulphur Fork. HICKMAN: CLINTON, Columbus, Moscow, Spring Hill, Wesley. HOPKINS: Ashbysburg, Dawson, Earlington, Ellwood, Hanson, Little Prairie, MADISONVILLE, Morton's Gap, Nebo, Nortonsville, Underwood, Woodruff. JACKSON: Gray Hawk, Green Hall, McKEE, Middle Fork, Morrill. JEFFERSON: Anchorage, Deposit, Eden, Fairmount, Fern Creek, Fisherville, Floyd's Fork, Jeffersontown, Lacona, Lyndon, Long Run, LOUISVILLE, Middleton, O'Bannon, Orell, River View, Saint Matthews, Taylor's Station, Worthington. JESSAMINE: Hanley, Jessamine, Keene, Little Hickman, NICHOLASVILLE, Pekin, Spear's. JOHNSON: East Point, Hood's Fork, Oil Springs, PAINTSVILLE. JOSH BELL: Callaway, Hannon, La Fontaine, PINEVILLE, Yellow Creek. KENTON: Bank Lick, COVINGTON, Independence, Kenton, Latonia Springs, Ludlow, Morning View, Scott, South Covington, Visalia. KNOX: BARBOURSVILLE, Brafford's Store, Bryant's Store, Flat Lick, Indian Creek, Lynn Camp, Swan Pond. LARUE: Buffalo, HODGENVILLE, Magnolia, Mount Sherman. LAUREL: Bush's Store, Chestnut Hill, Hazle Patch, Laurel Bridge, LONDON, Mershon's X-Roads, Raccoon, Whippoorwill, White Lily. LAWRENCE CO: Blaine, Buchanan, Cherokee, George's Creek, LOUISA, Lowmansville, Prosperity, Webbville. LEE: Beattyville, Old Landing, PROCTOR. LETCHER: Partridge, Rosedale, WHITESBURG. LEWIS: Cabin Creek, Carr's, Condord, Dudley, Marine, Mouth of Laurel, Poplar Flat, Quincy, Sand Hill, Salt Lick Valley, Tollesborough, VANCEBURG. LINCOLN: Bee Lick, Crab Orchard, Gilbert's Creek Station, Hall's Gap Station, Highland, Hustonville, Milledgeville, STANFORD, Waynesburg. LIVINGSTON: Birdsville, Carrsville, Narrows, Salem, SMITHLAND. LOGAN: Adairville, Auburn, Baugh's Station, Cave Spring Station, Dallam's Creek, Fillmore, Ferguson's Creek, Gordonsville, Henrysville, McLeod's Station, Olmstead, Rabbitsville, Red River Mills, RUSSELLVILLE, South Union. LYON: EDDYVILLE, Eureka, Kuttawa, Star Line Works. McCRACKEN: Florence Station, Masaac, Maxon's Mill, Norton's Buff, PADUCAH, Woodville. McLEAN: CALHOUN, Livermore, Livia, Long Falls Creek, Rumsey, Sacremento. © Copyright 29 September 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com

TIP #184 MILITARY RECORDS - WHAT DO THEY CONTAIN AND HOW TO ORDER This topic was recently covered in Ancestry and I thought it an excellent source of information for the researcher. I thank them for their willingness to share. Listed here will be the types of forms available and what information is found on them: FORM 80 - PRE WORLD WAR I: *Pension Application Files : These are most useful to researchers as they contain the most complete information regarding a man's military career. The researcher is urged to request copies of a man's pension file. Pension application files are based on Federal (not State) service before World War I and usually include an official statement of the veteran's military service, as well as information of a personal nature. Pensions based on military service for the Confederate States of America were authorized by some Southern States but not by the Federal Government until 1959. Inquiries about State pensions should be addressed to the State archives or equivalent agency at the capital of the veteran's State of residence after the war (See NARA's Confederate Records page at: http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/confed.html for more information.) *Military Service Records - These are based on service in the following: Army (officers who served before June 30, 1917, and enlisted men who served before October 31, 1912) Navy (officers who served before 1903 and enlisted men who served before 1886) Marine Corps (officers who served before 1896 and enlisted men who served before 1905) Confederate Armed Forces officers and enlisted men, 1861-65) Persons who served in regular forces raised by the Federal Government Volunteers fought in various wars chiefly in the Federal Government's interest from the Revolutionary War through the Philippine Insurrection, 1775-1902. Records were not compiled for Regular Army officers who served before 1863 and for Regular Army enlisted men and Navy and Marine Corps personnel who served during most of the nineteenth century. Records pertaining to such service are scattered among many files and generally contain few details concerning a man's service. NARA cannot undertake the research necessary to locate all such documents. If you request a military service record, they will copy the documents that best summarize the veteran's service. The record of an individual's service in any one organization is entirely separate from his record of service in another organization. NARA is unable to establish accurately the identity of individuals of the same name who served in different organizations. If you know that an individual served in more than one organization and you desire copies of all of the military service records, submit a separate form for the service record in each organization. DISCHARGE CERTIFICATES: Discharge certificates are not usually included as a part of a compiled military service record. Before 1944, Army regulations allowed the preparation of an original discharge certificate only, which was given to the soldier. Confederate soldiers in service at the time of surrender did not receive discharge certificates. They were given paroles, and these paroles became the property of the soldier. NARA's Catalog of Military Service Records on Microfilm is online at: http://www.nara.gov/publications/microfilm/military/mil02.txt To request Form 80 (limit 6 per order), write to: National Archives and Records Administration, Attn: NWCTB 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20408-0001 Or Email: inquire@nara.gov You must provide the following information: 1. Veteran's complete name used while in service 2. Branch of service 3. State from which he served 4. War in which, or dates between which he served 5. If service was Civil War, Union or Confederate Additional information, if known: 6. Unit in which he served 7. If service was in Army, Arm in which he served (Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, or other) 8. Officer or enlisted 9. Volunteers or Regulars 10. Pension/Bounty Land File No. 11. If veteran lived in a home for soldiers, give location (city & state) 12. Places veteran lived after service. 13. Date and/or place of birth 14. Date and/or place of death 15. Name of widow or other claimant Send the completed form to: Textual Reference Branch (NNR1), National Archives and Records Administration 7th and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20408. (Do not include payment with the form, you will be billed for the copies. Credit card orders will be mailed immediately.) This guide to military records will be available online at: http://www.ancestry.com/research/military80.htm FORM 180: MILITARY RECORDS - WORLD WAR I AND AFTER The Military Personnel Records Building houses military personnel and medical records as well as the dependent medical records of former members of the United States Navy and Marine Corps. Approximately 16-18 million Official Military Personnel Files pertaining to certain Army and Air Force service members were destroyed in a disastrous fire at NPRC (MPR) in 1973. Records affected were: ~ Army Personnel discharged November 1, 1912, to January 1, 1960, Air Force Personnel discharged, September 25, 1947, to January 1, 1964, (with names alphabetically after Hubbard, James E.) - Estimated 75% lost. Alternate record sources are used to reconstruct basic service information destroyed in the fire. More information about the 1973 fire can be found at: http://www.nara.gov/regional/mprfire.html . A list of Alternative Record Sources is at: http://www.nara.gov/regional/mpralts.html Most Official Military Personnel Files at NPRC (MPR) contain both personnel and active duty health records. However, in 1992 the Army began retiring health records to the Department of Veterans Affairs. The other services (except the Coast Guard) implemented this change during 1994. Personnel Record Portion: This is an administrative record. It shows enlistment/appointment, duty stations and assignments, training, qualifications, performance, awards and medals, disciplinary actions, insurance, emergency data, administrative remarks, separation/discharge/retirement, and other personnel actions. The DD Form 214, Report of Separation, or equivalent is filed in the Official Military Personnel File. Detailed information about the veteran's participation in military battles and engagements is NOT contained in the record. Health Record Portion: Health records include: outpatient, dental, and mental health treatment that a former member received while in the military service. It also includes health records documents include induction and separation physical examinations, and routine medical care (doctor/dental visits, lab tests, etc.) when the patient was not admitted to a hospital. In comparison, clinical (hospital inpatient) records are NOT filed with the health records but are generally retired to NPRC (MPR) by the facility which created them. To request Form 180, write to: National Personnel Records Center (MPRC), 9700 Page Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63132 OR Call the appropriate phone number: Army Reference Branch (Provides reference service on Army records, 1960 to present) Tel: 314-538-4261 Fax: 314-538-4175 Air Force Reference Branch (Provides reference service on Air Force records: 1964-present, 1947-1963 (for individuals with last names of A through Hubbard, James D.) Tel: 314-538-4243 Fax: 314-538-4175 Records Reconstruction Branch (Provides reference service on records damaged in the 1973 fire at NPRC. Army records: 1912-1959 and Air Force records: 1947-1963 for individuals with last names after Hubbard, James D.) Tel: 314-538-4261 Fax: 314-538-4175 Navy Reference Branch (Provides reference service on Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard records at NPRC) Tel: 314-538-4141 Fax: 314-538-4175 OR you may download the form at: http://www.nara.gov/regional/mprsf180.html Information needed to complete the form: 1. Veteran's complete name used while in service 2. Service number or social security number 3. Branch of service 4. Dates of service 5. Officer or enlisted 6. Date and place of birth may also be helpful, especially if the service number is not known. If the request pertains to a record that may have been involved in the 1973 fire at NPRC(MPR), also include: 7. Place of discharge 8. Last unit of assignment 9. Place of entry into the service, if known. Send completed form to: National Personnel Records Center (MPRC), 9700 Page Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63132 This guide to military records will be available online at: http://www.ancestry.com/research/military180.htm © Copyright 22 September 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com

TIP# 182 - EARLY FACTORIES - PAPER MILLS AND GLASS BLOWERS In addition to the individual workman who could work alone or have apprentices with him, the early factories, often referred to as manufactories, we found in not only the large Kentucky towns, but in smaller ones as well. We will take a look at some of them. One of the earliest industries was that of paper making. Paper mills were found early in the Kentucky landscape because of the obvious demand for the product. The process of producing paper was a hard process requiring vast quantities of water. Did you ever wonder why so much of the early paper in America is not pure white? It has a simple explanation - pure water was not easily available. Most paper mills were built beside streams, and with the water they used came the impurities the water it contained. Leaves, rotten wood … all caused a "stained" appearance to the paper. The early paper did not contain any chemicals and yet many survive quite readable to this day - without the harsh chemicals, technology or equipment of today! Paper came from rags gathered by the owner with lines and cotton in primary use until about 1867. As I've indicated earlier, rags were scarce causing the owner to advertise in local papers or by word or mouth. Rewards were sometimes offered to anyone who would provide rags to the papermill! It was so difficult to get the rags that the United States Legislature passed a law in saying that the dead could be buried ONLY in woolen clothes. The paper manufactor experimented constantly with what he hoped would be a good substitute; spanish moss, corn husks, straw, pine cones … even seaweed! But, nothing worked. The paper mill owner employed apprentices, normally young boys, who cut the rags into tiny pieces by using a special scythe. They then wet the cloth and piled them up for a long period of time to cause a rotting process to begin. A series of wooden pestles lifted and dropped by large cams were on the shaft of the water wheel. The first set of cams had coarse iron teeth; the second had finer teeth and the 3rd was just pure flat wood. These pestles landed into mortars hollowed out of stone or oak logs and which were lead-lined. The water flowed into the mortars and escaped through strainers made of horsehair near the upper edges. This created the pulp. Stampers were used by the smaller mills for many years but another invention called a "hollander" came into use. The latter was just a hollow tub, oval shaped and about 8 x 4 in size. Twenty iron knives attached to a wooden drum rotated in the middle on one of the sides. The radius was long enough to let the blades rub against an iron bedplate which was attached to the bottom of the tub; this allowed the rags to be chewed to pieces. Apprentices had to stir the pulp with wooden paddles until a "hog" or agitator was created to take over this chore. Another man, called a moldman, was the one responsible for forming sheets of paper. The process was very detailed and tedius. Once a sheet of paper had been created, it came from the press dripping wet. A boy or man lifted the sheets off the "felts" and stacked them together on a slanted board. He took the felts back to another man called a "coucher" and then took the wet papers over to the dry press. The papers were squeezed to get the water out of them. When dry enough from this step, they were normally taken to a second floor loft. The sheets had a tendency of curling up or wrinkling while getting their last drying, so they were hung in "spurs" - 4 or 5 sheets together over horizontal poles. The man working in the loft was called a "lofter" and had to be sure that the paper dried evenly and with the right amount of dry air blowing over them. If the paper was to be used as stationery, it had to be sized in order to hold the ink. The sizer dipped the sheets into a hot solution of animal glue and re-hung them to dry once more. Usually there was a special room for this step called a Saul. After the writing paper was totally dry, it was beaten with a plating hammer which covered the entire sheet of paper. Later, this step was replaced by large rollers. GLASSBLOWING was an early industry in the United States, dating back to at least 1609 in Jamestown. The major obstacle in the beginning was obtaining fire clay. America didn't have enough, Mother England was not about ready to provide it! The other handicap was finding qualified people in America to learn the technique. People were imported from Rotterdam by Caspar Wistar and for years his was the only glass blowing factory because he swore his employees to secrecy. It is thought that he made the first window glass. But, the other colonial glassmaker's problems were even more severe. He had to have special pots in which to melt the glass. So, he had to create his own pottery before even thinking about making glass. The clay used, called fire clay, HAD to come from Europe and getting it was quite an expensive struggle. The clay was pulverized and stacked outside for a year which allowed it to "ripen." Thus another delay for the new glassblower. When he felt it was ripe enough, he had to "temper" it by adding 1/5th of its own weight of baked clay that had been ground up. He found these materials by scouring the countryside for old pots that had been discarded, or bricks laying around. This mixture had to sit for at least another six months to continue the ripening process. To make one pot large enough to hold 1300 pounds of glass. When the process began, the fires that roared were fired by wood or occasionally coal. The furnaces were always circular, built of brick and lined with blocks of fire clay. Small holes around the walls gave the glass blowers access to the pots of glass they were working on. Glass is created from a combination of sand or ground up flint which is mixed with an alkali or a metallic oxide. The purer the materials the glass blower worked with, the purer and clearer the finished product. Many colonists used "frit" which was green. Window glass had potash as the alkali. Flint glass used pearl ash and powdered flint. The color of the oxide added determined the color of the finished product. It took many people in a glass blowing factory including: A servitor did the actual blowing, and he had many assistants working with him. He could shape the original bubble, evened it up by rolling it on an iron table known as a marver. Another apprentice called a "wetter'off" dipped a blade into cold water and cut the neck of the bottle free. He carried this to a "gaffer" who finished shaping it. He went through many steps to complete his cycle. This was an extremely interesting and complex project of which I have just touched the sufface. © Copyright 15 September 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl KYBIOGRAPHIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #181- KENTUCKY TURNPIKES and FERRIES Very early in my tips I covered the old trails. Today we will turn our attention to the Turnpikes which criss-cross Kentucky, some old, some new. THE KENTUCKY TURNPIKE: This turnpike connected Louisville in Jefferson Co to Elizabethtown in Hardin county. It was the first section of a north-south road which ran from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The turnpike was begun in Bullitt County on 25 July 1954 and opened 1 August 1956. Later, an extension was added from Watteson Expressway in Louisville to the Eastern Parkway. LOUISVILLE AND NASHVILLE TURNPIKE: This was the most widely known name for the toll road that extended in the middle 1800's from Louisville through Elizabethtown, Munfordville, Glasgow Junction (Park City), Bowling Green and Franklin down to the Tennessee line. Authorization for the building of this turnpike dates back to 1825 when then Governor Joseph Deska promoted construction of two turnpike roads - one being a Louisville-Nashville road by way of the Green River. It was chartered in 1829 and was known as the Louisville, West Point and Elizabethtown Turnpike Road Company. In 1833 another charter was issued to build a road from Louisville to Bowling Green. Other amendments followed in 1837, 1838 and 1847 and the road was divided into 5 sections, each under separate management. Work actually started in 1837 and by 1849 there were 106 miles completed, each with toll gates every five miles. According to old records, there was heavy usage of this road until the completion of the Louisville & Nashville Railroad. The turnpike, thought really unnamed but the route from Louisville to Nashville, which passed through Bardstown, New Haven, Buffalo, Uno, Bear Wallow, Glasgow, Scottsville and Gallatin, TN was most commonly called the Louisville and Nashville Turnpike. This turnpike later became part of the western route of U.S. 31W running from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan; going south through Louisville, Nashville and ending in Fort Myers, FL. MAYO TRAIL: This road was completed in the 1920's and the highway ran 250 miles from Ashland on the Ohio River, through Big Sandy watershed, across the Pine Mountain to Pineville on the Cumberland River. Here is connects with US 25E. Of the original road, US 23 and US 119 follow the original road. This was the principal highway running into the interior of the mountains until the Bert T. Combs Mountain Parkway and I-64 replaced it in the 1960's. This was a graveled road and was completed in 1928. MT. STERLING-POUND GAP ROAD: This was the longest road built by the State of Kentucky in the eastern mountains prior to the Civil War. The General Assembly authorized surveying a route from Mt. Sterling, Kentucky to Virginia in 1817. The road extended 94 miles and was used for driving livestock to Virginia markets. In 1838, the Legislature turned over management of this road to the various counties through which it passed. It came into high usage during the Civil War in the movement of troops between central Kentucky and Virginia. US 460 follows this route to some degree. FERRIES: Nine ferries were established in Kentucky while it was still part of Virginia. They were located on the Ohio, Cumberland and Kentucky Rivers. Each county where a ferry was built was responsible for the management of same. They were allowed to establish the rules and regulations for the operation of the ferry including: exemting ferry owners from paying taxes or from serving on the maintenance of roads, the establishment of taverns near the ferries, etc. The oldest ferry in the state was opened by Colonel Richard Callaway at Boonesborough, located on the Kentucky River in 1779. According to the Kentucky Encyclopedia, time has erased the names and locations of many of these original ferries except when settlements grew up around them. Some whose memory still exists include: Shyrock's ferry, the St. Louis Transfer Train Ferry, the ferry at Henderson, Clay's Ferry, and the Valley View Ferry across from the Kentucky River between Fayette and Madison Counties. In checking Collin's History of Kentucky, I have fund reference to these ferries and landings. Kentucky River: Lane's Landing, Ball's Landing, Burn's Landing, Woodford Landing, Utterback's Landing, Shyrock Landing (shown above), Wilson's Landing, Wilhoit's Landing, McConn's Landing, Munday's Landing, Cogar's Landing, Shaker Ferry, Clay's Ferry. (no counties shown). Green River: Mason's Landing, Calhoun's Ferry, Harreldson's Landing, Bottom's Landing, Payne's Landing, Clark's Ferry, Clark's Landing, Graham's Landing (no counties shown). Cumberland River: Nine Mile Ferry (Livingston), Harmon's Ferry (Crittenden), Neeley's Ferry (Cumberland), Scott's Ferry (Cumberland), Morman's or Monticello Landing (Wayne), Waitsboro or Somerset Landing (Pulaski). Along the Elizabethtown, Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad: Comb's Ferry (Fayette). Ferries were pulled across the river by attaching the boat with a sliding hitch to a rope or cable which ran from bank to bank. Other ferries were known as "teamboat ferries" and were operated by one to eight horses who walked a treadmill or pushed a sweep around a capstan which moved a wooden paddlewheel on the boat. The boat was box like is shape and could only carry 1-2 horses and riders. In the larger areas, ferries had a ramp which helped board the passengers and could carry wagon and buggies. Tolls were set which varied from year to year but typically were 5 cents for one person; 10 cents for horse and rider; 25 cents for horse and buggy; 30 cents for buggy and two horses. There was a railroad ferry which operated across the Mississippi River which linked St. Louis & Iron Mountain Railroad in Belmont, MO with the Mobile and Ohio Railroad in Columbus, KY. Using a steam hoist, the cars were lifted. © Copyright 10 September 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl KYBIOGRAPHIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #180 - THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD I was quite surprised to learn that the Underground Railroad was neither "underground" nor a "railroad," but was a loose network of aid and assistance to fugitives from bondage. I knew it couldn't be truly "underground in the physical sense, but had just assumed that it was a railroad at least! It is said that likely as many as one hundred thousand enslaved persons may have escaped during the time frame between the American Revolution and the Civil War. Another discovery to me is that the Underground Railroad existed much prior to the Civil War from which we often date this subject. It was a protest against slavery dating back to the end of the Revolutionary War and perhaps earlier. It is a fascinating, heart-rendering story of the sacrifices, and often death, of an enslaved people who wanted one thing - freedom. The story beings with the transporting of Africans to our continent. It is said that approximately twelve million Africans were transported across the Atlantic to the Western Hemisphere in the 400 years from 1450 to 1850, with only about 5 percent of this number were brought to British North America and to what later would become the the United States. The greatest influx arrived between the years 1680 and 1808. A great debate took place in the United States Congress in 1819 and 1820 to determine if the state of Missouri should enter the Union as a slave or free state. It is obvious that the Congress realized that this problem had to be dealt with! The American Colonization Society was begun which wanted federal government funds to pay the costs of settling free blacks in an African colony they founded and called Liberia. Abolitionists were divided over strategy and tactics. Many of the abolitionists became part of the organized Underground Railroad. Not all abolitionists were looking out for the interest of the slaves; some wanted the money to go to political action. Many of the southerners were irate when they learned that escaping slaves received assistance from so many sources and that they lived and worked in the North and Canada. A Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850 making both possible and profitable to hire slave catchers to find and arrest runaways. Who Were the Runaways? The numbers and ages were many; anyone who were abused, or brutalized was a candidate. "Maroon" Societies were formed in North Carolina and Virginia, in Louisiana and in the mountain areas of Kentucky and Tennessee. These were simply "safe houses" for refugees. Many escaped Blacks intermarried with the Creeks and other Indian tribes during their stay there, including the Muscogees. Many of these later were known as the "Seminoles" which translated means "runaway." The age of the runaway male slave was between 16 and 35 years and more males runaway than females and children. The latter definitely did escape however, but their numbers were less and it is written that they were more likely to be captured. What Did the Runaways Do If They Reached Freedom? A majority of the runaways found work as field hands and soon found they were as greatly mistreated as before. That which they had hoped to escape had followed them. In the urban areas, many runaways fared a little better and could find work as hired hands, household servants. However, they were poorly paid and their life was still a desperate one in most instances. How Did the Runaway Slave Escape? Schemes for escape were random, but as well thought out as possible. Holidays, weekends, during harvest and possibly while the masters were at church were the favorite times. This was a time when the masters were busy or distracted and not paying as close attention to their slaves. They hoped that the event as they had chosen would give them a one or two day lead before this absence was noted. A code system was devised by many slaves so they could signal each other of pending dangers or of their plans on leaving.. Some of the most well used were: ""Swing Low, Sweet Chariot," "Steal Away to Jesus," and "Go Down Moses" carried coded messages related to escape. They didn't have time to take much with them in the way of food or clothes. They walked during the night time and hid out during the day time when they could be more easily spotted. Having no compasses, they were led by the North Star - because north led to freedom. Moss grows on the north side of trees - thus this was another guide for them. They had to stay off the well traveled paths, could not use railroads or other conveyances. They traversed the little country lanes, sloshed through swamps, cut their way through dense forests. If they felt secure enough, they sometimes dared to go by wagon, steamship or train. The fugitives also tried to disguise their appearance. Women often dressed up as men and vice versa. The lighter colored Blacks often passed themselves off as whites. Some pretended to just "doing their master's business" and acting as his "gopher." The runway hopefully could find sympathetic whites on their long trek. If they were fortunate enough, they could find someone willing to offer them food or shelter at secret stations along the way. These stations were spotted along the trial from ten to thirty miles apart and the signal was often a single candle showing through a cabin's window or a lantern burning in the front yard. The runaways would scamper toward the station and seek a good night's rest in the attic. Some stations had secret rooms; some let the slaves sleep in caves or in trenches to avoid detection. When the Fugitive Slave Law was passed in 1850, it became profitable for the white citizens to capture runaway slaves. This eliminated the safe haven of the north. Slave owners were encouraged to turn in runaway slaves they had captured and even the free blacks were placed in harm's way. New routes were established, leading not only just "north" but extending into Canada and Mexico. By the time the 1850's were drawing to a close, the split between north and south grew wider. The Underground Railroad continued throughout the Civil War. Kentucky Activities: According to the Kentucky Encyclopedia, the counties with the largest slave populations were all location within 125 miles of the Ohio River. This was a seven-mile stretch that separated the slave from freedom. Kentucky attempted to stop the escape by a law in 1798 which organized patrols to stop the escape. It was said to be a hard decision for the slave - many times he had to leave his family behind and the route was treacherous. Many times when the Kentucky slave escaped to "freedom" across the Ohio, they went from the frying pan into the fire. The 1850 US Census shows 86 fugitives from Kentucky's 210,981 slaves; by 1860, only 119 escapees! A few notable white men who helped the slaves included Calvin Fairbanks and Delia A Webster along with Black mmen Horace Morris and Elijah Anderson. Some of the most noted refugees who found their way to freedom included Josiah Henson (Mason County), Henry Bibb (Trimble County) and Lewis Clarke (Madison County). The rest of the refugees for the most part are lost in the dust of the trails they trod on their way to freedom. For more information: "The Liberty Line: The Legend of the Underground Railroad", Lexington, KY 1961, Larry Gara Kentucky Encyclopedia, 1992 And the following web sites: http://www.nps.gov/undergroundrr/ugsum.htm http://education.ucdavis.edu/NEW/STC/lesson/socstud/railroad/contents.htm http://www.niica.on.ca/csonan/UNDERGROUND.htm © 8 September 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl KYBIOGRAPHIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #179 REVOLUTIONARY WAR SOLDIERS - ESTILL AND FAYETTE COUNTY ESTILL CO: BEST, James, Pvt., VA Line; 12 Feb 1819; 23 Feb 1818; $96; age 73. BROWN, Thomas, Pvt., VA Militia; 20 Apr 1833; $40; age 92. HARRIS, Thomas, Pvt., VA Line; 19 May 1819; 5 Oct 1818; $96; age 63; died 10 Aug 1823. HARTMAN, Tandy, Pvt., VA Line; 12 May 1819; 2 Sept 1818; $96; age 84. HORN, Matthias, Pvt., VA Line; 11 Dec 1832; $80; age 72. JOHNSON, William, Pvt., VA Militia; 28Feb 1833; $40; age 77. MEADOWS, Israel, Pvt., VA Line; 12 May 1819; 2 Sept 1818; $96; age 78. McCHRISTY, James, Pvt., VA Line; 2 Jan 1828; 29 Oct 1827; $96; age 74. NOLAND, James, Pvt & Capt., VA Militia; 16 Jan 1833; $280; 94. NOLAND, Jesse, Pvt., NC Militia, 16Jan 1833; $20; age 73. OLDHAM, Richard, Pvt., NC Militia; 20 Aapr 1833; 430; age 89.. PHILLIPS, Zachariah, Pvt., NC Line; 29 May 1930; 29 May 1830; $96; age 71. POWELL, Ambrose, Pvt., VA Militia; 25 Mar 1833; $21.66; age 73. PROCTOR, James, Pvt., VA Line; 11 Dec 1832; $80; age 78. ROBERTSON, Jesse, Pvt., VA Line; 16 Jan 1833; $35; age 76 SHEFFIELD, George, Sgt. & Pvt., NC State Troops, 1 Apr 1833; $68.33; age 75.. SNOWDEN, David, Pvt., PA Line; 29 Mar 1833; $80; age 75. STUFFLEBEAN, John, Pvt., PA Line; 29 Mar 1833; $80; age 82. STYERS, William, Pvt., VA Line; 12 Feb 1819; 6 Oct 1818; $96; age 78. WARD, Lawrence, Pvt., VA Line; 10 July 1819; 20 Apr 1819; $96; died 11 Feb 1830. WATERS, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 20 Apr 1833; $33.33; age 82. WINKLER, Henry, Pvt., NC State Troops, 1 Apr 1833; $46.66; age 76. WITT, Elisha, Pvt., 16 Jan 1833; $46.66; age 83. Total in County 1840: Andrew Lackey, 78; Mary Eastis, widow, age 81; Elizabeth Ward, widow, 107. Total for county: 27. FAYETTE CO: ADAMS, Peter, B F, Pvt., NC Line; 18 Dec 1833; $58.33; age 76. ADAMS, William 2nd, Fifer, NY Line; 29 Mar 1819; 10 July 1818; $96; age 66. ALLEN, David, Pvt., NH Line, 18 Apr 1818; 1 Apr 1818; $96; age 79. ANDREWS, Thomas, Pvt., VA Militia; 15 Jan 1833; $80; age 76. ARMSTRONG, Ambrose, Pvt., VA Line; 15 Mar 1833; $80; age 74. BALL, James, Pvt., VA Line; 19 Sept 1818; 1 May 1818; $96; age 83. BARKER, William, Pvt., MD Line; 23 Dec 1818; 25 Aug 1818; $96; age 61. BARTON, John, Pvt., NJ State Troops, 18 Oct 1833; $33.33; age 79. BLAIR, Samuel, Pvt. & Sgt., PA Militia; 4 May 1833; $23.33; age 76. BOONE, Samuel, Pvt., SC Line; 4 Sept 1833; $40;age 76. BOWMAN, Abraham, Col., VA Line; 30 Oct 1829; $600;, George H Bowman, agent. BOYNE, John G., Pvt., MD Line; 18 May 1833; $30; age 71. CAMPER, Tilman, Pvt., VA Militia; 26 Feb 1833; $69.23; age 75. CARTER, Obadiah, Pvt., VA Line; 7 July 1819; 16 June 1818; $96; age 65. CHRISTIAN, Andrew, Pvt., VA Line; 13 Aug 1833; $50; age 73. CHRISTIAN, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 15 Jan 1833; $76.66; age 82. CHRISTIAN, William, Pvt., VA Line; 7 July 1819; 15 Aug 1818; $96; age 62. COONS, Frederick, Pvt., VA Line; 26 Apr 1819; 29 May 1818; $96, no age shown. CRAIG, Robert, Lt., PA Line; 19 Sept 1818; 29 Apr 1818; $240; age 78. CULLINS, Charles, Pvt., VA Line; 10 Oct 1818; 27 May 1818; $96; age 87. DARNABY, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 26 Feb 1833; $40; age 74. DAVENPORT, Adrain, Pvt., MD Line; 21 May 1819; 6 July 1818; $96; age 76. DAVENPORT, James, Pvt., VA Militia; 15 Jan 1833; $80; age 92. EMERSON, Reuben, Pvt. & Sgt., VA Militia, 10Aug 1833; $23.10; age 88. EPPERSON, Francis, Pvt., VA Militia; 29 May 1834; $20; age 83. FAULCONER, Joseph, Pvt., VA Line; 22 Aug 1833; $62.33; age 76. FARRELL, Isaac, Pvt., VA Line; 9 Feb 1828; 3 Feb 1828; $96; age 70. FERGUSON, Abraham, Pvt., VA Line; 26 Feb 1833; $80; age 83. FLETCHER, James, Pvt., VA Line; 5 June 1820; 21 Sept 1819; $96; age 69; died 18 June 1833. FOWLER, John, Lt., VA Line; 30 Oct 1832; $320; age 78. GRAVES, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 15 Jan 1833; $20; age 77. HALEY, Randall, Pvt., VA Line; 6 May 1833; $30; age 79. HAMILTON, James, Pvt., PA Militia; 1 July 1834; $58; age 71. HICKEY, Daniel, Pvt., PA Line; 22 Oct 1819; 25 Aug 1818; $96; age 84. HICKS, William, Pvt., VA Line; 5 Mar 1819; 15 June 1818; $96; age 82; died 20 Nov 1822. HOWELL, Jonathan, Pvt., NJ Line; 17 Nov 1818; 11 May 1818; $96; age 70; died 18 May 1827. HUNT, William, Pvt., VA Militia; 16 Jan 1833; $40; age 80. HUNTER, John, Pvt., NC Line; 18 Dec 1833; $63.33; age 75. LAFFOON, James, Pvt., VA Line; 6 May 1833; $56.66; age 71. JETER, Fielding, Pvt., VA Line; 9 June 1820; 20 June 1818; $96; age 72. JETER, Littleton, Pvt., VA Line; 11 Dec 1828; 10 Dec 1828; $96; age 80. MASTERSON, James, Pvt. & Ensign, NC Militia; 28 Feb 1833; $83.33; age 81. McCALLA, Andrew, Sgt., PA Line; 1 Mar 1833; $50; age 74; died 27 Nov 1832. McCARGO, Radford, Pvt., NC Militia; 6 Mar 1834; $46.66; age 72. McDOWELL, James, Pvt. & Ensign, VA Line; 19 Jan 1833; $61.77; age 75. McDOWELL, John, LT, Wood's VA Regiment, 26 May 1831; $320; J T Johnson, agent. McGRAW, Christopher, Drummer, MD Line; 18 Oct 1819; 13 May1818; $96; age 74. McISAACKS, Isaac, Pvt., PA Line; 5 Sept 1833; $60; age 83. McVAY, Daniel, Pvt., VA Line; 23 Dec 1818; 28 Aug 1818; $96; age 86. MILES, William, Pvt., VA Line; 13 Feb 1819; 26 June 1818; $96; age 71. MITCHELL, Hiram, Pvt., US Navy, 7 Dec 1818; 24 June 1818; $96; age 63. MORRELL, Benjamin, Pvt., NC Militia; 18 Oct 1833; $61.66; age 74. MOSBY, Joseph, Pvt., NC Militia; 3 Mar 1834; $35; age 76. MURRAY, James, Pvt., NJ Line; 26 Oct 1822; 20 Sept 1819; $96; age 72. NAILOR, Isaac, Pvt., VA Line; 12 July 1819; 28 May 1818; $96; age 70, dead. NELSON, John, Ensign, VA Line; 4 Nov 1818; 30 Apr 1818; $240; age 71. NELSON, John, Capt, 5th Regt., VA Line; 17 Sept 1823; $480, J P Robinson, Agent. NORWOOD, Charles, Pvt., VA Line; 7 Jan 1831; 7 Jan 1831; $96; age 78, dead. PALMATEER, William, Pvt., NY Militia; 15 Oct 1833; $26.66; age 73. PARKER, John, Pvt & Wagon Master, PA Militia; 15 Jan 1833; $290; age 80. PECK, John, Mariner; Ship Queen of France; 12 Apr1834; $20; age 65. PINDELL, Richard, Surgeon, 1st Regt., MD Line; 2 Aug 1828; $480; A Ogden & J R Nourse, attys. PREWITT, Byrd, Pvt., VA Line; 11 Jan 1832; 30 Dec 1831; $96; age 80. PROCTOR, George, Pvt., VA Line; 6 Mar 1834; $30; age 74. RANKIN, Hugh, Pvt., PA Line; 11 Feb 1819; 22 June 1818; $96; age 66. REILLY, Christopher, Pvt., PA Line; 19 Sept 118; 1 May 1818; $96; age 74; died 13 Jan 1829. ROBERTSON, Benjamin, Pvt., NC Line; 6 Mar 1833; $60; age 78. ROBINSON, Benjamin, Pvt., VA Militia; 28 Feb 1833; $60; age 82. RUSSELL, Robert S., Pvt & Cpl., VA Militia; 15 Jan 1833; $53.33; age 73. SCHOOLER, William, Sgt. 3rd Regt., VA Line; 7 Feb 1829; $120; D McC Payne, agent. SHANNON, Andrew, Pvt., PA Line; 21 Oct 1818; 18 May 1818; $96; age 71; died 25 Nov 1827. SHARP, William 2nd, Pvt., VA Line; 15 Apr 1819; 15 Aug 1818; $96; age 73; died 20 Sept 1833. SHINDLEEBOWE, George, Pvt., state not shown; 6 May 1819; 22 Sept 118; $96; age 63. SMITH, James, Pvt., VA Line; 17 May 1833; $80; age 86. STEPHENS, John, Pvt., VA Line; 15 Apr 1819; 24 Aug 1818; $96; age 72. STEWART, William, Pvt., VA Line; 17 Aug 1833; $80; age 72. STIVERS, Reuben, Musician; VA Line; 13 Feb 1819; 17 June 1818; $96; age 76. STOUT, Elijah, Pvt., NJ Militia; 29 May 1833; $80; age 74. SULLIVAN, Cornelius, Pvt., VA Line; 5 Sept 1833; $46.66; age 78.. TRUE, James, Pvt., VA Line; 9 Aug 1833; $30; age 86. VALLANDIGHAM, George, Pvt., VA Militia; 15 July 1833; $20; age 73. VAUGHAN, James, Pvt., VA Line; 24 may 1819; 1 July 1818; $96; age 89; died 29 Jan 1826. WEBB, Isaac, Lt., VA Line; 31 May 1833; $320; no age given. WHITE, Nathan, Pvt., VA Line; 7 July 1819; 15 June 118; $96; age 82. WICKLIFFE, Charles, Pvt of Inf. & cavalry, VA Militia; 31 May 1833; $22.50; age 78. WINGATE, John, Pvt., VA Line; 16 Mar 1826; 14 Feb 1826; $96; age 73. YORK, John, Pvt., VA Line; 22 Sept 1818; 3 Aug 1818; $96; age 82. YOUNG, John, Pvt., PA Line; 10 Nov 1821; 22 Feb 1819; no age given; dead. YOUNG, John, Pvt., NC Line; 28 Feb 1833; $40; no age given. In county, 1840: Thomas Clark, 85; Daniel Cowgill, 83; Elizabeth Scruggs, widow, 74. Total for county: 93 © Copyright 3 September 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl KYBIOGRAPHIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #178: SONS OF CONFEDERATE VETERANS AND THE GALVANIZED YANKEES I recently had the great privilege of attending a ceremony held at the Glasgow Municipal Cemetery honoring thirteen Confederate soldiers, many members of the famous Orphan Brigade, conducted by the Sons of Confederate Veterans. I knew very little of the organization prior to this time, other than working with one of the officers of the Captain Ben Helm Hardin Camp at Elizabethtown, KY in locating the burial places of the Confederates in this county and adjoining counties. What they did with that information was very impressive! At the ceremony, both the Sons of the Confederate Veterans and the Order of Rose (the lady's organization, part of the Emily Todd Hardin group) arrived in worked clothes and, in the hot sun beating down at 91 degrees, spent several hours laying stones honoring the fallen warriors. They dug, placed the stones, cemeted and cleaned. When the ceremony began, 7 of the men, in full woolen uniforms and holding their muskets stood at attention which another member read a brief history of the individual they were honoring. A Confederate flag and a carnation were placed at each grave and photos taken. There was period singing, prayer and a 21-gun salute for each soldier. I began asking questions and here is a little sketch of what this organization is and what services it provides and why they stress, "it's not us to be honored, it's the soldier!" This is an exact quote. "The citizen-soldiers who fought for the Confederacy personified the best qualities of America. The preservation of liberty and freedom was the motivating factor in the South's decision to fight the Second American Revolution. The tenacity with which Confederate soldiers fought underscored their belief in the rights guaranteed by the Constitution. These attributes are the underpinning of our democratic society and represent the foundation on which this nation was built." Why the Organization? It is to preserve the history and legacy of these soldiers, heroes, many time mere boys. It is their desire that future generations won't forget the sacrifice they made and why the war was fought. The SCV is made up of direct male heirs of the ConfederateVeterans It is patriotic, non-political and determined to present a correct history of the Civil War in the Confederate effort. Membership can be obtained through either direct or collateral family lines and kinship to a veteran must be documented genealogically. The minimum age for membership is 12. What does the organization do? The SCV conducts sessions at the local, state, and national levels. Part of their efforts include marking Confederate soldier's graves, giving historical reenactments, scholarly publications, and regular meetings to discuss the military and political history of the War Between the States. This is done by local units called camps. They have annual conventions, publish newsletters and a multitude of other activities. Working with other historical groups it is not affiliated with any other group other than the Military Order of the Stars and Bars, composed of male descendants of the Southern Officers Corps. How Can I Contact them? If you would like more information about the Sons of Confederate Veterans, call 1-800-MY-SOUTH, or 1-800-MY-DIXIE. Or write to: International Headquarters, Sons of Confederate Veterans, P O Box 59, Columbia, TN 38402-0059. The SCV maintains a wonderful web site found at: http://www.scv.org/ which explains more of the services and goals of the organization which includes, among other things, genealogical research services. For $5.00 they will go through their files and help the descendant find information on the soldier. A full explanation will be found on their page. In closing, I would like to include the Charge to the Sons of Confederate Veterans: "To you, Sons of Confederate Veterans, we submit the vindication of the Cause for which we fought; to your strength will be given the defense of the Confederate soldier's good name, the guardianship of his history, the emulation of his virtues, the perpetuation of those principles he loved and which made him glorious and which you also cherish. Remember, it is your duty to see that the true history of the South is presented to future generations." - Lt. General Stephen Dill Lee, Commander General United Confederate Veterans, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1906 THE GALVANIZED YANKEES I first heard this term a few years ago and filed it away in the back of my mind as an interesting topic to pursue. Having been born and raised a Yankee, it has been a slow process for me to learn the "other side of the story." A few days ago, I found a most wondrous book at our bookstore entitled the "Galvanized Yankees", by Dee Brown, University of Nebraska Press, © Copyright 1963, (originally published by the University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL). After reading much in this book, I went on a search to see if Kentucky troops were involved and if their names were to be found. This led me to web searches and contact with several organizations and yes, Kentucky was definitely involved, and no, no rolls exist. Let's take a look at those Galvanized Yankees and see who they were and what they did. Who Were They? The Galvanized Yankees were "former soldiers of the Confederate States of America, who had worn gray or butternut before they accepted the blue uniform of the United States Army in exchange for freedom from prisons where many of them had endured much of the war. Sent to the Western frontier so they would not meet their former comrades in battle, they soon found a new foe, the Plain Indians." So begins the introduction to the above named book. These soldiers, whose name we will explain later, marched as soldiers across the west between September 1864 and November 1866. Their lives were never the same as before, but to these honorable men, it was a far better choice than dying in a Yankee prison. However, many of them just prolonged their lives some, for many were killed by the Indians, by epidemics, disease or froze to death. It is said that a small percentage of the men deserted, but a much lower percentage than those who had deserted the Union ranks during the war. (Ella Lonn, During the Civil War, 1928, p. 226.). Those who survived many times remained in the west, sometimes changing their names. Some went home. The Name: The name "Galvanized Yankees" appeared slowly. Along the border states during the Civil War, allegiances were divided between the North and South. Confederates in this area called their neighbors to the north "Home-made Yankees." In northern prisons where many of the Confederates were held, the Rebel prisoners were known as "Condemned Yankees." Supposedly, according to the author of this work, the name "Galvanized Yankees" was first used for a Union soldier who turned Confederate and in 1865, a General Dodge used this term when speaking of some prisoners in Alton, IL. The Beginnings: There was a need found for men who could go to the western frontier to restore law and order and to wear many hats in the ever-expanding development of the United States. General Benjamin Butler had written President Abraham Lincoln who approved of the idea and tours were made of the northern prisons where Confederate soldiers were held. Called then "United States Volunteers", six regiments were recruited from prisons at Point Lookout, Rock Island, Alton, Camp Douglas, Chase and Morton. It was noted that some of the men recruited were Irish and German, but most were native Americans from the hill country of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Kentucky with a smattering from Virginia to Louisiana. By the time this program was in full swing, there were 6,000 Galvanized Yankees. These were divided into six regiments. Their assignments: As varied as the individuals who volunteered was their assignments. The 2nd and 3rd Regiments restored stage and mail service between the Missouri River and California; escorted supply trains on the Oregon and Santa Fe Trail; rebuilt telegraph lines destroyed by the Indians between Fort Kearney and Salt Lake City. The 5th & 6th Regiments carried mail, escorted Colonel James Sawyer's Wagon Road Expedition to Montana; served at outposts. The 1st Regiment held off the Sioux at various settlements along the Mississippi River. The 1st & 4th Regiments manned five separate forts, fought the Indiana, opened up new stage coach routes across the Kansas plains. Some fought on the Little Blue, the Sweetwater, Midway, Fort Dodge, Platte Bridge. They guarded the Union Pacific Railroad. They rescued white women who had been kidnapped by the Indians. Forts or Stations Occupied or Guarded by the Galvanized Yankees: Fort: Abraham Lincoln, Benton, Berthold, Bridger, Caspar, Collins, Connor, Dodge, Donelson, Ellsworth, Fletcher, Halleck, Hays, Jefferson, John Buford, Kearney, Laramie, Larmed, Leavenworth, Lyon, McPherson, Phil Keany, Randall, Reno, Rice, Ridgely, Riley, Ripley, Sanders, Sedgwick, Snelling, Sully, Union, Wadsworth, Wallace, Wicked, Zarah. Kentucky men: As noted earlier, no rosters were kept. The only printed source I have that includes any Kentuckians by name is the book cited at the beginning of this tip. It is noted that many had served with Morgan's men. I will list those shown: Private John Blackburn, 21 years old, of Pike County, KY died from chronic diarrhea. He appears to have been serving with the 6th Iowa Cavalry, but it is unclear. His company commander wrote: "A good and faithful soldier." Companies C and D, 5th U. S. Volunteers: had eight Kentuckians, not named except Private John McKinney of Kentucky who was shown as age 43, one of the oldest volunteers. Captain Henry Palmer took charge of a detachment at Fort Leavenworth in 1861, to command the 11th Ohio Cavalry, sixty men, "every one of them lately Confederate soldiers with John Morgan on his raid into Ohio" It was later noted that there were 60 Kentuckians with him who he found as experienced raiders. This ground fought the Indians near Big Sandy Station. Author Brown cites from possibly 100 other books that contain information on the Galvanized Yankees. Also, the URL for the Company I, 3rd Ohio is shown below - it will link you to many other web sites: http://www.coffey.com/~tmbrwolf/co-i.html © Copyright 1 September 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl KYBIOGRAPHIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #177 - THE FAMILY BIBLE The following topic was recently discussed in the Ancestry Daily News Letter and got me to thinking that this isn't a topic that I've covered yet. As I've noted in previous tips, our sources can be most confusing. It is possible, in searching for birth, death or burial records to check: 1 - Cemetery records. Tombstones sometimes have inaccurate dates. 2 - Vital Statistics. These can be in error if the physician wrote down the wrong information. 3 - Funeral home records. Believe it or not, these can be entered incorrectly! 4 - Family histories. Open for debate many times when information comes from an elderly family member or poorly kept records. But - how about the family Bible? Surely this WILL be accurate. Well -- maybe! One of the best traits of a genealogist is skepticism! It might look like the answer to our prayers, but we need to be really sure. What can we find in the old Family Bibles? Not only is it the Holy Scriptures, but it was the one recording place that many families used for important family events. Many Bibles have a place to record births, deaths, baptisms, marriages and miscellaneous family data. But is what written the "gospel truth"? What problems can we run into; what questions do we need to ask? These questions are best expressed by Ancestry. 1) What is the publication date of the Bible? If any date entered in the Bible precedes the publication date, it was obviously added long after the event occurred and the veracity of the information -- names, dates and places -- should be questioned. The information should be corroborated with another source if possible. This simply means that someone who owned that Bible, or perhaps an heir, added the information in that occurred in the family before the publication date of the Bible itself. I have the Henry Gorin Family Bible - it has been known as that forever and a day. BUT, it is not his original Bible - it is a transcription into another family Bible owned by his grandson. Thankfully, I have a copy of the family records prepared by Henry Gorin and can confirm that the transcription into a newer Bible was correct. 2) Are all the entries in the Bible made in the same ink? It's possible that the information in this Bible was transcribed/transferred from another Bible. If so, they were probably done some time after the events that they are recording. Every piece of information should be questioned and corroborated with another source if possible. 3) Do the entries in the Bible appear to be written in ballpoint pen? If so, what are the dates? The first patent for a ballpoint-type dispenser (for marking on rough surfaces rather than for writing) was awarded to an American, John H. Loud, on October 30, 1888. Commercial ballpoint writing pens first became available in 1895. However, it was not until the mid-1930s that the first reliable ball-point pen was developed by Lazlo Biro, a Hungarian living in Argentina, who received a patent in 1944 for his development. Ballpoint pens were used during W.W.II and they became used worldwide by the mid-1940s. Therefore, be skeptical of ball-point pen entries in family Bibles prior to the late 1930s or early 1940s. 4) Are some dates or years entered in a different hand or a different ink? Again, this is a telltale clue to later entry by someone else. 5) Are entries made out of chronological sequence? Here is an obvious clue to the data being entered some time after the event. Another clue is that an entry is squeezed in between others in order to force it into sequence. 6) Are there entries in a Bible published in the U.S. for events that occurred in another country? Or vice versa? Unless you can confirm that the person who made the entry in the Bible was in attendance at the event, maintain a healthy suspicion that the data entered was secondhand, hearsay information. Corroborate the data with other sources. 7) Are you familiar with the handwriting of the person(s) who made each entry? If so, can you confirm that he or she was living at the time of the event? It is possible that a well-meaning successor to the original owner decided to enter information in order to make the family record more complete. In that case, he or she may have had unreliable information or made assumptions based on unreliable or hearsay sources. Check handwriting in family Bibles with other known handwriting samples from the person(s) you believe should have been the one(s) to have entered records at the time of the events. (Yes, you are becoming a handwriting analyst too!) This is one of my greatest interests, that of finding the handwriting of all the ancestors! Note: if you have a copy of a deed taken from a deed book at the courthouse, or a will ; this is normally the handwriting of the CLERK, not the individual. The Clerk hand-wrote the deed or will into the official books. You need to look at the original document to see the "real" signature many times! Thus ….. in order to use the Family Bible as a source, you must do some double-checking. I have found some Bibles where marriages, or births, or deaths were entered twice in different sections - and the dates don't agree! They are in different handwritings, different ink. That makes it great fun! The Family Bible is a wonderful source for obtaining information that we so badly need. I always try to buy a Bible that I find at a garage sale if it has family information in it. Then, playing detective, I try to find who that family was and contact a descendant or donate the Bible. It's words, both inspired and genealogical are worthy to be saved! (c) Copyright 27 August 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl KYBIOGRAPHIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

To tip #175 Rev Soldiers. I was working off an old typed copy of the Quisenberry records done many yrs ago and did not catch that they had the counties wrong. The tip said the records were for FLEMING AND FULTON CO. It should read FLEMING AND FLOYD CO. All the soldiers listed unter FULTON should read FLOYD. My deepest apologies for not catching this earlier. Sandi Sandi Gorin - A Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl KYBIOGRAPHIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

I am sending out two tips today as it is possible I won't be able to send out one on Thursday. Thus - the double post today! Sandi TIP# 175 REVOLUTIONARY WAR SOLDIERS FLEMING AND FULTON COUNTY Again - as way of explanation. If two dates appear, the first date is the date they applied for pension before the County Clerk; the second date is the date the pension was backdated to if approved; the amount, the age at date of application. FLEMING COUNTY: BAYER, Edward, Sgt., NY Line; 13 May 1819; 20 July 1818; $96; age 65; died 15 Jan 1826. BOYD, William, Pvt., Washington's Life Guards; 13 Oct 1821; 8 Sept 1818; $96; age 74; died 30 Dec 1828. CLACK, Moses, Dragoon, VA Dragoons; 20 Nov 1833; $100; no age shown. COMBES, William, Sgt., VA Line; 20 June 1819; 17 June 1818; $96; age 77. COLLINS, John, Pvt., VA Line; 16 Apr 1819; 22 Aug 1818; $96; age 70; died 21 Jan 1828. CRAWFORD, James, Pvt., VA Militia; 18 Oct 1833; $20; age 75. DAVIDSON, Joshua, Pt. Of Cavalry, VA Line; 3 May 1833; $100; age 73. DAVIS, Joseph, Pvt., VA Line; 24 Oct 1832; $20; age 74. DAVIS, Jesse, Pvt., VA Line; 18 Mar 1833; $80; age 72. DAVIS, William, Pvt., VA Line; 17 May 1819; 8 Sept 1818; $96; age 60. DAVIS, William, Dragoon, VA Dragoons; 22 Oct 1828; $100. DRENNON, Hugh, Pvt., PA Line; 16 May 1834; $53.33; age 74. ESTELL, William, pvt., PA Line; 22 May 1820; 1 June 1880(?); $96; age 72. FINLEY, John, Brigade Major, PA Line; 13 Jan 1820; 7 Oct 1819; age 80; transferred from PA. FINLEY, John, Capt. 8th Regt., PA Line, 22 Aug 1828; $480. FOUS, John, Pvt; VA Militia; 21 Feb 1833; $20; age 67. FRASEUR, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 12 Apr 1833; $20; age 69. GODDARD, Joseph, pvt., VA Line; 25 Mar 1833; $80; age 73. GORMAN, Archibald, Pvt., PA Line; 24 Sept 1833; $76.66; age 80. HAMMOND, John, Pvt. Of Artillery, VA Line; 24 Oct 1832; $100; age 79. HELPHINSTINE, Philip, Pvt., VA Line; 24 July 1821; 2 Oct 1819; $96; age 77; died 14 Oct 1831. HENNIS, Benjamin, Pvt., MD Line; 18 Sept 1819; 26July 1818; $96; age 74. HOPKINS, David, Pvt., PA Line; 20 Apr 1833; $80; age 74. HOWE, David, Pvt. Of Infantry & Cavalry, SC Militia; 10 Jan 1833; $83.33; age 87. HUMPHREES, Samuel, Pvt., VA Line; 18 Mar 1833; $80; age 85. KENDALL, Peter, Pvt., VA Line; 17 May 1819; 12 Sept 1818; $96; age 58. LAYTON, William H., Pvt., PA Line; 1 Mar 1833; $80; age 79. LONDON, George, Pvt., PA Line; 16 Mar 1833; $80; age 76; died 14 Nov 1832. MADDEN, Joseph, Lt & Pvt., VA Militiaa; 20 Jan 1834; $126.66; age 77. MANZY, Peter, Pvt, VA Militia; 20 Mar 1833; $20; age 83. McATINNEY, Thomas, Pvt., PA Line; 5 June 1820; 6 Dec 1819; $96; age 72; died 9 Feb 1823. McCOY, Alexander, no rank given, VA Line; 6 Jan 1826; 9 Dec 1825; $96; age 82. McCULLOUGH, William, Pvt., MD Line; 5 June 1820; 11 Sept 1818; $96; age 78. McKEE, Guion, Pvt., PA Line; 18 Sept 1819; 15 June 1818; $96; age 77; died 9 Dec 1827. McKEE, John, Pvt., PA Line; 10 Jan 1833; $80; age 70. MILLER, John, Pvt., PA Volunteers, 10 Sept 1832; $80; age 69. MILLER, William, Pvt., PA Line; 24 Oct 1832; $80; age 77. MOORE, James, Cpl, Revolutionary Army, 4 Mar 1795; $30; 24 April 1818, raised to $48. MUSE, George, Pvt., VA Line; 6 Oct 1820; 4 June 1818; $96; age 73; died 27 July 1827. PROCTOR, William, Pvt., PA Line; 25 Jan 1833; $80; age 75 RHODAN, Thomas, Pvt., NJ Militia; 6 May 1833; $20; age 83. RIGDON, James, Pvt., MD Militia; 28 Dec 1832; $20; age 72.. RINGO, Burtis, Pvt. Of Cavalry; VA Line; 24 Oct 1832; $100; age 72. RINGO, James, Pvt., MD Militia; 28 Dec 1832; $100; age 72. ROBERTSON, William, Pvt, NC Militia; 16 Apr 1833; $25.66; age 80. ROSS, John, Pvt., VA Line; 24 Dec 12833; $38.44; age 79. SMITH, Redmond, Pvt., VA Militia; 30 oct 1832; $63.33; age 74. STOCKER, William, Pvt., Revolutionary Army, 1 Jan 1803, $36; Apr 24, 1816, raised to $57.60. STOKER, Samuel, Pvt., VA Line; 18 Sept 1819; 29 June 1818; $96; age 79. STRAHAN, Samuel, Pvt., PA Line; 20 June 1822; 7 Sept 1818; $96; age 73; died 2 June 1825. SUMMERS, John, Pvt, VA Militia; 30 Oct 1832; $20; age 70. WEAVER, Philip, Pvt., VA Line; 20 May 1833; $20; age 70. WILLIAMS, Gerard, Pvt., MD Line; 27 Mar 1833; $96.66; age 75; died 21 June 1833. WILLIAMS, Lawrence, Pvt. & Sgt., MD Line; 27 Mar 1833; $90; age 76. WILSON, Andrew, Pvt., PA Line; 23 May 1820; 23 Oct 1818; $96; age 74. Total in County 1840: Samuel Blackburn, 80; Moses Clark, 76; Zacheus Cord, 64; Patrick McCann, 80; John Page, 78 and Daniel Terhune, 81. Total for county: 61. FULTON COUNTY: BOURNEY, Joseph, Pvt., VA Line; 3 July 1820; 24 Apr 1819; $96; age 74; died 3 May 1826. BROWN, Thomas C., Cornet, VA Militia; 19 July 1833; $320; age 74. CAINES, Richard, Pvt., VA Line; 2222 June 1819; 20 Nov 1818; $96; age 66. CAMRON, James, Pvt, VA Line; 17 May 1833; $80; age 76. CHILDRES, Pleasant, Pvt., NC Line; 10 Feb 1825; 7 Dec 1824; 96; age 71 CONNELLY, Henry, Capt of Cavalry, NC Militia; 24 Feb 1834; $150; age 82. DARTEN, Edward, Pvt., VA Line; 20 Jan 1834; $80; age 83. FAIRCHILD, Abina, Pvt., NC Line; 27 Mar 1834; $40; age 72. FERGUSON, William, Pvt., PA Line; 23 May 1820; 20 May 1818; $96; age 79. HANEY, William, Pvt., VA Line; 21 July 1826; 25 May `1826; $96; age 76. HARRIS, James, Pvt., VA Militia; 19 July 1833; $70; age 82. HITCHCOCK, Joshua, Pvt., NC Line; 20 Jan 1834; $20; age 92. HOPKINS, Garner, Pvt., NY Line; 22 Sept 1819; 12 July 1819; $96; age 82; died 4 June 1832. JACOBS, Roby, Pvt., VA Line; 6 Sept 1820; 19 Oct 1818; $96; age 76; died 19 Feb 1825. JONES, Ambrose, Pvt., VA Line; 12 Dec 1825; 2 Nov 1825; $96; age 73, died 12 June 1833. JONES, Gabriel, Pvt., NC Line; 28 Sept 1819; 18 Oct 1818; $96; age 108 (born 1710). JUSTICE, Simeon, Drummer, NC Line; 20 Feb 1833; $88; age 69. MOORE, John, Pvt, NC Line; 27 Mar 1834; $33.33; age 75. MULLINS, John, Pvt., VA Line; 10 Sept 1823; 26 May 1823; $96; age 76. MURRAY, Thomas, Pvt., PA Line; 12 May 1820; 20 May 1818; $96; age 80; died 26 Apr 1824. PATRICK, James, Pvt., VA Militia; 4 Sept 1833; $80, no age given. PORTER, James, Pvt, VA Line; 7 Feb 1834; $65.55; age 75. PRESTON, Moses, Pvt., VA Line; 29 May 1820; 16 June 1818; $96; age 72. PRESTON, Nathan, VA Line; 31 May 1819; 20 May 1818; $96; age 71; died 6 Aug 1832. PYTTS, Jonathan, Pvt., NC Line; 27 June 1833; $80; age 78. SMITH, John, 3rd, Pvt., VA Line; 10 June 1824, 23 Mary 1823; $96; age 88. STONE, Cudbeth, Pvt., MD Line; 10 June 1819; 21 Oct 1818; $96; age 62. SULLIVAN, Peter, Pvt., VA Line; 20 June 1825; 1 June 1825; $96; age 82. WATKINS, Benedict, Pvt, NC Line; No date, $80, age 72. WELLS, Richard, Pvt., NC Line, 29 Mar 1834; age 74, no amount shown. YOUNG, Alexander, Pvt., SC Line; 27 Nov 1819; 21 July 1818; $96; age 75. In County in 1840: Anthony Hall, 78; Mexico Pitts, 75; Reuben Thacker, 87; Philip Williams, 87, Rebecca Henrel, widow, 90. Total: 36. Note: Fayette is such a large county, it will be shown next post on the Revolutionary Soldiers. (c) Copyright 25 August 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl KYBIOGRAPHIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #176 - GRANDMA AND GRANDPA WERE SCHOOL TEACHERS Many of you have written with suggestions on occupations and I will be running just a few more. Hopefully, later, I can add to the list. One of the most requested was on the old-time school teacher. My source is from the writing of Cyrus Edwards, Cecil Goode and Daniel Tolle primarily of south central Kentucky. In the beginning - Kentucky didn't have schools. Like Virginia, schools were considered necessary only for the elite; taken from the English traditions that education was a private thing and not for the "common folks." Especially, schooling was not meant for girls! When Kentucky became a state in 1792, this same tradition continued on for many years. Children were needed to work the crops and help in the house. It was not until about 1838 that Kentucky took steps of organizing education. Academies had been granted back in the 1790's, but nothing really was done with it. In 1838 the schools were set up in districts which were restricted to no less than 30 students, no more than 100. Five commissioners were appointed by the State Board of Education for each district, it was a public vote. Each district was to build a school and levy a tax. Students were very lax in attending and the parents didn't enforce their attendance many times. In 1840, it is recorded that there were 1300 teachers with 1100 of them men. The school trustees were supposed to visit each district at least once a week to see that the teacher had sufficient supplies and no problems. By 1851, the state school superintendent organized an association called "Friends of Education in Kentucky" and appointed the Honorable J. R. Underwood of Bowling Green (formerly Glasgow) to spearhead the organization. Its main purpose was to improve education in Kentucky and mandated 6-7 hour school days, 5-day a week sessions, with courses in spelling, reading, writing, geography, grammar, arithmetic, U. S. history, general history, composition. A 6-month school term was also mandated. In 1856, the legislature authorized each county court to appoint a commissioner of education for a 2-year term for the pay of $2.00 a day for 50 days. For all of our younger readers, school and its teachers were nothing like we are used to today! School normally lasted only 3-6 months out of the year at first so the youngsters who were old enough could help their parents with the crops. But, the school teacher deserved every penny they might be paid! They were teacher, principal, janitor and everything in between. For several years I held a like position out in Arizona; and there's nothing like it in the whole wide world! Let's look at the teacher. They were hard to come by in the early days. There were no normal schools for the teacher's training; usually it was the smartest guy in the neighborhood who got elected to serve as the teacher. They were judged mainly on their ability to read and write - and sad to say, some could barely do that! Their salary? Schools were called subscription schools with each family paying a certain amount for the enrollment of their children. BUT … many couldn't afford to pay. So they were paid in moonshine, vegetables, fruits, meat or anything the settler could barter with. The teacher had to be at the school before the students arrived and get the stove stocked in winter; scrub the floor, anything that might be done - he did. Most of the earlier teachers were men; women entered this profession a little later. The school building was normally a one-room affair at the edge of the woods. The pupils sat two by two in double seats with the girls on the left as you looked into the classroom and the boys on the right. Much to the embarrassment of the younger boys, sometimes, since there were more boys than girls, they had to sit with the girls - oh, shame! The seats were about two by 16 inches with a little box underneath (boy, our little school had those in the 1940's!) The teacher didn't always have a desk, but a stand much like a pulpit in shape. It was located midway between the two ends of the schoolhouse. In many parts of Kentucky, both houses and schools had two front doors - the boys entering in one door, the girls the other. Along the front, in direct view of the teacher, was a long bench. This was used by the students when called upon by the teacher to recite. It is often said, and I thoroughly believe it, that the younger students, or one with learning problems, benefited greatly by listening to the recitation of the students up front. There were few, if any books. A small slate board was used by the students, there were no maps, charts. Lunch time was a time to run outside, each student brought something to eat - apples, a little sandwich, and a water cup. They relished this break just as much as the children do today. There was an old well nearby where the cooling fresh water was gulped down by the children. Most children came to school barefoot in warm weather - and probably, some of them were barefoot all year. Most of the students had to walk many miles to school, no buses or "Mom's carpool." Some schools were so popular that students from out of the area came to them and boarded for a nominal fee with a neighbor close to the school. There were wondrous spelling bees and ciphering matches, and yes, there were disciplinary problems too as the child grew fidgety in his hard seat! There was very little ventilation in many of the schools and the younger students often grew restless and invented things to amuse themselves. We have all heard of the boys who loved to stick the braids of the girls into the ink well (coming later when the boys and girls were seated together), and the teacher frowned greatly upon passing notes and a'courtin'! When a student was called on to recite, he came into the open space in front of the teacher's stand. This way the teacher could watch both the recitor and the rest of the class. There were no grades of course, a student had to show mastery in his course before passing on to the next level. It was not unusual to find 18 year old boys or girls taking the same class and those of 5 or 6 years old. If there was enough money for textbooks, most grade levels used the same ones. In the more affluent schools, more difficult subjects were taught: Botany, Rhetoric, Geography, Algebra, Geometry, and Astronomy were favorites. One of the ways of teaching geography was by the use of "Singing Geography" which helped the students remember the names of states, capitals, oceans, seas, mountains and rivers. The reader can be very proud of an ancestor who was a teacher in the early settlement days and beyond. © Copyright 25 August 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl KYBIOGRAPHIES: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios KYRESEARCH: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #174: GRANDPA AS A WAINWRIGHT, A COACHMAKER, A BOOKBINDER, A LIMNER Wainwrights saw to it that our ancestors were mobile. More roads were being built, but seldom improved, and the settlers had to get from one place to another - whether to the little county church which might be miles away, or to the town for supplies they could not produce themselves. The mode of transportation, other than horses or mules, was the wagon. There were many varities of wagons ranging from the utilitarian farm wagon (which looked a lot like those used in Rome!) to a wagon that could haul the family or goods. A wagon maker was known as a wainwright and had a lot of parts to work with to get that wagon built. The wheels, axles, axletree, the perch (a long pole), the bolster (body of wagon is bolted to this), the transom…. The wainwright was a talented and much appreciated addition to any town or country area. The conestoga wagon was a prized possession. They looked regal and were pulled by strong graceful horses. The wagon was heavy as well and was normally pulled by six horses. It's body was of a different style. Some used to swear that the conestoga wagon would double for a boat, but this was not true. A "waggoner" is the man who rode on the left hand side nearest the wagon. He often had an assistant ride with him who stood on what they called the "lazy board" who operated the brakes. One of the hardest parts of building a wagon was creating the wheels. Master wheelwrights alone were trusted with this chore - and these wheelrights often doubled as the village smithey. Chaises - chairs, and giggs were also built by these men. A chaise was a two-wheeled vehicle with long shafts. Even though we might think this is an Oriental mode of transportation, many slaves carried the ladies on shopping trips in some of the larger towns. Coachmakers came from the early coaches of Philadelphia and were well-know as early as 1740 in America. Coaches and chariots were very heavy and had running gear like the wagon with some exceptions. A coachmaker had many employees including: wheelrights, blacksmiths, woodworkers, trimmers and upholsterers, painters and more. The BOOKBINDER is one that remains today much as it was then. It is only with the mass produced book held together with covers and glue, or spiral bound, that is different from the early days. The true bookbinder works much like he has for hundreds of years. A good bookbinder knows that each page is sewn onto cords which are then tied securely into binding boards. The bookbinder bought the printed pages and bound them to suit himself with the tools he had available. But it included more than just slapping a cover over the bound pages and handing them to the purchaser. He had to do a step called "Forward the book." This is a step done to the pages before the cover is placed around the sewn pages. The pages were printed of course on both sides - two on a side for what is called a "folio" and 4 pages for a "quarto", or 8 pages for a "octavo. For a folio, the pages stood the same way on both sides and a single fold made the sheet ready to bind. Other sizes were arranged so they would be right side up, pages numbers in the correct order when the quarto was folded twice or the octavo three times. Each sheet which had been folded correctly was known by him as a signature. He had to gather these signatures in the proper order, normally with the help of an apprentice. Once the signatures were correct, he sewed them to five cords (or less in a less expensive book) which was strung on a sewing frame set on the edge of a table. Cords were stretched between the top and bottom bar. For cheaper books, the binder sawed trenches across the backs for the cords to rest in and you could see the cuts inside the book. These cords were of several materials, a lot were rawhide. Using the lowest signature, the bind ran a linen threaded needle into the edge of the folk ½ of an inch from the head. The top of the book was called the "head" lay to his left. The needle was pulled out against the upper side of the first cord, over it, and back into the fold on the lower side. The bookbinder then placed the completed sewn book on its back between two boards, attaching a clamp. He then used a horizontal trimming press. When done, the backing was added - simply a way of protecting the pages. When the book was done, the bookbinder added ornamental work if it was requested. Gold was often used to title the book on the spine so it could be easily spotted in a bookcase. Special tools were used in this step, which was called "tooling." Everyone likes to have beautiful paintings or photographs in their house. But, then, as now, it isn't always a way to earn a good living - we still hear of "starving artists" sales. Until the development of Dauguerre in 1837, painted or drawn portraits or silhouettes were the only way to enjoy the fine arts. A limner filled the bill perfectly. He was often seen, riding his horse or mule and holding on to paints and brushes crammed in saddlebags and protruding from his pockets. He made his own brushes from mink or squirrel hair. His colors, all dry, were bought from dealers and normally sold in containers such as mouse, rat and rabbit bladders! When he found someone willing to have their portrait made, he had to contract with a woodmaker for a wood panel or build one himself on site, to which he stretched tow linen or other fabric. If you will notice the old paintings, the people were stern looking - nary a smile was shown! Great detail was paid to the clothing and accessories of the individuals and they bring back memories of a time we will never enjoy again. I have often wondered what the subject would have looked like, really looked like, if they had been allowed to crack a smile! © Copyright 20 August 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 43141-3409 (502) 651-9114 PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #173 - MILITARY AND CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT RECORDS Where can I find military and civilian government employee records? The following information has been gathered from several sources, including various books, web sites and from references made by Daily News from Ancestry. My thanks to everyone, unknown to me, who took the time to put everything together! Many of these cover all states, not just Kentucky. When an e-mail address is given, you need to inquire of them the steps necessary to obtain the information. Some might not provide the information to the general public! Each link shown below will take the reader to other sites - this is just a sampling. AIR FORCE: U.S. Air Force Historical Research Agency: HQ AFHRA/RSA, 600 Chennault Circle, Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6424 or E-mail: AFHRANEWS1%RS%AFHRA@MAX1.au.af.mil http://www.au.af.mil/au/afhra/ ARMY: Army Center for Military History, 1099 14th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005-3402, Tel: 202-761-5413 E-mail: cmhweb@cmh-smtp.army.mil. http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/default.htm U.S. Army Military History Institute, 22 Ashburn Drive, Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA 17013, Tel: 717-245-3611 or E-mail: MHI-SC@carlisle-emh2.army.mil (Special Collections); MHI-AR@carlisle-emh2.army.mil (Archives Collection); MHI-HR@carlisle-emh2.army.mil (Historical Reference) http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usamhi/ COAST GUARD: U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office (G-CP-4), 2100 2nd Street, SW, Washington, DC 20593, Tel: 202-267-0948. E-mail: rbrowning@comdt.uscg.mil, sprice@comdt.uscg.mil or http://www.dot.gov/dotinfo/uscg/hq/g-cp/history/collect.html MARINE CORPS: Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Building 58 Ninth and M Streets, SE. Washington, DC 20374-0580. Tel: 202-433-3483 or http://www.usmc.mil/ NAVY: Naval Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, 901 M Street, SE, Washington, DC 20374-5060 Library: Tel: 202-433-4132 or Fax: 202-433-9553 Museum: Tel: 202-433-4882 or Fax: 202-433-8200 Operational Archives: Fax: 202-433-2833 Ships History Branch: Tel: 202-433-3643 or Fax: 202-433-6677 http://www.history.navy.mil/ CIVIL WAR: Finding information on your Civil War soldiers: http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/cwss4.html Grand Army of the Republic: http://pages.prodigy.com/CGBD86A/garhp.htm 14th Ky Volunteer Infantry (USA): http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/1365/ Sons of Confederate Veterans Home Page: http://www.scv.org/ KOREAN CONFLICT: State-level Lists of Casualties from the Korean Conflict (1951-1957) REVOLUTIONARY WAR: Library of Congress: http://lcweb.loc.gov/homepage/lchp.html VIET NAM: State-level Lists of Casualties from the Vietnam Conflict (1957-) http://www.nara.gov/nara/electronic/korvnsta.html or http://www.no-quarter.org/ WORLD WAR II: Archival Holdings Related to World War II Checklist, NARA's Pacific Region (Laguna Niguel) http://www.nara.gov/regional/findaids/lagww2.html Pearl Harbor List of Casualities: http://www.mit.edu:8001/afs/athena/activity/a/afrotc/www/names GENERAL: Medals of Honor: List of Medal of Honor recipients by conflict with information about each honoree) http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/moh1.htm NARA's Military Personnel Records Center: http://www.nara.gov/regional/mprhelp.html NARA - Post Office Records: http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/postal.html Sawtelle Disabled Veterans Home, Los Angeles List of Case Files (1888-1933) http://www.nara.gov/regional/findaids/lagdav.html National Cemetery System: Department of Veterans Affairs, 810 Vermont Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20420. Tel: 202-273-5221 E-mail: ncscss@mail.va.gov or http://www.va.gov/cemetery/index.htm National Personnel Records Center, Civilian Personnel Records, 111 Winnebago Street, St. Louis, MO 63118-4199 or Tel: 314-425-5761 or Fax: 314-425-5719 or E-mail: center@cpr.nara.gov (General information only, no e-mail requests for records) or http://www.nara.gov/regional/cpr.html Dept. of Veterans Affairs: 810 Vermont Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20420, Tel: 202-233-4000 or 800-827-1000 http://www.va.gov/foia/index.htm National Personnel Records Center, Military Personnel Records, 9700 Page Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63132-5100 or Tel: 314-538-4243 (Air Force records) or Tel: 314-538-4261 (Army records) or Tel: 314-538-4141 (Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard records) Fax: 314-538-4175 E-mail: center@stlouis.nara.gov (General information only, no e-mail requests for records.) http://www.nara.gov/regional/stlouis.html What is the NPRC? A wonderful write-up was recently given by "Daily News" by ANCESTRY which I would like to abstract here; this is available to be shared by them with permission. "The National Personnel Records Center (NPRC) is one of NARA's regional records services facilities. The center receives, stores, and services federal, military, and civilian personnel records at two facilities in St. Louis, Missouri: the Civilian Personnel Records (CPR) Building 111 Winnebago Street, on the south side of the city of St. Louis and the Military Personnel Records (MPR) Building at 9700 Page Avenue in St. Louis County. "The Military Personnel Records Building houses military personnel and medical records as well as the dependent medical records of former members of the United States Navy and Marine Corps. A July 12, 1973, fire at 9700 Page Avenue destroyed nearly all of the records pertaining to persons discharged from the Army before 1960 and about two-thirds of the records pertaining to persons discharged from the Air Force before 1964. Alternate record sources are used to attempt to document the service of such persons. Although stored and serviced by NARA, the military personnel records remain under the legal control of the Department of Defense and information from the records in released following rules set by the military services, not by NARA. "Records held by the center include millions of military personnel, health, and medical records of discharged and deceased veterans of all services during the 20th century, medical treatment records of retirees from all services, and records for dependent and other persons treated at Navy medical facilities. "The military personnel records include: Air Force: Officers and Enlisted beginning Sep. 25, 1947. Army: Officers separated beginning Jul. 1, 1917; Enlisted separated beginning Nov. 1, 1912. Coast Guard: Officers separated beginning Jan. 1, 1929; Enlisted separated beginning Jan. 1, 1915. Marine Corps: Officers and Enlisted separated beginning Jan. 1, 1905. Navy: Officers separated beginning Jan. 1, 1903; Enlisted separated beginning Jan. 1, 1886. (Earlier records are at the National Archives in Washington, D.C.) "Medical records include: Inpatient and outpatient clinical records for selected time periods (http://www.nara.gov/regional/mprmpm.html for dates and a description of the records included). Inpatient, outpatient, dental, and mental health treatment records for military retirees, dependents, and others created at military health care facilities (see http://www.nara.gov/regional/mprmtr.html for more information). "The July 12, 1973, fire destroyed about 80% of the records for Army personnel discharged between Nov. 1, 1912, and Jan. 1, 1960, and about 75% of the records for Air Force personnel with surnames from "Hubbard" through "Z" discharged between Sep. 25, 1947, and Jan. 1, 1964. NARA has more information about the fire at: http://www.nara.gov/regional/mprfire.html "Records available to veterans. Copies of most military personnel and medical records at NPRC are available to veterans or the next of kin free of charge. Requests must contain enough information to identify the record from among the more than 70 million on file at the center. The information needed to locate a record includes full name, military service number, branch, and approximate dates of service. Unit(s) of assignment and date and place of birth may also be helpful. For additional information on obtaining personnel records, see: http://www.nara.gov/regional/mprpub1a.html. For further information on obtaining inpatient medical records, see: http://www.nara.gov/regional/mprpub2a.html "Records available for genealogy. Only limited information can be released to the general public without the written authorization of the veteran or next of kin, and NARA may charge fees for copies sent to other than the veteran or next of kin. Information that may be released includes name, age or date of birth, dates of service, source of commission, rank/grade and date attained, marital status, promotion sequence number, city, state, and date of last known address, serial or service number (but not social security number), places of induction and separation, duty assignments, dependents, (including name, sex, and age), unclassified records of court martial trials, military education and schooling, information about decorations and awards, and for deceased veterans, the places of birth, death, and burial. For more information, see: http://www.nara.gov/regional/mprpub1b.html. Standard Form 180, Request Pertaining to Military Records, which is recommended but not mandatory, can be downloaded from NARA at: http://www.nara.gov/regional/mprsf180.html © Copyright 18 August 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 43141-3409 (502) 651-9114 PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

A more whimsical "tip" today - next Tuesday will find more Revolutionary War soldiers - Sandi TIP# 172: HOW THE SETTLERS PREDICTED THE WEATHER AND KENTUCKY SAYINGS. Evening red and morning gray, send the traveler on his way. Evening gray and morning red, Send the traveler to bed. Pale moon will rain, red moon will blow; white moon with neither, rain nor blow. When smoke descends, good weather ends. How many more freezes before spring? This I learned immediately and it is heartily believed: The last freezes are known as redbud, , dogwood, blackberry, linen britches. I knew the others - it often freezes when those plants/trees are in full bloom … but wasn't familiar with linen britches … until it was explained that this was when the housewife thought it was warm enough to hang same on the line and they froze on the line! Dog days: Five weeks beginning July 26th. Indian summer: Last warm spell after first frost and before winter started. If it rains on the first day of the month, it will rain for 15 more days during the month. If it rains on Monday, it will rain for the next three days. If there are 3 consecutive days of clouds, it will be followed by rain. A clear sunset will be followed by 3 days of fair weather. A hot summer is followed by a cold winter. A fog in the morning will clear before noon. No dew in the morning means it will rain that day. A dew at night means fair weather the next day. Rain before 7 will clear by eleven. A cow with his tail to the west makes weather best. A cow with his tail to the east makes weather the least. If cows are grazing when it starts to rain and they go to shelter, it will be a short shower; if they stay out the rain will continued all day. Flies bite more before the start of a rain. When horses are running or kicking, you can expect a cold snap. When hogs are running about picking up sticks and shucks, you will have a bad winter. If there are more than usual the number of tumblebugs, you will have a hard winter. The first killing frost will come after the first katydid is heard. When the whipperwill first sings, it's time to plant corn. A crescent moon lying on its back - no immediate rain. A crescent moon lying on its side, rain is likely. A pale moon means rain. A red moon means storms. A halo around the moon , rain soon. A halo around the sun - rain none. High clouds mean good weather. Wooly-looking clouds - no rain. If the corn husks are very heavy - a hard winter. If the moss on the north side of the tree was extra heavy - bad weather. If the weeds are unusually high in the summer - deep snows in the winter. Thunder heard in March meant a good corn crop. If lightning is seen on a sunny day, the devil and his wife are having a fuss. If you can see the backside of the leaves of a maple tree, it will rain. EXPRESSIONS: You're wiggling like a hen on a hot rock. The chickens will come home to roost. You're barking up the wrong tree. She's as ugly as homemade soup. That's as easy as falling off a long. He struts around like a banty rooster. He's so bow legged he couldn't head off sheep in a line. It stinks like a tanyard. He's freckled as a turkey egg. He couldn't hit the side of a barn. It's not worth a hill of beans A heavy rain is a gully washer. A tremendous event is a barn burner. I've got the wrong sow by the ear. He's a skinny as a bean pole. Grinnin' like a possum. Black as an ace of spades. Like two peas in a pod. As easy as shooting fish in a barrel. Slow as a seven year's itch. Pink as a spanked baby. Running like a scared rabbit. Mean as a snake. Solid as a rock. Sound as a dollar. Common as an old shoe. Puffed up like a frog. Fell like a ton of bricks. Swears like a trooper. Snug as a bug in a rug. Eyes look like two burned holes in a rug (when one is sick). He's all bark and no bite. He's a gone goslin (no chance for him!) He was snatched bald-headed. Running around in his birthday suit (nude). Blood is thicker than water. Goes in one ear and out the other. I have other fish to fry. © Copyright 14 August 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 43141-3409 (502) 651-9114 PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP# 171 - GRANDPA WAS: A PEWTERER, A COPPERSMITH, A SILVERSMITH, A MILLER, A CABINET MAKER The use of pewter is an ancient one and treasured in many countries. However, in the United States, it didn't really "catch on" to the extent of the old world. During the older days, there were times when pewter became the vogue and was used for a variety of utensils. It could not be used for everyday use such as for eating utensils, with the exception of possibly spoons, because it was too soft. It was used for platters, teapots, pitchers, tankards and bowls. It was also used for baby's nursing bottles with a screw on pewter nipple. Sometimes pewter was used for buttons and buckles, sometimes for lamps. Pewter is easier to work with than many other metals. With not too much difficulty it can be bent, flattened or stretched. Normally pewter work was left plain with no fancy designs. Since it was so soft, it had to be combined with other metal alloys - normally lead, copper. Copper will ring it stuck and by adding this, a greater polish could be obtained. A pewterer had to have his own set of tools and molds. Molds came in various sizes, some were one piece, some two pieces - the inside and the outside. The two pieces were molded together and each had a handle. The surface of mold was often smoked when making spoons which kept the pewter from sticking to the mold. He often had to use a combination of ocher, egg whites and vinegar. The pewter was poured into the mold and the pewterer had to learn when it was ready - i.e., cool enough to solidify. Letting up on the pressure on the handles, he would tap the mold on both ends which freed the cast; the mold was then opened and the piece allowed to drop on a pad made of felt. The casting was rough when it was fresh from the mold; this had to be polished, filed and cut and then skimmed on a lathe. The lathe was normally powered by a cradle and a cranked flywheel. If working with plates, the pewterer would work on the front side of each plate and stack them up. When finished, he would turn them over and work on the back side. Teapots demanded a different style, the lower half of the pot was cast looking like a bowl; the top half bell-shaped. He had to mold these together using a product used by the whitesmith called soft solder. The lid also took two molds. Feet and knobs were added to the almost finished product. THE COPPERSMITH: Products made of copper in the United States dated back to Jamestown. It was a little more difficult to work with because of all the impurities found in copper. Some of the impurities could be quite valuable, however; silver and lead. But it also contains arsenic, sulphur, iron and slag. In the Old World, stamping mills were used which crushed the ore, salt was added to the crushed ore which burned away the sulphur and arsenic. It was washed, then mixed with a charcoal dust. Next it was put into the furnace. The copper in a melted state drained through a slag bed on a grate and was drained off into a basin. From there it was dipped and poured into holes in the floor. The finished metal lay between stones or slate which were tilted to allow the copper to run across them. The slab was heavy and difficult work for the coppersmith and his apprentices. There were normally three work areas in a coppersmith's shop. One area for the heavy copper where the forge and anvils were located; the second for his work bench and the third for the layout bench. It was NOT a quiet place to work! The coppersmith made his products from sheet metal; it was normally a simple shape and it was a dangerous occupation. THE MILLER: There's so much to write about millers that I barely know where to begin. This is a special subject with me and I am learning so much as I go! The millers were extremely important to the early days of settlement that most roads in the county were laid out to go to mill. A WATER GRIST MILL was dependent upon moving water and the proposed miller had to go to the county court and put in an application for a viewing of the proposed site. A jury of 12 men, neighbors, met on the land and surveyed the entire area. The mill site was normally one acre and the jury had to determine if there would be any damages incurred to neighbors - to their lands, orchards or mansion houses. No blockage of the water way could result. If the site was approved through an "ad quad dannum" (i.e., the land was "condemned" for the use of a mill), the miller had one year to finish the mill. Water power ran the mill by use of a large wheel which usually was an "over-shot" or an "under-shot" wheel. Each mill had two grinding stones which had to be sharpened by a specialist who was so secretive of his abilities that he wouldn't let anyone watch him. The miller was paid in a portion of the grain he ground and was supposed to be totally honest in his dealings. Some millers did not hold a good reputation, but this was not normally the case in Kentucky. A few of the old water grist mills are still standing in Kentucky and some have been preserved as showcases to explain the workings. It was a dangerous job due to explosions, being hurt in the gears. It would take many tips in a row to explain the workings of the water grist mill. There were also millers who worked in sawmills. Many of these sawmills were portable and would be packed up and loaded from site to site. This was an all-man occupation (whereas there were female water grist millers on occasion). These saw mills ran from the most basic being powered by horses or mules to the more elaborate. Wind mills were found in many parts of Kentucky and operated exactly like their counterparts in the old world. Some towns used water mills for their town. There were many other types of mills - flour mills, snuff mills, castor oil mills, paper mills … the list is almost endless. As the country progressed and steam or kerosene was used, the old time mill's appearance changed and the miller was no longer dependent upon the moving of the stream for his power. It no longer mattered if the water was too high or too low … and a part of history was lost. The old mills were the site of many of the community activities. There were many a courtshippings done at the mill; politicians cussed and discussed into the darkness of night. Many millers also had moonshining making equipment there. Many times the family went and spent the entire day at the mill waiting their "turn" of the wheel. Picnics were held there and one of the most important uses was for baptisms. Most of the old churches were close to mill sites and they would take the baptismal candidates to the mill pond for the ceremony. Of all the original enterprises in Kentucky, and in the United States, it is likely that the old mill evokes the fondest memories. A CABINETMAKER was considered an artisan. He had to be an expert in joinery. The joiner could be barely literate, but the cabinetmaker demanded a special skill. He had normally been trained by another cabinetmaker, working many years as an apprentice to learn to particulars. Cabinetmakers did not just make cabinets - they made furniture. While in Kentucky, outside the larger cities, the name Chippendale and others was just the name of some furniture. In the rural areas, the cabinetmaker made simple, practical furniture that was affordable to the early settlers. In the larger towns or among the more affluent, costlier and fancier furniture was in order. They also could be called on to make coffins and sometimes acted as a funeral director! Even the most "common" of furniture could be beautiful. Iron was normally used instead of brass and pine, chestnut, tulip wood, maple black walnut, wild black cherry and other woods were used. The cabinetmaker worked with the finished product at great length to get the polished look that enhanced the natural beauty of the wood. Joints were needed to be almost invisible; wooden nails were preferred. Drawers had to dovetail together, glues had to be unseen. The major tools used by the cabinetmaker were saws, gooseneck chisels, drawknives, and scrapers. © Copyright 11 August 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 43141-3409 (502) 651-9114 PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP #170 - OLD TIME REMEDIES I'm taking a short break from the occupations for one more post - I will return next week. I have consulted a lot of dictionaries and old time books for this tip with greatest thanks to Lynwood Montell from his booklet entitled Folk Medicine of the Mammoth Cave area. As they say as a disclaimer on television shows, "Don't try these at home"! It is interesting however, that as a Yankee transplant, I was familiar with several of these; in fact, use a couple of them to this day! Knowing that our pioneers didn't have access to antibiotics, flu shots, cough drops and many other things we take for granted, they improvised with what was around them. Many times the cure was worse than the cause! Physicians often used the same ingredients and carried herbs and supplies with them in their little black bags. Here are just a few of the more common remedies. ACNE: Juice from the leaves of a rose hip bush applied daily over the affected area. APPETITE - LOSS OF: Boil two cups of dogwood bark with 2 cups of water and drink 3 times a day. ARTHRITIS: Two tsps. of powder from a creek willow bark in a cup of water, drink morning & night. ASTHMA: Make a pillow, about ½ inch thick and fill with rabbit tobacco. This helps night attacks. Or take a stick the exact length of the sufferer, store it in the attic and the asthma would go away. Or wear amber-colored beads. BALDNESS: Rub cow dung over scalp. BED WETTING: Make a tea out of corn silks. BIRTH PAINS: Put a knife between the straw-tick and the feather bed. BITES - INSECT: Place a small amount of turpentine on the bite or hold a chaw of tobacco over it. (this is still used). BITES - SNAKE: Slice open a live chicken and leave the intestines inside. Place over the bite to draw out the poison. BLEEDING: Put chimney soot over the wound as needed; also cobwebs were used or a mushroom. BLISTERS: Scrape two carrots, add 2 tbls. lard and 2 plaintain leaves. Stew & strain, apply to blister. BLISTERS - FEVER: Put cucumber juice on them. BLOOD - TONICS: The powdered red roots of a sassafrass bush, drink 2 tablespoons a day. BLOOD - POISONING: Use green berries from bullnettle and boil in a quart of water; drink daily. BLOOD - PRESSURE: Chop several onions fine and place in a quart of water for a day. Drink a cup a day for a week. BOILS: Take out the inner skin of a raw egg and place on boil. (Used that one many times!). BRONCHITIS: Drink a mixture of honey, lemon juice and alum. (Never heard of the alum). BRUISES: One egg (shell included), 1 tbl. salt, ½ pint turpentine; one large cake of shredded camphor Gum, one tbl. coal oil or kerosene; one pint apple vinegar. Fill a bottle 2/3rds full, cork and Shake. Spread over bruise, do not bandage. BURNS: Scrape the inside of an "arsh" potato until it is a pulp and rub on the burn. CHIGGER BITES: Rub bacon rind over them. COLDS: ½ cup molasses, 1 tbl. butter, 2 tbls. White vinegar cooked 10 minutes. Take 1 tbl. every hour. OR 1 tbl coal oil, one tsp. turpentine, 1 tbl. lard. Heat and apply on chest as needed. Only wear red flannel underwear. Or, catch a sowbug and put in a bag and wear around the neck. COLIC: 1 drop peppermint and 6 tsps hot water. Give 1 tbls. every two hours. CONSTIPATION: 1 tbl. white mustard seed and 1/4th pint syrup; take 1 tbl. a day. COUGHS: ½ pint whiskey, 2 boxes rock candy; ½ tbl. glycerine. Put in bottle and shake, 1 tbl. at a time. CROUP: One piece of pine and wrap a piece of old bacon around it. Hold over coals and catch the Drippings. Give to baby as needed. CUTS: Rub cow dung over the cut. (I've had that used on bee stings when I was a child.) DIARRHEA: Boil the smallest roots of the blackberry bush in a quart of water until it boils down to 1 pint. Cool and strain, take 1-2 tbls 3 times daily. (Note, I know those who will just chew on the roots of the blackberry bush). EARACHE: Cut a twig from a hickory tree, hold over a stove until the sweet oil runs out. Use in ear. Or: Pour warm urine in the sore ear. EYES - BLACK: A peeled raw potato will draw the black out. EYEWASH: Bottle March snow - save for use during rest of year. FRECKLES: Locate a stump that has rain water standing in it and wash the face with the water. HAIR - LOSS: One bottle of alcohol, one chopped onion, 20 white birch leaves. Bring to boil, let it Sit overnight, then rub into scalp for 15 minutes. HEADACHE: Put camphor on a dry cloth and tie around the head. HIVES: Mix 2 cups of sheep manure to ½ gallon of water to make a tea and drink a cup 3 times a day! INDIGESTION: ½ ounce rhubard, ½ oz. Gentian root, ½ oz. Orange peel, 1 qt. Brandy. Drink as needed. INFECTION: ½ cup epsom salts in a pan of water, soak. INSOMNIA: 2" onion sliced up and boiled in a pint of water, strain and drink as a tea. ITCHING: Sulphur powder mixed with lard. Cover affected area. MEASLES. To break out use a 8 oz. Glass of whiskey and add 2-3 tbls. sugar, fill rest of glass with water. Or: use sheep dung and make a tea, drink tea. Chicken dung could be used also. MOLES: Squeeze juice from a milkweed plant and apply to mole. MUMPS: Mix 1 lb. Oatmeal and ½ pint yeast, heat and apply to swelling. NAUSEA: Chew mint leafs. NERVES: 1 piece rock candy in a jig of whiskey. Drink. NOSEBLEEDS: Pour a gallon of milk on the back of the victim's neck. Or fold a piece of paper over and Place on the upper lip; a bean will also work; or soak feet in cold water. PNEUMONIA: Mash cooked onions and put between two cloths, fasten to victim's chest. POISON IVY: Put washed leaves of a sweet fern in boiling water and apply to affected area. RHEUMATISM: Boil dried apple peelings, strain, drink hot 4 times daily. Or: Wear the front foot of a mole in a bag - a rabbit foot would also work. Or: turn your shoes upside down at night. Or put a Copper wire around the joint (sound familiar?), or carry sulfur in your pocket. Or break the ice and Jump into the river. Or get stung by bees. Or blind a live toad and hold it over the aching place. Or put the entrails of a chicken on your feet. Or rub with racoon grease, bacon grease, fishing worm oil, goat grease or skunk grease. Or: sleep with a dog or cat as the animal will take your pains away. SHINGLES: Kill a black chicken by wringing its head off and while the body is still warm, rub over the affected area. SINUS: 1 tsp salt and 1 cup warm water - sniff through nasal passages. SORE THROAT: 1 cup vinegar, 2 tbls. sugar and a spinkle of black pepper. Gargle. SPRAINS: Soak brown paper in vinegar and wrap around affected joint. STOMACH ACHE: 2 mint leaves in 8 oz. glass cold water, drink as needed. SUNBURN: Cider vinegar to affected areas. TEETHING: Boil catnip, steep, 1 tsp. at bedtime. THRUSH: Let an old woman (preferably a witch) blow in the child's mouth. Or, let the seventh son or daughter blow. Even the breath of a jilted lover would work. TOOTHACHE: Wad of tobacco on sore tools or two cloves (the latter I've always used!) WARTS: Rub castor oil over wart. Or take 9 grains of corn and rub them over the wart. Feed the corn to one old hen. OR: Steal a dishrag, rub it over the wart, bury the rag and when the rag is rotted, wart will disappear. © Copyright 6 August 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 43141-3409 (502) 651-9114 PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

TIP 169: REVOLUTIONARY WAR SOLDIERS FRANKLIN, GALLATIN AND GARRARD COUNTIES: I wanted to post some more of the Revolutionary War soldiers this morning - I will be returning to the occupations series and some other new articles beginning Thursday. Sandi FRANKLIN CO: Baley, Abraham, Pvt., VA Line; 5 Feb 1833; $80; no age given. Bell, Thomas, Pvt., VA Line; 21 May 1833; $80; age 74. Biscoe, James, Seaman, VA Navy; 12 Dec 1832; $96; age 74. Bond, William, Pvt., VA Line; 6 May 1826; 13 Mar 1826; $96; age 94; died 22 Mar 1827. Casey, John, Pvt., VA Line; 14 Apr 1819; 21 July 1818; $96; age 71. Cavender, Joseph, Pvt., VA Line; 12 May 1819; 31 Aug 1818; $96; age 67; died 13 Aug 1826. Clemons, Bernard, Pvt., VA Line; 2 Aug 1819; 15 June 1819; $96; age 79 Crockett, Anthony, Lt., VA Line; 24 Jan 1833; $320; age 78. Crutcher, John, Pvt; PA Line; 30 Nov 1827; 24 May 1827; $96; age 70. Cummings, Matthew, Pvt., VA Line; 3 Feb 1819; 13 Nov 1818; $96; age 84. Douthitt, Silas, Pvt., VA Militia; 12 Feb 1833; $20; age 71. Fenwich, William, Pvt., MD Militia; 11 Feb 1833; $73.33; age 75; died 18 June 1833. Fitzgerald, Daniel, Pvt., VA Line; 20 Jan 1834; $46.66; age 75. Forsee, William, Pvt., & Sgt., VA Line; 27 Dec 1833; $50; age 76. Gordon, Lawrence, Pvt., NC Militia; 21 July 1834; $20; age 72. Hawkins, Elisha, Pvt., VA Line; 29 Oct 1832; $80; age 79; died 24 Nov 1833. Hedges, Robert, Pvt & Sgt. Of Calvary; VA Line; 26 Dec 1832; $98.33; age 74. Hollis, John, Pvt., PA Line; 31 Dec 1823; 14 July 18223; $96; age 90; died 27 Dec 1826. Jackson, John C., Pvt., VA Militia; 2 Jan 1834; $30; age 77. Keeton, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 23 Feb 1833; $30; age 72. Long, John, Pvt., VA Line; 6 Sept 1819; 22 July 1819; $96; age 69; died 7 Feb 1820. Magill, John, Pvt., VA Line; 112 Dec 1832; $80; age 78. Marshall, Humphrey, Capt-Lt., VA State Troops; 25 July 1832; $400; age 72. McQueen, Josha, Sgt, 9th Regiment; VA Line; 8 May 1833; $120. Oliver, John, Pvt., VA Line; 12 Dec 1832; $80; age 78. Pearson, Meshack, Pvt., VA Line; 19 July 1819; 1 Mar 1819; $96; age 80. Poe, Virgil, Pvt., VA Line; 10 July 1820; 9 May 1819; $96, age 76; invalid pensioner 3 Sept 1811. Reading, John, Pvt., PA Line; 29 Nov 1832; $80; age 74. Reading, Ramnel, Major, 2nd Regt., NJ Line; 29 July 1828; $600. Richards, George, Pvt., VA Line; 10 Feb 1819; 10 July 1818; $96; age 84; died 15 Aug 1827. Roberts, Henry, Pvt., VA Line; 8 Jan 1831; 8 Jan 1831; $96; age 76. Roberts, John, Surgeon, VA Line; 21 June 1819; 14 Aug 1818; $96; age 74. Satterwhite, John S, Pvt., VA Line; 12 May 1819; 22 Aug 1818; $96; age 79; died 7 Mar 1829. Scroggin, Thomas C., Pvt., MD Militia; 11 Feb 12833; $45.56; age 70. Sebree, Richard, Pvt., VA Line; 6 Dec 1832; $33.33; age 82. Shelton, Medley, Pvt., VA Line; 25 Nov 1819; 23 Oct 1819; $96; age 74. Stephens, John, Sr., Pvt., VA Line; 19 Oct 1832; $60; age 71. Story, John R., Pvt., VA Line; 5 June 1820; 22 June 1818; $96; age 72. Taylor, James, Pvt., VA Line; 12 Feb 1833; $60; no age given. Triplett, Hedgman, Lt., VA Line; 12 Dec 1832; $320; no age given. Tyler, Charles, Pvt., VA Line; 9 Aug 1819; 20 July 1818; $96; age 76. White, Ambrose, Pvt., Revolutionary Army, 13 Mar 1830, no other data. Yancy, Philemon, Pvt., VA Line; 17 Sept 1833; $80; age 78. In county 1840: George Swingle, 83; Frances Brown, widow, age 85; Mrs. Etherton; widow, 90. Total for county: 48. GALLATIN CO: Barnes, Benjamin, Pvt., VA Militia; 6 May 1833; $20; age 69. Barnes, Shadrach, Pvt., VA Line; 14 Dec 1833; $80; age 70. Carter, Henry, Pvt., VA Line; 26 Dec 1818; 5 Nov 1818; $96; age 83. Coghill, James, Pvt., VA Line; 25 May 1820; 16 Nov 1819; $96; age 76. Davis, Samuel C, Pvt., MD Militia; 28 May 1833; $20; age 74. Dean, John, Pvt., PA Line; 10 Dec 1833; $40; age 72. Dement, Jarret, Pvt., PA Line; 10 Dec 1833; $60; age 74. Driskell, David, Pvt., NC Line; 3 July 1820; 16 Nov 1819; $96; age 71. Eaton, Henry, Sgt., PA Line; 20 Sept 1827; 4 Sept 1827; $96; age 95; died 27 June 1829. Garvey, Job, Pvt., VA Line; 17 Sept 1819; 26 Oct 1818; $96; age 60. Gowens, Charles, Pvt., VA Line; 16 Dec 1833; $30; age 71. Hardin, Thomas, Pvt., VA Line; 10 Apr 1821; 26 Aug 1819; $96; age 74. Hawes, Thomas, Pvt., NC Line; 25 Feb 1834; $30; age 91. Lester, Thomas, Pvt, VA Line; 2 Jan 1827; 27 Nov 1818; $96; age 69. Matthews, Amos V., Pvt., VA Line; 23 Sept 2833; $80; age 75. McDowell, Alexander, Sgt., PA Line; 12 Feb 1819; 24 Aug 1818; $96; age 79. McDowell, William, Pvt., VA Line; 30 Oct 1833; $20; age 73. McGannon, Darby, Cpl. & Pvt., PA Line; 13 Dec 1819; 27 Aug 1818; $96; age 69. McIntire, William, Pvt., VA Line; 24 Dec 1818; 24 Aug 1818; $96; age 79. Noel, Thomas, Pvt., VA Militia; 2 Dec 1833; $20; age 72. North, Abijah, Pvt., CT Line; 6 Jan 1834; $80; age 75. Scott, Reuben, Pvt., VA Line; 10 Dec 1833; $30; age 70. Severn, David, Pvt., Washington's Life Guards; 28 May 1819; 23 Apr 1818; $96; age 74; died 11 Apr 1823 Short, John, Pvt., VA Line; 7 Jan 1828; 8 Dec 1827; $96; age 74. Thompson, William, Dragoon, Armand's Corps; 23 May 1829; $100. Thompson, William Sr., Pvt; NJ Militia; 16 Sept 1833; $80; age 74. Tubbs, Cyrus, Pvt., CT line; 11 Dec 1821; $96; age 74. Wells, John, Pvt., NC Militia; 2 Dec 1833; $20; age 70. In county 1840: John Birks, 67; James Furnish, 74; Jerremiah Haydon Sr, 78; Mary Slaughter, widow, 89. Total for county: 32. GARRARD CO: Bailey, James, Pvt., VA Line, 5 Jan 1833; $80; no age given. Baker, Joseph, Pvt., NC line; 27 Feb 1833; $60; age 79. Brady, John, Pvt; VA line; 15 Mar 1819; 21 Nov 1818; $96, no age given. Brank, Robert, Pvt., NC Line; 3 Sept 1832; $63.33; age 87. Brown, Arabia, Pvt., VA Militia; 26 Jan 1833; $26.66; age 78. Bryant, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 22 Aug 1833; $50; age 74. Bryant, John, Sgt., VA line; 11 Aug 1819; 26 Aug 1818; $96; age 83. Bryant, John, Pvt, VA Line; 13 Jan 1824; 15 Dec 1823; $96; age 72. Buford, John, Pvt; VA Line; 12 Nov 1833; $30; age 95. Childers, Goolsberry, Pvt., VA Line; 18 Oct 1832; $80; age 78. Clark, John, Pvt., VA line; 7 July 1823; 1 Mar 1812; $96; age 72. Crutchfield, John, Pvt., NC Militia; 19 Nov 1832; $20; age 80. Diddleston, Thomas, Pvt., VA line; 21 Apr 1820; 25 Sept 1818; $96; age 84; died 9 May 1828. Edmeston, Thomas, Pvt., PA Militia, no dates, $21.12; age 73. Egerton, Benjamin, Pvt., NC Line, 1 Sept 1832; $30; age 73. Floyd, George, Pvt., VA Militia; 26 Jan 1833; $36.66; age 78. Floyd, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 22 Jan 1833; $33.33; age 74. Fry, Joshua, Pvt., VA Militia; 6 May 1834; $23.55; age 74. Goolsbury, Mark, Pvt., VA line; 7 Dec 1820; 2 Aug 1819; $96; age 83. Haggard, William, Pvt., NC Line, 16 May 1833; $40; age 78. Hicks, Cpl., VA line; 6 Feb 1819; 30 June 1818; $96; age 78; died 19 Dec 1822. Jackson, George, Pvt., VA line; 6 Feb 1819; 18 June 1818; $96; age 72; died 19 Feb 1831. Jeffries, William, Pvt., VA Militia; 4 Jan 1833; $25.10; age 75. Johnson, John 4th, Pvt., VA line; 6 May 1820; 31 Dec 1819; $96; age 79; 25 Jan 1827. Jones, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 18 July 1834; $30; age 70. Kennedy, David, Pvt., VA Line; 12 Oct 1833; $80; age 67. Kennedy, Thomas, Pvt., NC Line; 3 Sept 1832; $420; age 78. Logan, Timothy, Pvt; VA Line; 12 Oct 1833; $80; age 75. McCoy, Daniel, Pvt., VA line; 17 Oct 1818; 28 Apr 1818; $96; age 71. Noel, Taylor, Pvt., VA Militia; 5 Sept $20; age 83. Parks, William, Pvt., VA Militia; 22 Jan 1833; $45; age 79. Pollad, Absolam, Pvt., VA Line; 5 Mar 1832; $80; no age given. Powe, William, Pvt., VA Militia; 4 Jan 1833; $77.33; age 76. Powell, Richard, Pvt., VA line; 21 Apr 1820; 20 Sept 1818; $96; age 67; died 29 July 1825. Ramsey, Thomas, Pvt., VA line; 6 Feb 1819; 30 June 1818; $96; age 77. Reid, Alexander, Pvt., VA Militia; 2 Sept 1832; $40; age 82. Robards, Jesse, Pvt., VA Militia; 22 Jan 18323; $56.66; age 72. Robertson, James, Pvt., VA Line; 30 Mar 1833; $30, age 79. Salter, Michael, Musician, Hazen's Regiment; 19 Aug 1828; $88; no age given. Sims, William, Pvt., VA line; 5 Mar 1819; 25 Nov 1818; $96; age 71; died 19 July 1830. Slavins, John, Pvt; NC Militia; 21 Oct 1833; $26.66; age 77. Small, George, Pvt., NY Line; 5 Mar 1819; 25 Nov 1818; $96; age 75; died 11 Feb 1831. Somerville, John, Pvt; PA Line; 5 Feb 1819; 18 Mar 1818; $96; age 77; died 4 May 1831. Sutton, Benjamin, Pvt., VA State Troops, Oct 181, 1832; $80; age 78. Walden, John, Pvt., VA Militia; 26 Jan 1833; $46.66; no age given. Warmouth, Thaddeus H., Pvt; VA Line; 5 Feb 1819; 21 Sept 1818; $96; age 74. Webb, John, Pvt; VA Line; 3 Mar 1828; 14 Feb 1828; $96; age 70. Williams, Elijah, Pvt; VA Militia; 9 Nov 1832; $20; age 72. Wood, Joseph, Pvt., NJ Line; 27 Feb 1833; $80; age 79. In County 1840: Naaman Roberts, 75. Total for county: 52. © Copyright 4 August 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 43141-3409 (502) 651-9114 PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

Good morning. We only have a few more categories to go of the old time occupations and will then be returning to Revolutionary War records and other topics. For those new to the list, welcome! You may find the previous 167 tips at the following address: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips TIP# 168 - GRANDPA WAS A: LOCKSMITH, GUNSMITH, WHITESMITH, PLUMBER. THE LOCKSMITH: Like the skilled blacksmith, a locksmith was very much in demand in the towns. He used a forge and anvil like his blacksmith cousin and produced padlocks and rim locks. Any device that would deter the entry into a home or building was classified as a "ward". The earliest locksmiths in Kentucky and other states had to make all the parts by hand starting with the forming of the key. He built his lock around the key to fit. Many of the early pioneers did not trust banks. They felt that the banks would "fail", which many did, and they would lose their money. So many early settlers preferred, if they could so afford, to have safes in their homes. Strongboxes were used and hidden around the property; many of these weighed over a thousand pounds. The GUNSMITH filled a very important role in early Kentucky. Almost every male owned a gun - it was their lifeline. They killed their own game; they didn't run to the corner grocery store! The guns came in many varieties --smoothbore muzzle-loaders, flintlock muskets … . The great Kentucky Rifle is unsurpassed. The rifle truly started out in Pennsylvania according to the history books and had been developed by German gunsmiths. While not the earliest rifle, it was considered the best in accuracy. It seldom misfired and another feather was the quickness in which it could be reloaded - less than five minutes. The Kentucky Long Rifle was the gun of choice for the "Long Hunters" who early came into Kentucky. Barren County had the distinction of having the finest gunsmiths in the Settle family. There were several generations of gunsmiths from the same family, with a lot of their expertise supposedly coming from the Huffman family who had been encouraged to settle here by Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia; the Huffman's being steel workers. These rifles are still quite prized, guarded fiercely and expensive! The gunsmith didn't have a tool to bore out an exact 4-foot gun barrel so he rather started with the hole and built the iron around it. He had to weld a very thick strip around a rod in a spiral pattern and then hammered the rod out. If he could only get a 2-feet length, he welded two pieces together. After welding the two ends together, he bored out the inside using a steel cutter which was turned by water power or hand cranking. The hole always was slightly crooked and a good gunsmith had to check it with a tight bowstring. He straightened the hole by tapping the outside with a hammer. The bore needed to be reamed to a precise size and polished. To give a rifle ball a straighter shooting angle, spiral grooves were made in the bore. THE TINSMITH: One of my favorite displays to see at a craft show locally is the tinsmith at work. The tinsmith was originally called a whitesmith. Tin plate is a sheet of iron coated with tin to keep it from rusting. It was originally made in small pieces, heated repeatedly and flattened. Individuals called tinners (who were not tinsmiths) cut the sheets as small as 12 x 18 inches, pickled them in a mild acid, scoured them by using sand and then dipped them into a pot heated over charcoal fire. The oldtime whitesmith produced cylinders, boxes and cones of various shapes. If the finished product was to be a cup, he had to make a lip on the drinking surface. This not only made it safer for the drinker but tended to "stiffen" the tin. He made tin snips, tin dippers, candle boxes, tinder boxes, candlesticks, lamps, sconces, money boxes, tea caddys and more. His tools included a pair of large shears, hand snips and nippers. Since tin can't be welded, the joints were soldered together. One of the more famous inventions of the whitesmith was the introduction of the "roasting kitchen." This was a large reflecting oven with one side open to face the fire. It had a door in the back allowing Grandma to baste the food. With the increasing amounts of whale oil being brought to the States, this caused the use of whale oil lamps which smoked less than the previous lamps. If the Kentucky family could not get access to whale oil, they found a substitute in oil that was squeezed from the fat of what they called the "prairie whale". Lard was thick and required a special burner for it. Many of the products manufactured by the whitesmith were originally considered too ugly for home use. The plain sugar boxes, candle boxes, etc. were soon decorated by the whitesmith. The tin was given several coats of a dark brown varnish and painted into bright colors. They even found a way to remove the stigma of having "tin" utensils by using the Frence word "tole". It meant the same, but sounded fancier! THE PLUMBER: Now, if Grandpa was a PLUMBER, we immediately say, "Can't be … they didn't have inside plumbing back in those days!" The term plumber covered many categories involving the use of lead. Lead was extremely expensive in the earlier days and most was used to cast bullets --for which the settler paid an arm and a leg. The lead used normally was recast by plumbers into sheets that could be up to 30 inches wide and possibly seven feet long. These sheets were rolled up for storage. When ready for use, they were unrolled on a table coated with sand. The process used 3 men minimum. Two men carried hot lead from the furnace and poured it onto a table. The other man flattened it by beating it with a wooden hoe he called a "strike." This strike had notches at both ends in a square shape and ran along guides which determined the width of the sheet. The first two men, the pourers, moved up and down the table, one on each side, at a certain cadence, slowly. The strikeman pushed the blade behind them. It wasn't until the early 1800's that plumbers began to "cold draw" lead pipe. They cast a thick-walled collar around one end of a steel bar which had been polished. The drawing was done by pulling the collar through smaller round pipes, each one smaller than the one before which allowed the metal to flow along the bar as a pipe. It became thinner and longer. Musket balls, almost ½ inch in diameter was something many hunters made themselves. A shotmaster made them also, in quantity. Buckshot is only a ¼ of an inch in diameter. Most times, if the settler could afford it, he let someone else, often a plumber, make them for him to ensure the shot pattern. © Copyright 30 July 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise

If it was sharp; if it was a tool for cutting, a CUTLER most likely made it. Steel was used quite early in limited amounts, imported from the old county as early as the 17th century. While cutlery shops in larger communities sold English cutlery, it was not long before enterprising Americans entered the market. The first step was taken in foundaries where piles of wrought-iron bars were heated in charcoal. They were literally cooked for a week or more. The early furnaces were covered with clay or sand to keep the charcoal from burning away; later the wrought-iron was heated in pots which were tightly covered. By absorbing carbon during the cooking, the wrought-iron was toughened. This rough product was often called "blister-steel" because blisters would appear during the cooking process. The cutler manufactured axes, plane blades, knives and other tools. Sheffield-cast steel was used for razors, scapels, swords, penknives, scissors, and blades. Steel known as "Tilted steel" was used for saws and augers. If Grandpa was a cutler, he was very much like a blacksmith who was a little more specialized. He followed a lot of the same techniques using forges, hammers and anvils. He had to grind the edges to make them razor sharp using a sandstone disk. It was an extremely long process. He had to attach the blades to handles. A HORNSMITH is almost a lost artisan. Where now everything is manufactured of plastic or glass - the hornsmith worked with a horn or tortoise shell. Since no two are alike, a great variety of goods would be produced, each slightly different from the other. What did he do and what did he make? Tortoise shell is that part of overlapping plates of the carapace (this is the upper shell) of the tropical hawksbill turtle. The substance of which they consist is less porous and that of horn, harder, more brittle. The colors range from amber to brown whereas the horn is normally yellowish-gray. The shell polished up nicer. Cow horns were used by the settlers, they being a lot less expensive. They were turned into gun powder carriers or powder horns. The horns had to be opened however and flattened out. The ends were sawed off and the horn soaked for many days. Then the horn was roasted or boiled in water until it was quite soft. Oil was used sometimes in the roasting process. The hornsmith tempered the sheets of horn by simply dunking them in cold water. If the horn was placed in a press, the thickness of the horn could be regulated. The hornsmith had another market for his products; he could sell the horn "blanks" to other artisans for use in their trade - silversmith and pewterers used the horn and tortoise shell to create parts of snuffboxes; eye glass sellers sometimes made frames of horn; the buttonmakers punched disks from the material. The hornsmith also produced spoons and combs. The tortoise shell combs were and are very popular, a thing of beauty for the lady. The hornsmith sawed out rectangular blanks (wider than the modern combs) and clamped one edge on his "blank" in a wooden vise. He made a couple of cuts with a saw for each separate tooth. The teeth were then rounded with knife or scraper, buffed with brick dust. Those combs made of horn were often stained to make it look to look like tortoise shell by using a polish made of vinegar and rottenstone. THE TOBACCONIST: With all that's been in the news later about the dangers of tobacco, this is a difficult topic - politically incorrect! But, tobacco has long been the money earner for thousands of Kentucky farmers who have land that will grow very little else. I had no idea of all that was involved in tobacco growing until moving to Kentucky - it is a back-breaking process from start to finish. In the 1700's and 1800's tobacconists most dealers in tobacco worked in small shops or sheds, and sold their products right from the house. The tobacconist either grew his own tobacco or bought it from dealers by the "hogshead". Whether done by the farmer or the tobacconist, the steps were always the same. The tobacco, normally 500 pounds to a hogshead, was tied in bundles and left to cure. These were (and still are) suspended from the roof of an old barn or tied in a fan shape. The tobacco leaves are moistened and stacked in heaps and left to ferment; a processing taking about 2 weeks. If he wished to flavor the tobacco, this was the next step. This tobacco would be used in pipes and chewing tobacco and the pipe smoker normally enjoyed different flavor. When the leaves were almost dry, the tobacconist or one of his apprentices would thread it on a tobacco wheel - a simple drum with a crank. The threaded tobacco was about as thick as a man's finger. He could cut the threads into particular lengths in "penny" and "two-penny" lengths or sell it in other amounts such as by the yard. Plug tobacco was mixed with honey or molasses which helped it hold its shape and gave it flavor. The name came from the tobacco being driven into a hole which was drilled out in the end of a log and then hammered in. The tobacco was literally plugged in and the log was split to retrieve it. A tobacco "chawer" sliced off a piece from the plug. If he smoked it, he cut off a piece and crumpled it into smaller pieces and put it in a pipe. No picture or cartoon of the early Kentuckian was complete without the picture of the man and woman with their corn cob pipes. This appears to have been originated with the Indians. It is made by hollowing out the center of a corn cob. Many Indians used clay pipes or even those made of smooth stone. To light the tobacco, flint and steel were used. Snuff was also used in the earlier days, even by the ladies - however discretely! It was stored in bottles, ram's horns and little boxes carried in the pocket. To have an ornate snuff box was rather a status symbol. Boxes could be made of many materials including gold, silver, pewter, brass, shell and wood. The use of snuff in its peak kept many tobacconists in business. A new field of enterprise was soon developed in the building of snuff mills. It was ground much like the regular water grist mill. © Copyright 28 July 1998, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Sandi Gorin - A Proud Kentucky Colonel PUBLISHING: http://members.tripod.com/~GorinS/index.html BARREN CO WEBSITE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/ ARCHIVES for ROOTSWEB: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl PRAYER&PRAISE: http://www.listbot.com/subscribe/prayerandpraise