TIP #261 - WHAT VIRGINIA WAS - KENTUCKY BECAME - PART 2 In continuing our look at the lives of Virginia residents, we find many of the customs, foods, animals, laws and housing, give us a good picture of the early lives of the Kentucky settlers who came from that area. Animals played an important part in the lives of the early settlers, both in Virginia and Kentucky and other newly forming states. Oxen were the primary work animals. They might not be as fast as horses, but they were much stronger and earned their board and keep. Normally a single ox was worked at a time, fastened by a strong yoke. Oxen had shoes like horses, but since oxen have "cloven hooves", the shoe was a two piece affair and they were harder to put on the oxen! Their legs are not strong and an ox is unable to stand on 3 legs as a horse is. A special sling was used which raised the ox from the floor; not at all comfortable for the ox and it might cost the farmer a week or more usage of the ox until they recovered. Horses were popular ever since being brought over to the New World (plus the Indian horses already here), but they were more for pleasure riding and getting to appointed rounds than for work. Two of the earliest breeds have disappeared from American soil - the Narragansett Pacer (of Spanish background) and the Conestoga (English). Most farmers did not have special corrals or pens for their livestock; they roamed at will. If the settler wanted to keep their work animal or food animal contained, they outfitted them with yokes and pokes. Yokes were frames which hung around the neck with extensions which had a tendency of catching on rails and prevent them from escaping. Geese and chickens were blessed with smaller versions. Pokes hung around the animal's neck also, but had a rod which pointed forward which would catch in the fence if the animal tried to leap to freedom. Almost every farmer raised bees also with honey often being a good substitute for sugar; and the pollination was needed for the fruit trees. The bee gum tree of the southern part of the United States was a favorite hive location. Farmers also raised pigs; they were cheap to feed and were needed for wintertime meat. But, they were more a wild pig than the domesticated varieties known today. Transportation for the early settlers was a necessity and every farmer needed a cart of some sort. The Conestoga wagon, a creation of the Pennsylvania Dutch areas, were a copy of European carts. They were heavy, strong and could go places the smaller carts and wagons couldn't. It is the Conestoga wagon most normally seen in any good western! They could be pulled by up to eight horses. The one-horse-shay was also known as a chair or a cheer. Based on an earlier French invention, the Americans modified it by adding hickory springs. The city slickers had a cover over the shay but most country folk didn't have this luxury - unless they stretched a canvas tarp over it. The pleasure wagon had its roots no where but in America. As it name indicates, no hauling was done in the pleasure wagon; it was strictly for pleasure, taking the family to the nearest mercantile or to church. But getting from here to there was still a challenge. Our early roads were either Indian trails or buffalo trails. It is said that two buffaloes side by side wore a path wide enough for the early wagons. But most Indian trails were only the width of the horse upon which they were riding and they had to be widened to accommodate even a small wagon. In Kentucky, as in Virginia, hands were appointed by the court to widen the roads and to maintain them - they were allowed to work off their taxes in hard labor. They had the clear the land around the trail which meant cutting down trees and digging out the stumps. It is noted that many early wagon drivers carried an axe with them in case their wagon had to be cut out from the trees and undergrowth. (Passengers were expected to push!). Bridges also had to be built if one wanted to visit Grandma! The first bridges were nothing more than 3-4l logs side by side and tossed in the water from shore to shore. They had to be supported by girders if they started to sink under the weight of the wagon. Eventually they were improved and strengthened and many were roofed over and sides enclosed. There are so few covered bridges remaining to this day and they were a sight to behold! Some settlers who lived close to a wider river came up with the idea of building a ferry and adding to the change in his pocket. Most ferries could carry one wagon and at least 4 horses. A rope was stretched across the river and run through pullies. On the deeper rivers, ferryman rowed hard. To be continued. (c) Copyright 13 September 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Member Glasgow-Barren County Chamber of Commerce Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #260 ANOTHER LOOK AT CARTER, CASEY, CHRISTIAN, CLARK and CLAY COUNTIES. Carter County in eastern Kentucky is a land of rugged beauty an almost unlimited opportunities for outdoor fun. It was established in 1838 from parts of Greenup and Lawrence Counties and was named in honor of Colonel William Carter, a State Senator at the time Carter County was formed. The county seat, Grayson, was founded in 1838 and named for an aide-de-camp of General Washington. On the courthouse lawn is a monument to Governor William Jason Fields, famous in Kentucky politics as Honest Bill from Olive Hill. Also in Grayson is the beautiful Bagby Memorial United Methodist Church with stained-glass art work imported from France by a generous philanthropist, George Bagby. The church is kept open at all times during the summer months so visitors can enjoy its beautiful interior. About 16 miles from Grayson is a natural bridge which spans 219 feet across, and is 196 feet high and 112 feet wide. Carter County receives thousands of visitors annually at Carter Caves State Park, a complete resort park and a great place for vacationers. The park features beautiful forest land with rugged cliffs and mountain streams above-ground, and several underground caverns with colorful formations. Caveland Lodge and its attractive dining room are completely modern. There's great fishing in the 45-acre Smoky Valley Lake, swimming, boating, horseback riding, and golf on a 9-hole course. The park is also a fine place to hike, picnic, and camp, and has a souvenir shop for its guests. Its most distinctive attractions, of course, are the caves, and guided tours are given from April through October. In the past several years, Miss Jean Thomas, the famous "Traipsin Woman" has brought her American folk song festival to Carter Caves. This is one of the major mountain song festivals in the country - started 38 years ago in Miss Thomas's House in Ashland, when the American Folk Song Festival outgrew her place. She brought it over to Carter County, where it is now an annual attraction, one that reminds the entire nation of our mountain people's rich native culture. Casey County became our 49th county in 1807, formed from a part of Lincoln County. Located in the beautiful country of the Green River Valley, Casey County's forests and sparkling streams provide wonderful outdoor recreation. Colonel William Casey, a pioneer in whose honor the county was named, moved to Kentucky from Virginia in the early part of the winter of 1779-1780. In 1791 he moved to Russell Creek, a tributary of the Green River. Since he was fifty miles from any white settlement, he and several other families built a station here, which served to protect the pioneers from Indian attacks. Associated with Colonel Casey was Christopher Riffe, who in 1793 bought from the grandfather of Abraham Lincoln 800 acres of land in what is now Casey County. The county seat, Liberty, is at the headwaters of the Green River in the eastern section of Kentucky's Pennyrile region and on the southern edge of the Knobs belt. Liberty was named by veterans of the Revolutionary War who came to this section from Virginia in 1791. The land of this area is poplar with archaelogists who delve into the surface soil to uncover Indian relics and artifacts of even earlier people. Some of their finds include arrowheads, spearheads, pipes, net sinkers, axes and game balls. These articles are derived from four distinct cultures - the Cherokee and Shawnee who waged war against the pioneers, their predecessors, the River People, The Woodland People, and the earliest of these groups, the Floson People, a culture which dates back 12,000 to 20,000 years. Over 200 Indian campsites have been located in Casey County. Christian County became the 21st of Kentucky's counties in 1797. It was formed from part of Logan County and was named in honor of Colonel William Christian, a remarkably popular Virginia officer who moved to Kentucky in 1785. Christian County is in Kentucky's Pennyrile Region. This name "Pennyrile" comes from a small wildflower indigenous to the section, the Pennyroyal. A member of the mint family, syllable-saving Ango-Saxon settlers gave the Pennyroyal its present pronunciation, "Pennyrile", and most of us accept the new spelling as well. The pride of the Pennyrile is the county seat of Christian County, Hopkinsville, which is notable for its beautiful parks and handsome homes. In Civil War days, Federal troops headquartered in the Ross Dillard house during their occupation of the Pennyrile. As a visitor, you'll find fascination in one of Christian County's natural curiosities five miles south of Hopkinsville, the Swallow Springs. The unpredictable springs is sometimes a boiling spring that creates several acres of lake, and sometimes a sinkhole. It actually swallows itself. Also a curiosity are two forks of the Little River, which sink into the ground, disappearing entirely, and emerge miles further on in Trigg County. Pennyrile Forest State Park, to the northwest of Hopkinsville, has a variety of activities for the outdoorsman ... horseback riding, hiking, fishing, swimming .. and lodge and cottage accommodations that will keep the family comfortable during a full vacation. The park is surrounded by 15,000 acres of deep forest. It's possible you've already had a vicarious trip through the Pennyrile District in the writings of Kentucky's renowned author, Robert Pen Warren. Christian County is the scene of the famous novel of the tobacco wars, "Night Rider." Clark County, in the central part of Kentucky, was established in 1793 from parts of Fayette and Bourbon Counties and was named in honor of Kentucky's great military hero, George Rogers Clark. The western end of the county is part of the Inner Bluegrass Region and is exceptionally fertile land. Winchester, the county seat, incorporated in the same year the county was established, was named after Winchester, Virginia, where the great statesman opened and closed his legal career. A historical marker and obelisk at Colby Pike and Wheeler Street designate the home and grave of James Clark, who was governor of Kentucky from 1836 to 1839. The Clark home is a two-story brick structure of ionic columns, a fanlighted doorway, and a palladian window on the second story facade - quite an imposing old edifice. Also in Clark County is a statue of Daniel Boone created by a Winchester sculptor, A. D. Fisher. Near the bridge over the Kentucky River, on Highway US 227, is the place where Boone's daughter and two young companions were captured by Indians and later rescued by Boone and some of the other settles of Boonesborough. A member of the rescue party, Samuel Henderson, later married one of the girls he had helped to free. Their wedding, in 1776, was one of the first solemnized in Kentucky. About six miles from Winchester is an oblong stone structure built in 1780. It was Kentucky's first constituted church, and many early marriages were performed in the old stone meeting house. A place of history and interest is the Indian Old Fields about 12 miles southeast of Winchester. A fertile plain, the old fields was the place where peaceful Shawnees cultivated corn long before the arrival of the pioneer settlers. It was one of the few recorded instances of Indians raising crops in the rich and fertile country they called "The Land of Tomorrow." Clay County became our 46th county in 1807. It was formed from parts of Madison, Knox, and Floyd Counties. It is watered by the South Fork of the Kentucky River and is rich in coal, iron ore, salt and fine timber. Clay County was named in honor of General Green Clay, who was born in Virginia in 1757. He was the son of Charles Clay and a descendant of John Clay, a British Grenadier. When Clay moved to Kentucky as a youth, he had a limited education but soon obtained some knowledge of surveying. The first few years of his Kentucky life was spent in exploring Kentucky, and becoming acquainted with the land in the northern Kentucky country. Clay established a good reputation and gained a great deal of land from surveying, for in those days it was the custom to give half of the land to surveyors who endured the dangers of the primitive country. Before Kentucky became a state, Clay was elected a delegate to the General Assembly of Virginia and was a member of the Constitutional Convention of Kentucky. After Kentucky's statehood was established, Clay represented Madison County in each branch of the Legislature. When the War of 1812 was declared, Clay was a Major General in the Kentucky Militia. Clay commanded 3,000 Kentucky troops who served to help General Harrison to take Detroit from the British and invade Canada. General Clay died on Oct. 31, 1826. The Clay County seat, Manchester, is named for the large manufacturing center in England. An Indian mound, made of white sand, is outside the community of Fogertown and contained arrowheads made of copper. In the town of Red Bird, a famous Indian chief who was friendly to the white settlers was murdered, and a memorial now stands in his honor. Near Garrard is the site of the Old Garrard Salt Woks, and south of Garrard is the Hector Memorial park whose firetower providees a lofty overlook of the surrounding country. The park also features camping and picnic facilities. Goose Creek, in Clay County was the birthplace of Henry Hornsby, whose novel "Lonesome Valley," had a Clay County setting. Taken from a speech at the Kentucky State Fair many years ago by then Governor Louie Nunn. (c) Copyright 9 September 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Member Glasgow-Barren County Chamber of Commerce Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #259: WHAT VIRGINIA WAS, KENTUCKY BECAME. To learn the history and traditions of the earliest Kentucky settlers, we need to look at their lives in the states from which they came. Today, we'll take a look back to Virginia, as most of the tools, houses, traditions and dress came with them into Kentucky. This series will be interspersed with other tips. When many people came into Virginia from the "old country" they were penniless. They had to serve a term of labor known as being indentured servants, bond servants or redemptioners. Most of them ended up in Virginia because the need for workers there was greater. Some of course, came against their will; but when they reached the Virginia shores, they had to sign or put their "x" on a standard agreement which bound them for a stated number of years, normally 4-5. The man paying their the passage was known as the owner and demanded this servitude in return for his payment of up to several hundred dollars. This covered not only their passage but food and clothing. They were normally provided with a suit of clothes and some primitive tools. If they were lucky and the owner was generous, they might receive some corn and maybe up to 50 acres of land for them to work. Many were promised land, but never received it at the end of their indentureship. These were likely to head off for the "far frontier" where they could obtain much more than 50 acres. These white immigrants were as completely a slave as their black co-workers while serving off their indentureship. They were treated the same - the same whippings, long hours, hard work and neglect - or the same fair treatment. Those treated harshly attempted to run away, but if caught, their punishment was severe, including often having an iron collar placed around their neck. Those lucky enough to escape attempted to blend in with the other free whites and blacks. An interesting aside is that sometimes, those white men arriving as free men - i.e. paying their own passage, sometimes willingly bound themselves out. They were in a strange land, many times with no family or friends, and thought this would be a way to "learn the lay of the land." They were looking for on the job experience, a security blanket of having someone else responsible for them until they could find where they wanted to settle and put down roots. When the indentured white slave had served out his indentureship, he began in earnest looking for his own land. If he was still short of money, he might have to work a few more years as what we would call a hired hand. If his owner was a decent sort, he might give him a few things to get started with - nails, tools. The man usually ended up in what was called the back country, land that was still totally wooded and unimproved; the good, rich land had already been claimed by the wealthier. A makeshift shelter was erected on what acreage he could afford and crops put out as soon as the land was cleared. Sometimes he was forced to plant his crops right in the timber and fight the undergrowth difficulties until he had the time to clean out the stumps. Most began by growing tobacco as this was the crop that brought in the money. As he found time, the farmer tried to build the family a better home - a little cottage in the woods. Most look liked the homes of the old world - thatched roofs, clapboards (called weatherboards in the south). If he added windows, they were tiny and covered with shutters to protect somewhat against the Indian attacks. The home normally only had one room which served all the needs of bedroom and living quarters. The floor could be earth or bricks. The door was large and thick; there was a fireplace at one end used for heating and cooking. The well-to-do farmer had plantations. You will see the term plantations in Kentucky after the Virginians began settlement here, but it usually was not the plantation that was seen in Virginia. Each plantation tried to locate in an area where it had its own wharf so that the ships could come right up beside the land to pick up the tobacco. The house was called the "manor" and was brick. These were just fancier houses with larger rooms and likely many fireplaces. The furniture was imported if the owner were wealthy enough, if not, they were simple homemade pieces. They often did not compare to those settlers in the northern areas of the country where most of the furniture was imported at the earliest dates. Over the years, as the monies came in from the sale of tobacco, the furniture improved and the dress became finer. Separate kitchens were built, keeping the heat down in the house during those hot summer months. This tradition came into Kentucky as well. Some of the manor houses had a passageway between the kitchen and the main house. The kitchen had a large fireplace from which all the delicious meals were prepared by the slaves. The main food staples, like Kentucky later, were corn, fish, pigs and beef (had to be eaten immediately as their were not good preservations used early). The early planter sometimes started his day off with a morning beer and then went out to do his work. At around 10 am he came back for breakfast and the main meal at night. Eggs were not widely enjoyed as the hens hadn't been thought of as a food source. The main meal was normally eaten between 4-5 p.m., visitors could then be entertained and a supper around 9 pm. Making clothing was a full time occupation for the ladyfolk. They not only had to clothe their own family, but their white and black slaves. All the clothing at first came from the spinning wheel and needles of the women of the household. If they wanted wool, it had to be imported. Illness created a special problem for the early settlers in Virginia. There were no physicians as such to be found easily. So it was the women's job to nurse everyone back to health. Many trusted the Indian medicine man more than the English trained physicians! But, many died. Infants had the least chance of survival and if you will note from the records of most states, the life expectancy was 40-50 years old. If they lived that long, many had second or third wives and husbands, the previous spouse's bodies just "gave out." You will also find that if a man had lost his spouse, he tended to marry younger women each time; he normally had a house full of children and needed someone strong, healthy and willing to increase his number of off-spring! Those that died had to be buried immediately in handmade little coffins that rather outlined the shape of the body. There were no dentists anywhere and when faced with tooth decay, the people just accepted it, never thinking for many years that anything could be done. When it started hurting too much to stand, any strong person was asked to pull the tooth out. Many times, the local blacksmith served well in this capacity. Maybe that is why no one smiled when the first cameras were invented or the local artist painted a portrait; it has been said that a majority of people were completely toothless by age 30! Drinking was quite acceptable, but the southerner soon discarded the importation of English ales with corn liquor or hard cider. Women, as well as men, started the day with a drink and most homes had a brewing kettle somewhere in the house. Beer was made by mixing together all sorts of ingredients - milk, dry white wine, spices - all stirred into the fermented liquor. The lady of the manor was regarded as the mistress of the house, and depending on how many servants she had, the less work she was responsible for. But, she was to be loving and kind to all the family, black and white and gave orders regarding the cooking, laundry and every day tasks. She encouraged her daughters to learn how to spin and weave. She, if a decent sort of lady, was respected by the slaves and spent gab sessions with them. To be continued. (c) 2 September 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Member Glasgow-Barren County Chamber of Commerce Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #258 - TOBACCO Being an Illinois transplant to the Commonwealth of Kentucky, I had no idea of what was involved in the early days of raising the primary crop of tobacco. Now a controversial subject, tobacco however is one of the major, if not the major, crops of Kentucky. Many improvements have been made during the passage of time, but our early ancestors followed primarily what they had done back in Virginia and other tobacco-producing states. Virginia had stumbled into tobacco thanks to John Rolfe in 1612 by learning to cure tobacco so that the white man could enjoy smoking it - unlike the Indian tobacco which was bitter and of a rough texture. Needing an income quickly, many Virginia settlers turned to tobacco as the base of their economic survival. They immediately invested most of what they had into this new crop - tobacco. It was such a base of economy that even ministers, doctors and tax collectors were paid in tobacco. The records are scant if not non-existent on how the first Americans grew their tobacco but in Maryland and Virginia primarily, a set routine was used, much of which is still used today. The following description would refer to the earlier days of tobacco raising in Virginia but much applies to Kentucky. Tobacco seed is finer than dust and has to be sown in "new" ground in January. By late May the little seedlings are set in rows in the field and watered plant by plant as they are replanted. Weeds have to be removed and many slaves spent the entire tobacco season with their makeshift hoes working the tobacco beds. By the end of July, during the hottest part of the season, flower buds appear at the top of the 5 foot tall stalks. These had to be removed by hand, also by the slaves. By late August, the plants, still bright green, are cut off close to the ground and their butts are paled on slender sticks, 5 plants to a stick. An iron point is slipped on the stick and the sticks are hung so the tobacco hangs head down in barns. They are allowed to cure until early winter (or earlier depending upon the climate). When the curing time has been completed, the leaves are stripped off the stalks and called - this is known as grading. They are carefully bunched into fan-shaped, flat "hands". These are stacked about 30 inches high and stored until the following summer. The tobacco is then packed into hogsheads for shipment. Hogsheads are drums made of straight staves, loosely fitted and hooped with split saplings. A hogshead is about 5 feet in diameter and as many feet long. It is packed with as many "hands" as it can hold, placed in a horizontal screw press (a prize) and the contents of two casks, each of the same size as the hogshead, are forced in on top of the original packing. This could weigh as much as 750-800 pounds. A cask of tobacco weights only 500 pounds. There are improvements to the process now but in the beginning this was the normal routine. William Daniel Tolle, who wrote under the pen name of Ellot, of Barren County, KY states that most of the tobacco grown in the south central part of Kentucky was transported to New Orleans by flat boat. He also notes that the field into which the tobacco seed was to be planted had to be "well broken" with all loose roots and other obstructions carefully removed. The standard size was 3 ½ feet wide and a good "hill" was made in which the plant was set. The field was plowed by hand and was done in the heat of the day when the leaves were wilted from the sun. When the tobacco was ready for harvest it was "ripe" and a sharp knife was used to cut the tobacco as described above. A decision had to be made to ascertain if the tobacco was ripe - by doubling the leaf between the thumb and finger. If the left broke easily it was ripe. The tobacco was left in the field to wilt piled into a stack by the hill. When it was wilted sufficiently, they were carried to a scaffold carefully, the stack could not be broken. Sometimes the farmer piled the tobacco on a slide and pulled it to the scaffold where it was hung as described above. It was the norm that the scaffold piles generally pointed east and west so the noon day sun would shine down between the sticks of tobacco which were hung 8-10 inches apart. Tolle states also that the plant beds were often made in the woods and covered with brush. The tobacco was seldom ready then before Christmas unless it was cured by fire. In the latter, ditches were dug in the dirt floor of the barn and green wood such as beech and sugar tree were excellent slow burners after the wood was fired. To fill a hanging stick with tobacco, the farmer sometimes sat down and held the stick with one hand. He took a leaf in the other hand and pushed it through the sharp point of the stick, use the other hand to grab another left and proceed this way until the stick was filled. Tobacco, according to Tolle, was stripped during the damp weather of winter. It was thought that it required the March winds to dry and season it sufficiently to withstand the transportation on the rivers to New Orleans. When the tobacco was dried sufficiently, the tobacco was taken down and bulked for prizing. This always had to be done during the coming of a damp spell of weather. Many times this required working at night with someone in a "watch tower" alerting the farmers that the season was coming in. Alarms sounded and everyone strong enough or old enough had to awaken and head off at a dead run to the tobacco barn. The stalks had to be taken down with the stems would crack one third the way down to the leaf. It could be laid down in the barn on the stick at night and bulked the next day. It was left to prize next March. There was always a tide in May which was the last chance the farmers could ship their tobacco for the year. There was an old expression, per Tolle, that "there would always be a Maytide if it did not come until June." Prizing was done by finding a tree which was straight from the ground. A hole was morticed large enough to hold a large tenon which was cut on the end of a beam. The beam was about 10-12 inches square; the tenon was placed in the mortice through the tree. A slot was cut in the front end of the beam so a sword could be placed through it. Holes were made through the sword for pins to hold the beam at any height desired. The end of the sword was fastened in a log 8-10 feet long and 20-24 inches in diameter - this was called the weight. At the end of the beam a large forked sapling was planted; over this fork a sweep pole was placed to raise the beam. By 1840 tobacco factories appeared in Louisville, Kentucky and most of the tobacco was sent there rather than flatboated down to New Orleans. Information taken from "Backroads of Barren County, Kentucky, Volume 2, William Daniel Tolle, Gorin Genealogical Publishing, (c) Copyright May 1994. (c) Copyright 26 August 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Member Glasgow-Barren County Chamber of Commerce Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #257 - A BLINDED COUNTRY - THE BIRTHING OF PHOTOGRAPHY Did you ever stop to think that before the year 1839 our whole world was blind? No instamatic cameras to snap a picture of the latest band of settlers heading out into the wilderness. No snapshot of the new baby. Nary a photographer to cover the big fire on the square. Total blindness. Yes, the world was entirely dependent upon an artist to capture the weary lines in the tired mother's face, the regal posed and non-smiling face of the President or the Governor - and most of the early citizens could ill afford the services of an artist. The world learned, after months likely to waiting, of a report to come out in the weekly or monthly newspaper of Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre of France who had exhibited a strange magic ... shiny copper plates. And, on these plates were images, pictures! He had been working on the process for seemingly forever under a grant from the French government and these magic plates soon came to be known as "daguerreotypes". The process of producing these daguerreotypes was simply stated as: "The designs are executed upon thin plates of silver, plated on copper. Although the copper serves principally to support the silver foil, the combination of two metals tends to the perfection of the effect. The silver must be the purest that can be procured. As to the copper, its thickness ought to be sufficient to maintain the perfect smoothness and flatness of the plate, so that the images may not be distorted by the warping of the tables; but unnecessary thickness beyond this is to be avoided on account of the weight. The thickness of the two metals united, ought not to exceed that of a stout card. The process is divided into five operations. 1. The first consists in polishing and cleaning the plate, in order to prepare it for receiving the sensitive coating, upon which the light traces the design. 2. The second is to apply this coating. 3. The third is the placing the prepared plate property in the camera obscura to the action of light, for the purpose of receiving the image of nature. 4. The fourth brings out the image, which at first is not visible on the plate being withdrawn from the camera obscura. 5. The fifth and last operation has for its object to remove the sensitive coating on which the design is first impressed, because this coating would continue to be affected by the rays of light, a property which would necessarily and quickly destroy the picture." (American Repertory of Arts, Sciences, and Manufacturers, March 1840.) Calotypes were invented in 1841, and were popular for about a decade. Sheets of paper were brushed with salt solution, dried, and then brushed with a silver nitrate solution. After being dried again, the paper was used in the camera. Unlike the daguerreotype, the calotype could be used to produce multiple copies of any image. The calotype required long exposure times, and produced less detail than the competing daguerreotype. Because the calotype process was primarily used in England and Scotland, few photographs were made in the United States using the process. However, the negative/positive process introduced by the calotype was the real road to our present system of photography, rather than the daguerreotype. Collodion. In 1851 photography underwent a major change with the invention of the collodion process. Photographers had been experimenting with a process that would combine the sharp detail of the daguerreotype with the multiple copies possible with the calotype. With the new collodion or "wet plate" process, glass plates were used as negatives, and chemicals were washed over the glass plates immediately before the picture was taken. The photograph had to be developed immediately afterwards. The resulting negative produced great clarity of detail, and unlimited numbers of paper prints could be made. Because the negatives had to be processed when taken, most outdoor photographs were taken near rivers and streams so a water supply was available! Enlargements weren't possible, so large prints required large cameras. The Ambrotype process was invented in the 1850's, when photographers discovered that an underexposed collodion glass negative looked like a photograph when backed with black material, such as velvet, paint, or paper, and placed in a case. Each image was made one-at-a-time in the camera, and was therefore unique. While not as capable of fine detail as the daguerreotype, the ambrotype had a less reflective surface and was easier to view. Moreover, the price of an ambrotype was much less than an expensive daguerreotype, and made portraits available to the middle classes. Tintypes are also known as ferrotypes. These were introduced around 1855. They were the most commonly used by itinerant, wandering or "beach" photographers. The plates were lighter and less fragile than glass plates. Ferrotypes continued to be a cheap form for portrait photographs, particularly outdoors, until the 1930s. The ferrotype is a direct positive photograph: like a Polaroid photograph, or a daguerreotype, it has no negative. The sensitised metal plates were coated with wet collodion, exposed, processed in a portable darktent, and handed to customers in a little over a minute. After the introduction of dry ferrotype plates in 1891, photographers used ferrotype cameras with built-in processing facilities. Some ferrotypes were mounted in a stamped metal overmatte with a cover glass, or in light paper or card mounts. Sometimes the images were hand-colored. The main problem with tintypes is that the metal plate rusts, causing the metal to blister and the lacquer and photographic emulsion to lift from the base. Once damaged, they cannot be repaired but you can prevent further damage by placing the ferrotype in a cool, stable and fairly dry environment. It may be displayed, however, do not expose it to high levels of daylight or artificial light, not near a fireplace, radiator or other intermittent heat source. For storage, ferrotypes should be wrapped in tissue paper or a clean cotton cloth and placed in a small box to prevent physical damage and pressure to the edges and surface. The Unusual! Other types of photographs during the 19th century included the stereoscopic photograph, which was produced with a double camera with two lenses about 2 inches apart. First produced in the 1850's on albumen coated paper or glass, these photographs were bought by families as a form of entertainment, and were viewed on handheld or cabinet stereoscope viewers. Visiting relatives would be sure to view the latest addition to one's picture collection. The carte-de-visite (visiting card) photographs were small prints that could be pasted on visiting cards. In the 1860's, the novelty became a craze, and the public began buying cards with pictures of celebrities, in addition to collecting pictures of friends and relatives. Stores carried catalogs of cards, and royalty, actresses, and other various sorts of well-known people were featured. The craze had died out by 1870. Dry Plate Photography: In the 1870's, manufacturers discovered that gelatin was much better than collodion at binding light-sensitive materials to glass. Using chemical processing with gelatin, plates could be manufactured that could be stored and used by photographers at any time. At last, photographers could leave the technology of photography in the hands of manufacturers and focus on taking good pictures. The new process meant that the dry plates could be bought in shops. Because of the superiority of the process, cameras could be simplified, and handheld cameras could be used by ordinary people, rather than by specialists with knowledge of chemistry. In 1888, George Eastman, an amateur photographer who manufactured dry plates, presented the first Kodak camera to the world. Rather than glass plates, the camera used a roll of material long enough to take 100 circular pictures. The roll of film was loaded in the camera, and the user sent the camera back to the factory to have the pictures developed. By 1891, Eastman had developed a camera that accepted rolls of film loaded by the user. It was Eastman who really made the camera useable by just about anybody. His company enjoyed immediate popularity, and by early in the 20th century Kodak cameras were available for as little as $1. His slogan was true: "You press the button, we do the rest." (c) Copyright 19 August 1999, Sandra K.Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Member Glasgow-Barren County Chamber of Commerce Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #256 - ANOTHER LOOK AT CALDWELL, CALLOWAY, CAMPBELL, CARLISLE, AND CARROLL COUNTIES. Caldwell County, in Kentucky's western waterland, welcomes tourists to a country full of fresh waters and deep forests. It was the 51st country in the state, formed in 1809 from part of Livingston County, and ten years later it was enlarged by adding a piece out of Christian County. General John Caldwell, a Virginian who served under George Rogers Clark in the 1786 Indian expedition and was later Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky, was the man for whom Caldwell County was named. In 1810, settlers built rustic log cabins at Big Springs Bottom where a subterranean stream emerges. Today the county seat, Princeton, owns Big Springs park, the site of the old settlement from which Princeton grew. A marker in the courthouse yard in Princeton, showing the location of the Cherokee in their forced exodus to western reservations. Princeton, which did not escape plundering in the Civil War, also has a historical marker that tells of the burning of the old courthouse by Confederate soldiers. On Seminary Street in Princeton, a marker notes the violent fighting of the Black Patch War between tobacco growers and buyers. (These tobacco wars are vividly recounted in the writings of the Kentucky author Robert Penn Warren). With the Caldwell Countians' pride of being located in the westrn waterland, they certainly would want you to visit and enjoy Lake Beshear, on the western edge of Pennyrile Forest. The lake is fast becoming one of our finest fishing spots, in a state that is noted for having more fishable water than any other state except Alaska. Calloway County became our 72nd Kentucky County in 1823. It was formed from a part of Hickman County. When Andrew Jackson and Isaac Shelby purchased the area that now includes Calloway County, as part of the Jackson Purchase, they acquired a section of land that the Chickasaw Indians had long enjoyed for its good hunting. Though a lot of things have changed, it's still true that tribes of vacationers come to Calloway County just for the fun of it. Calloway County is in mid-America's favorite vacation region - our western waterland. Kentucky Lake, largest of the Tennessee Valley Authority lakes and one of the ten largest man-made lakes in the world, brings thousands of people here every year. It forms the eastern boundary of Calloway County. All of these visitors - the naturalist, the photographer, and the just-pain-vacationer-find scenic, recreational, and historical variety. For example, Fort Heiman in Calloway County is still alive with stories of Confederate bastions battered by Union gunboats. The Kerby Jennings Scenic Trail circles in and around the bays and coves of Kentucky Lake, where natural splendors are still unspoiled. While exploring the county, visitors are provided with ultra-modern facilities and conveniences in Kenlake State Park. The county seat, Murray, is the home of Murray State University. Here, a marker indicates the site of the home of Nathan Stubblefield, pioneer experimentalist in the wireless telephone and credited by many authorities as the inventor of radio. One of the favorite sights for visitors is 11 miles southeast of Murray, a gigantic deposit of silica which is used in making glass and detergents. The sand pit sparkles with white and pastel shades so brilliantly that photographers use filters, even on cloudy days. Campbell County. One of the most historic regions of the Kentucky land is Campbell County. Formed as the 18th of the counties in 1795 from parts of Mason, Scott, and Harrison Counties, the region was the famous waterway trail for the Indian hunter, the Revolutionary soldier, and the pioneer settler. Campbell County is bordered on the north and the east by the Ohio River and on the west by the Licking River. When the land companies permeated the east with their real estate advertisements, the first advertisement of this region read "excellent land, in a square body, on Licking River, seven miles from the mouth, for which corn, whiskey, flour, neat cattle, horses, pork, beef, or cash, will be taken in payment." Those who had counted their resources and bough the "excellent land" named their county in honor of Colonel John Campbell, an Irishman who at one time held a Virginia land grant of 4,000 acres adjoining the city of Louisville and who had served in the First Constitutional Convention. Newport, the county seat and principal city of Campbell County, was established in 1795 and is today a thriving, progressive city. Its most famous pioneer house, the General James Taylor mansion, was built in 1837 on the site of a log cabin built in 1795. The handsome town of Fort Thomas was established originally as an army post, and in Alexandria there is a fine old courthouse where many notable southern statesmen delivered ringing orations. At the Grant's Lick Churchyard in Alexandria is the grave of a famous pioneer woman, Mary Boone Bryan, sister of Daniel Boone. Carlisle County, formed from part of Ballard County in 1886, was named after the prominent citizen, John Griffin Carlisle. It's located in southwestern Kentucky in the Jackson Purchase, with the Mississippi River on its western boundary. The county seat, Bardwell, supposedly was named for a "boarded well" which supplied water to trains. The original site of Carlisle's settlement was Puntney's Bend, once a fine river harbor. Today Bardwell is the center of rich farmland. A gravel road which follows close to the Mississippi River west of Bardwell is the line of the old George Rogers Clark Trace, used by pioneers en route to the Illinois-Missouri Territory. The same area later saw some spirited action during the Civil War. In January, 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant sent 5,000 troops from Cairo, Illinois, against the Confederate stronghold at neighboring Columbus, just below the Carlisle county line. They met General J. A. McClernand, with troops from Fort Jefferson, and they fought so stoutly in the ensuing battle that they boosted the morale of Federal troops all along the line. Sportsmen will enjoy fishing for native Kentucky fish -crappie, blugill, and bass, especially-which abound in Carlisle's five natural lakes. Carlisle County is the home of Lowell Allan Williams, who was made poet laureate of Kentucky by the General Assembly in 1956. Mr. Williams lives in the community of Cunningham, Carlisle County. Carroll County was formed as our 87th county in 1838 from parts of Gallatin, Henry, and Trimble Counties. It was named in honor of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. It is bounded on the north by the Ohio River and was an early site for settlers who came by the river route. The county seat, Carrollton, was settled in 1792 (the same year Kentucky became a state) and incorporated as Port Williams in 1794. Today, Carrollton is a large tobacco market with gracious old homes to remind it of its early days. It is also a thoroughly progressive community. William O. Butler, author of "The Boatman's Horn", moved to Port Williams before it became Carrollton and returned to live there after he finished his law studies. "The Boatman's Horn" was at one time quite a famous poem, first published in the Western Review in 1821, and it became the title poem of his volume of poetry. General William O. Butler's home is on Highland Avenue, in one of Carrollton's most pleasant residential districts (even though it overlooks a busy principal highway - US-42.) A Butler family home is high on a hill above Carrollton, in General Butler State Park. Built in 1825 from plans brought from Mexico, it is made from beautiful brick with a marble foundation and was originally constructed around a courtyard which has since been enclosed. The mansion has been restored and furnished, and is open to the public. General Butler, a hero of the Battle of New Orleans, later brought the Mexican War to a successful close as Commander-in-Chief of the United States forces. General Butler State Park, where there is tremendous variety in recreation, brings thousands of people annually to Carroll County. Visitors can participate in planned programs, or golf, swim, hike, picnic, camp, and go horseback riding. The lodge in the park is a fine example of good modern design, and many people have said its lobby is as splendid as a great church. Like others in our state parks, Butler Lodge is a structure that enhances the land is surveys - in this case, the rolling, fertile country of Carroll County. To be continued. (c) Copyright 12 August 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #255 - ANOTHER LOOK AT BRACKEN, BREATHITT, BRECKINRIDGE, BULLITT, AND BUTLER COUNTIES. Bracken County became our 24th county in 1797. It was formed from parts of Campbell and Mason Counties. Brooksville is the county seat of Bracken County, the birthplace of white burley tobacco, and Brooksville is a center of a rich tobacco region. The site of many Civil War encounters, Brooksville was on the route of Confederate troops involved in a conspiracy to capture Covington, Newport, and Cincinnati, but a battle at Augusta prevented this. Augusta is undoubtedly one of the most fascinating old towns in Kentucky. A harbor community, Augusta is located on a high bank overlooking the waters of the Ohio. Augusta became the home of the first Methodist Church college in America in 1822. The college is now a city school. Many fine homes of grace and charm are found in Augusta. The home of the George White family, which was built in 1850 by Abraham Baker, has an old wine cellar that became the refuge of women and children during the Civil War. The first fair of Germantown was held in 1854. Today, Bracken County is part of the tri-county Germantown fair which is held in Mason County. (The third county is Robertson.). Bracken County's family tree goes back to Fayette County as its earliest ancestor, but through a series of "generations." Out of Fayette was formed Woodford, out of Woodford was formed Scott. Scott contributed to the formation of Campbell, and Campbell helped form Bracken. The other county that gave land to Bracken was Mason, which took its land from Bourbon County, which was taken from a part of Fayette. Breathitt : The history of Breathitt County is alive with stories of flaring clan feuds in the mountainous land of Eastern Kentucky. Stories of the "wild west" (it was west in those days!) and its rough mountaineers present a contrast to the tranquility and beauty of the countryside today. Breathitt Count was formed as the 89th of Kentucky's counties in 1839 from parts of Clay, Perry and Estill Counties. It is located on the headwaters of the Kentucky River. Its name exists as a memorial to Governor John Breathitt, who took office in 1832 and died in the Governor's mansion two years later. The topography of Breathitt County is a hilly surface with rich valleys, and soil of red clay and sandstone formation. The county seat, Jackson, was one of the first mountain towns of Kentucky to offer a college curriculum, Lees Junior College was established in 1864 by the Presbyterian Church and is today a Presbyterian-financed school. Three miles southeast of Jackson, an experimental substation of the forestry division of the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture was established as a 15,000 acre "laboratory" with huge oak, pine and walnut trees and livestock. The substation conducts guided tours for visitors. One of the most mysterious legends of the mountains originated at a small town seven miles southwest of Jackson, Nailor's Rock. In the 1760's John Swift and his pioneer companions were believed to have mined silver in this area. Contemporaries said he was only counterfeiting. But whatever the truth is, countless numbers of men have spent years looking for the silver mines. Among them was a man named Nailor, who sank a shaft near a rock pedestal formation. There are still looking, and to this day thee are prospectors who believe thee might be some truth in the legend of John Swift. Breckinridge County: Named in honor of John Breckinridge, a Virginia who was one of the early Kentucky pioneers, became our 39th County in 1800. It was formed from part of Hardin County. Its northern boundary is the Ohio River. The county seat, Hardinsburg, was originally a frontier fort established in 1790 by William Hardin, known to the Indians as "Big Bill." With "Big Bill" furnishing them with courage and leadership, the settlers never abandoned their Hardin fort, and today Hardinsburg is a modern community with well-preserved, gracious old homes and a progressive outlook. Addison Dam and Park at Lock 45, in the Ohio River on Highway KYK-144, make a popular place for picnicking and boating. North of this dam are the birthplace and grave of Joseph Holt, Judge Advocate General of the Union Army during the Civil War. The Holt mansion was build 180 years ago with brick made from Ohio River clay. The small town of Cloverport is touched by the Lincoln Heritage Trail. Here Abraham Lincoln's family ferried across the Ohio River from Kentucky to their new home in Indiana. The trail is a 1,000 mile circle tour that may be said to originate in Kentucky at Hodgenville, where the great emancipator was born. It touches any number of sites related to Lincoln's life, and proceeds from Kentucky into Indiana, where Lincoln grew up, and on to Illinois, where he later made his home. The Rough River and the lake formed by damming it up, Rough River Reservoir, are on Breckinridge County's southern border. Just across the lake, in Grayson County, is one of Kentucky's newest resort parks, Rough River Dam State Park. You can fish, boat, or water-ski on the 35-mile lake, and camp along the water's edge. Bullitt County: Bullitt County is in the "Knob Country" where hills are covered with tall pine and laurel and are rich with iron and other ores. Among the oldest counties in Kentucky, Bullitt became our 20th county in 1797. It was formed from parts of Jefferson and Nelson Counties, and named for Lieutenant Governor Alexander Scott Bullitt. The land is watered by the Salt River and its tributaries. The history of Bullitt County was affected to a great degree by its salt resources. Salt licks and springs first brought salt-hungry game. Then the Indians hunted the game and also used the salt. Finally, the early settlers migrated to the area where the valuable substance could so easily be obtained. The first salt refinery in the county was built in 1796 and sold salt for 20 shillings per bushel. Sites of the pioneer salt wells, 30 to 40 feet deep and 10 feet wide, are still preserved around Shepherdsville, the Bullitt County seat. Near Shepherdsville is Bernheim Forest, where 10,000 acres in a privately-endowed park preserve the knobs land much as it was when Daniel Boone traveled it. Shepherdsville was once the home of the grand 19th-century hotel, Paroquet Springs, which brought prominence to the town. Today the site is marked only by the "Lone Grave", that of a visiting southern Belle. Butler County: This county was named in honor of General Butler, of Pennsylvania, an officer of distinguished service in the Revolutionary War. It was organized as the 54th county in 1810 from parts of Logan and Ohio Counties. The country is picturesque and hilly, surrounded by timber and watered by the Barren, Green, and Mud Rivers. Its land is usefully adaptable to grazing and fruit growing, grain crops and truck farms, and its hills are full of coal. On the south bank of the Green River is Morgantown, the county seat of Butler County. The people of Morgantown respectfully named the streets forming their town square after neighboring counties - Ohio, Warren and Logan - and Butler Street crosses in front of the courthouse. Butler County's citizens were among those Kentuckians whose families split over Civil War ideology and a commerative monument was erected in 1907 to honor both the Confederate and Union soldiers from Butler County who died in the war. Two miles west of Morgantown is a sandstone carving commerating the site of the first Civil War casualty in Kentucky, the death of Granville Allen. You can certainly find quiet recreation, beautiful landscapes, and inviting camp sites along the Green River. The bottomlands along the river are rich with corn, tobacco, soybeans and sorghum - especially soybeans. Some of the best molasses made in Kentucky can be bought here in the fall. The oil wells around Huntsville, and the farms with their cattle, sheep and hogs, help make Butler County prosperous and attractive - a good place to live, and a wonderful county to visit. To be continued - (c) Copyright 9 August 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #254 - ORGANIZATIONAL ABBREVIATIONS Many times we will find abbreviated references to organizations on our ancestor's tombstones, obituaries or biographical citations and we really don't know what the initials stand for. Here is a small list of some fraternal, religious and regional abbreviations. Ancient Order of Foresters AOF Ancient Order of Hibernians AOH Ancient Order of United Workmen AOUW American Legion of Honor ALOH Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks BPOE Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks of the World BPOEW Boy Scouts of America BSA Catholic Knights of America CK Catholic Total Abstinence Society CTAS Daughters of the American Revolution DAR Free and Accepted Americans FAA Fraternal Order of Eagles FOE Girl Scouts of America GSA Grand Army of the Republic GAR Grand United Order of Odd Fellows GUO of OF Independent Order of Knights of Pythias IOKP Independent Sons of Honor ISH Junior Order of Ancient Order of United Workmen JAOUW Junior Order-Order of United American Mechanics JOUAM Knight Grand Legion KGL Knights Militant KM Knights of Columbus KC or K of C Knights of Honor K of H Knights of Loyola K of L Knights of Malta (Masonic) KM Knights of Mystic Chain KMC Knights of Pythias KP or K of P Knights of Golden Eagle KGE Knights of Holy Cross KHC Knights of Klu-Klux Klan KKK Knights of Sherwood Forest KSF Knights Templar (Masonic) KSF Loyal Knights of America KL Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States MOLLUS Modern Woodsmen of America MWA Order of United American Mechanics OUAM Patriarchs Militant (Independent Order of Odd Fellows) PM Patriotic Order of the Sons of America POSA Roman Knights RK Royal Arch Masons RAM Sons of the Confederate Veterans SCV Sons of the American Revolution SAR Sons of Veterans SV Temple of Honor (Odd Fellows) TH United Confederate Veterans UCV Veterans of Foreign Wars VFW (c) Copyright 29 July 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #253 - ANOTHER LOOK AT BELL, BOONE, BOURBON, BOYD, AND BOYLE COUNTIES This is a continuation of brief county overviews, past and present by former Governor Louie Nunn. BELL CO: Great names, great history. They are a part of Kentucky and very much a part of Bell County. Dr. Thomas Walker crossed Cumberland Gap in 1750 as possibly the first Kentucky explorer (aside from the Indians). In 1769, Daniel Boone ventured through the gap, and soon thee began the march of the pioneers into the Kentucky wilderness. On their way to settle a new land, some of them stopped right here in Bell County, just beyond the mountain doorway to Kentucky. In the Civil War, Bell County's 'doorway' was critical to the operations of the opposing armies. Union soldiers occupied Cumberland Gap until September of 1862, when the Confederates gained and dominated the site with 'Long Toms', the largest guns manufactured. The history and the natural wonders of the land are both preserved in the 20,184-acre Cumberland Gap National Historical Park, in the southeastern corner of Bell County. Pineville, the county seat, has one of Kentucky's most beautiful annual events - the Mountain Laurel Festival, held each spring in Pineville and in Pine Mountain State Park. Kentuckians take great pride in the nationally famous outdoor drama here, with actors masked and robed in fantastically colored costumes inspired by the mosiacs of Europe's great cathedrals, this choral drama is a stunning experience. The largest city in Bell County is Middlesboro, settled in 1888 by English capitalists who were attracted by the coal, iron, and timber lands of this area. Middlesboro was named after Middlesboro in England, of course, and it has the oldest golf course in continuous operation in one place in America. And, of course, Pine Mountain State Park deserves a chapter to itself. It's a complete vacation resort, and it attracts out-of-state visitors from both north and south who come to enjoy the beauty of Bell County, in the foothills of the Cumberlands. BOONE CO: You'll have no doubt about the origin of Boone County's name. But long before the days of Daniel Boone, the first white woman in Kentucky had already made up a paragraph in the exciting pages of this area's history. In 1756, in the wilderness county which would become a part of Boone County, Mary Inglis went through the frightening experience of escaping from Indians who had spared her the horror of a scalping and taken her to Big Bone Lick. Today, hikers follow her same route on the Mary Inglis Trail. Justice is now dispensed from the Boone County Courthouse in Burlington, the Boone County seat. But the courthouse stands in historic contrast to the hangman's tree near Burlington. This mellowed, stout old walnut tree is a reminder of the time when settlers of the wilderness executed the laws - - and the lawbreakers - - with swift dispatch. The pioneer left much more than tragic memories, though. They also left reminders of their rugged and individual characters in their early homes. Among the county's most famous is Gaines House, built in 1791 as a coach house and tavern, and still standing. One of Kentucky's first authors (who was also among the new nation's earliest pharmaceutical chemists) is buried in Petersburg on the banks of the Ohio. Jorn Uri Lloyd's most popular story, Stringtown on the Pike, actually describes life in the community of Florence, here in Boone county. If you were an archaeologist or geologist you'd find particular excitement in the ancient objects found at Boone County's most special old attraction, Big Bone Lick. Fossils of animals of over 450 million years ago have been found here. This is land over which great herds of mammoths and mastodons once roamed. Centuries later, pioneers reported using ribs of mastadons for tentpoles and vertebrae for seats. President Thomas Jefferson sent to Big Bone Lick for three boxes of fossils, one of which he sent to the National Institute of France. A 164-acre state park now protects these 'diggings' and while you won't see any archaelogical work going on you will find one of Kentucky's attractive, smaller parks, here in the middle of Boone County. BOURBON CO: Bourbon County, formed in 1786 under the Virginia Legislature (where we were still a part of Virginia) has a romantic story linked to its name. A prince of the Bourbon family of France gave financial aid to the American colonies in their struggle for independence, and the county was named in honor of his family. The county seat, Paris, was first settled in 1776 and established in 1789 as Hopewell by the Virginia Legislature. Later, for a short time, it was called Bourbonton. It received the name of Paris in 1790. One of the earliest distilleries in Kentucky was built at Paris, the distinctive liquor produced from Kentucky limestone water and corn mash was called 'bourbon' from the name of the county. The Can Ridge Meetinghouse, 8 miles east of Paris, was one of the first churches of the Disciples of Christ. It was built in 1791. A native-limestone building encases the old church today. Duncan Tavern, on Paris's public square, was built in 1788 by Major Joseph Duncan and hosted such famous pioneers as Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton. The tavern served as a stagecoach stop and over-night hostel. Its exterior is an example of the use of limestone quarried by primitive methods. It has been restored as a historical museum and is open to the public. The three-story building exhibits a valuable collection of antique furniture, and its library contains some original manuscripts of John Fox, Jr. Fox was the renowned Kentucky author of 'the Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come', the first United States book to sell a million copies. Fox was born and is buried in Bourbon County. Another building adjoins Duncan Tavern - the Ann Duncan house, home of the innkeeper's widow. This house, too, is restored in antique furnishings and is open to visitors. BOYD CO: In the northeastern part of the state, where the Big Sandy River empties into the Ohio and the mountains stand in misty splendor, Boyd County has its boundaries. The county became our 107th Kentucky county in 1860, formed out of land from Greenup, Carter, and Lawrence Counties. The people of the new section chose to name their county after Linn Boyd, a prominent resident of the state. Edna Ferber described with great exactness what is called a 'riverfront street' in her classic novel 'Showboat.' The Boyd County seat has a Riverfront Street of its own along the Ohio River. Catlettsburg's front street was called the 'Bloody Front' in the days when Kentucky was a part of the real west. It had 21 saloons and enjoyed the bustling trade the river brought. Those saloons welcomed regularly scheduled stops of the 'Cotton Blossom Floating Theatre.' Between the Civil War and World War I, Catlettsburg ranked as an important round-timber market. The huge log rafts, the bearded rough timbermen, and the river tradesmen must have been a colorful representation of the 'wild west.' Ashland, 5 ½ miles below Catlettsburg on the Ohio, is one of the most active manufacturing cities in the state. Its industries include steel, oil refining, and coal and coke processing. One of the coal company's giant 'Bellefonte' furnaces is believed to be the biggest blast furnace in the world. The city is one of the largest freight shipping points on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway and still has a massive amount of barge traffic on the river. Even if it were not known for anything else, Ashland would be nationally known as the home of Jean Thomas, 'The Traipsin' Woman', who founded the American Folk Song Festival 38 years ago and still is its guiding force. Her annual festival celebrates the songs and stories of the eastern mountain folk, and it has become so popular that, where for many years she held it at her home in Ashland, she has recently taken it over to Carter Caves State park, where the crowds can be better accommodated. Miss Thomas has given every eastern Kentuckian a new pride in the rich mountain culture that forms the basis of her festival. BOYLE CO: First, that's a pertinent word for Boyle County. The wealth of history here is exemplified in the county seat, Danville, termed by its citizens as the 'cradle of democracy.' One of James Harrod's settlers, James Crow, bought the land that is now Danville in 1775. The city was established in 1781, and in 1783 it became the home of the first college west of the Allegheny Mountains. (Transylvania was founded in Danville, then moved to Lexington in 1789). Danville had the first U. S. Post Office in the west in 1792, the first law school in 1799, and a school for the deaf in 1823. Danville was also host to a series of constitutional conventions between 1784 and 1792 which led to Kentucky's statehood in 1792. In 1809, Dr. Ephriam McDowell performed the first successful abdominal surgery in America. Today the McDowell home and its apothecary shop are public museums near Constitution Square State Shrine. The oldest stone house west of the Alleghenies, the Crowe House or Old Crow Inn, is till preserved in Boyle County, and the first state theatre in America to base its repertory on a yearly series of brand-new plays is the Pioneer Playhouse, the State Theatre of Kentucky. A village-of-the-arts is another of the playhouse's projects. Boyle County officially gained its name in March of 1842 when it was formed from parts of Lincoln and Mercer Counties. The name Boyle was given in honor of a highly-respected Kentuckian, John Boyle - who was chief justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals for 17 years. Boyle County was the scene of the bitterest battle fought in Kentucky during the Civil War. Some seven to eight thousand Union and Confederate men died near the village of Perryville on October 8, 1862. In Perryville Battlefield State Shrine, both a Confederate and a Union monument stand in their memory, and a museum contains a colorful diorama depicting the battle. To be continued. (c) Copyright 21 July 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #252 - ANOTHER LOOK AT ADAIR, ALLEN, ANDERSON, BALLARD, BARREN AND BATH COUNTIES. Taken from a speech at the Kentucky State Fair, 1968, by former Governor Louie B. Nunn. ADAIR: "The pioneers of Adair County must have seen quite a heroic figure in General John Adair, Indian fighter, commander of Kentucky troops at the Battle of New Orleans, and a man of considerable political promise, because they chose his name for their county when it was formed, in 1802. Eighteen years later, General Adair became Governor of Kentucky. Those early pioneers also must have appreciated the beauty of the hills around the Green River Valley, because they nicknamed their area the Enduring Hills. And that's the title given to a novel by the prominent Kentucky author, Janice Holt Giles, which describes with great artistry the landscape and river waters in this part of Kentucky. For those of us who live in this modern age, it's hard to imagine the feelings of the first pioneers who traveled through this county and carved their names on trees, knowing that thousands of people would see them for generations. That's exactly what Daniel Boone did. His name is still visible on that huge beech tree six miles west of Columbia, the county seat of Adair. In Columbia, in 1903, the Methodist Church established Lindsay Wilson Junior College, which isn't far from an old brick house in which Mark Twain's parents were married. The beauty of the area will unfold itself both to the adventurous traveler and to those who view it from the main highways." ALLEN: Most of the history is missing. All that has been found follows: "Allen County became our 57th county in 1815. It was formed from parts of Barren and Warren Counties. The county seat, Scottsville, was settled around a spring which is still preserved. Scottsville has several points of interest, not the least of which is the old brick courthouse in the public square." ANDERSON: "Anderson County, which was formed as a county in 1827, was named after Richard Clough Anderson, Jr., a popular public official who died the year before the county was established, while he was traveling to Panama to attend a congress of South American states. Today, Anderson County is as interesting to imaginative 'explorers' as it was in the days of the early Kentucky pioneers. The eastern boundary of Anderson County is formed by one of our state's most beautiful natural attractions for fishermen, boaters, and campers - the Kentucky River. On this river, where Indians once canoed and hunted along the banks, visitors are once again seeing tents and campfires - plus modern boat docks that would turn the red man green with envy. The river winds through forested hills and rustic countryside. Tourists in the fall months say that the magnificent colors make this one of the most beautiful areas in the United States. In the distilleries of Anderson County you are shown how, for generations, world-famous bourbons have been developed and perfected. The largest of these distilling operations are found near the county seat, Lawrenceburg, where over 200,000 barrels of bourbon are aging in huge warehouses. This industry is part of the reason Lawrenceburg is a rich and progressive community. That famous naval order 'Don't give up the ship', was given by Captain James Lawrence on the U.S.S. Chesapeake, during the War of 1812. The patriotic settlers of Lawrenceburg named their town after him. Military traditions are a proud part of Anderson County's history. Kavanaugh Academy, organized in 1940 by Rhoda C. Kavanaugh, was among the best preparatory schools in the nation for students headed for West Point or Annapolis. It was later absorbed into the Anderson County school system. In the Anderson County courthouse yard, a tablet to the veterans of World War I stands near another monument, to the soldiers of the Confederacy." BALLARD: "You couldn't have chosen a county with more variety to offer, in recreation, history, beautiful scenery, even archaeology. Ballard County lies almost as far west as you can go in Kentucky, 'where the Ohio meets the Mississippi.' Because the location was so favorable for water transportation, George Rogers Clark chose an outpost here to guard the boundary of the Old Commonwealth of Virginia. In 1780, Governor Thomas Jefferson of Virginia sent him from Louisville to the Mississippi to establish a fort in protection of American's claim to the Mississippi River as a western boundary. This post, Fort Jefferson, was abandoned in 1781 because of Indian attacks. The area had already been long known as a trade route and hunting haven, apparently even to primitive man. And what about primitive man - that's part of the great interest in this area for the archaeologist. In the county seat of Ballard County, Wickliffe, is the ancient buried city. Here, on lofty bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River, was the home of prehistoric mound builders. Excavations have uncovered four mounds - one adult and one infant burial, a council house, and a temple. One mound, now sheltered by a modern building, contains 153 uncovered skeletons. The skeletons, relics, and artifacts of the ancient people make up a fascinating museum, open to the public. Possibilities for recreation are abundant around the two rivers. The Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife resources chose this county for a 10,000 acre waterfowl preserve, the Ballard County Wildlife Management Area. And, as part of Kentucky's western waterland, Ballard County enjoys being in one of mid-America's favorite vacation playgounds. Kentucky Lake and Lake Barkley are two of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and, with three fine state parks and a host of privately operated accommodations, they provide complete facilities for a great family vacation. BARREN: "Keep that word 'Barren' in mind and I'm going to prove to you, as a proud Barren Countian myself, that there's no more inappropriate name possible for the county. In 1770 the 'Long Hunters' discovered that Indians had burned acres of virgin timber in search of game to feed their people -- and thus called it the 'barren land.' This band of pioneer hunters loved the land its abundant game so much that they prolonged their encampment here. Future new pioneers and generations of old ones planted tobacco in the rich fields and grazed livestock on the country's fertile lands. They first chose land around Beaver Creek which encircles the present county seat, Glasgow, and they found the soil anything but 'barren.' In Glasgow, lovely and gracious old homes dating from the early 1800'sstill stand. The most historic is Spottswood, on a crest of sloping lawns two blocks from the public square. It was built in 1795 under the direction of George WASHINGTON for his niece, the wife of Alexander SPOTTSWOD. The 27th Governor of Kentucky, Preston H. LESLIE, built his home on East Main Street before the time of the Civil War. Both Spottswood and the Leslie home were used as hospitals during the Civil War. But Glasgow isn't the only interesting place we in Barren County have to offer. This is part of Kentucky's cave country, and Park City and Cave City welcome thousands of tourists who annually come to see the caverns, great and small, that have made this area famous around the world. Nearby Mammoth Cave, of course, is the granddaddy o them all, and some of the 51,000 acres of Mammoth Cave Nation Park extend into our county. Barren River has given us Barren River Reservoir, a man-made lake of over10,000 acres that has turned into a great fishing spot. We're developing a fine state park on its shores .. another in our chain of state and national parks that are generally recognized as 'the best in the nation.'" BATH: Some 150 years or more ago, the Licking River and the creeks and springs in the area of Bath County became famous as medicinal waters. And so, when this county in the eastern mountain country was formed in 1811, they called it Bath County. The county seat, Owingsville, was named in honor of Colonel Thomas Dye Owings, son of the builder of the first charcoal iron furnace west of the Alleghenies. The Owings House, on Main Street, is a Gregorian colonial structure which was once the center of social life, with visitors such as Lafayette and Henry Clay. Built at the beginning of the War of 1812, the house has a subterranean passage, concealed behind the drawing room fireplace, which could have served as a handy escape route during that war. You may remember the 'Fighting General' of the Confedracy. Owingsville rightfully claims General John B. Hood as one of its native sons. The grave of Jack Jouett (the hero who warned Jefferson of a British plot to end the Revolution by capturing Virginia leaders) is marked in Owingsville. The Battle of Little Mountain, which was a forerunner of the Battle of Blue Licks, is commemorated by a marker, also. On a branch of Flat Creek, near Owingsville, Daniel Boone rescued his daughters from the Indians in 1776. The Owings Furnace was located on the banks of Slate Creek, 2 ½ miles south of Owingsville. The furnace was built in the late 1700's by John Cockney Owings and Jacob Meyer and first provided settlers with kettles, plowshares, and blades. The furnace later supplied cannon balls for Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans and was called by some, 'Andrew Jackson's Thunder Mill.' Historical sites throughout the county include the most noted medicinal spring, Mud Lick, which was once owned by Henry Clay. Bath's 14,000 acres of the Daniel Boone National Forest can be viewed from the Tater Knob Lookout Observation Tower. One unique section of the forest in Bath County is the primitive weapons area, where adverturists can still hunt with longbows, crossbows, and muzzle loaders. It takes you back in time to the beginnings of our state, and even farther back to the customs of our English forebears." To be continued. (c) Copyright 15 July 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #251 - ANOTHER LOOK AT KENTUCKY, PART 2 Economically, Kentucky is very diversified! Agricultural: The Bluegrass, Pennyroyal and Western Coal Field, along with the Jackson Purchase area are the principal agricultural areas in the state, although it will be found throughout the state. Cattle, calves, milk and hogs are the leading livestock products; thoroughbred horses for the Bluegrass area is quite famous. Tobacco is the state's chief crop rankling behind only North Carolina. A lesser amount of soybeans, corn and hay are grown. Manufacturing: This has increased throughout the years following World War II and products include food, machinery, electrical equipment, chemical, cigarette, metals and transportation. Louisville, Covington, Lexington, Paducah, Owensboro and Bowling Green lead the state in manufacturing. Minerals and Mining: Bituminous coal has been exploited since the first settlers made their way into Kentucky; the opening in the 1850's of the Western Coal Field soon became commercially important. Greasy Creek was named for the oil deposits that lay underground. Other minerals include stone, sand and gravel, clay, zinc and fluorspar. Power: There are a number of generating plants along the Ohio River and the TVA operates a large plant on the Green River. Lumber: This is one of the oldest industries in the state with many furniture makers in the larger cities. When Kentucky was admitted to the Union in 1792, the estimated population was 73,000 people. The state lost many of its early settlers to the west and south. By 1970, the population was 3,219,311. 52% of these were shown to be urban. The principal denominations at that time was Southern Baptist, Roman Catholic, Methodist and Disciples of Christ. The largest cities are Louisville, Lexington, Covington, Owensboro, Bowling Green, Paducah, Ashland, Newport, Henderson and Frankfort in that order. The first school opened in Kentucky was at Fort Harrod in 1775 before Kentucky became a state. Now there are many schools and universities including University of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, Kentucky State University, University of Louisville, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Western Kentucky University, and Northern Kentucky State College. Noted private schools include Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky and Transylvania University. Culturally, Kentucky is not devoid in any way. The Speed Art Museum is in Louisville; The Audobun Museum at Henderson, the Filson Club in Louisville, the Kentucky Historical Society in Frankfort, the Kentucky Derby Museum in Louisville, the Bardstown, KY whiskey museums, plus the Lexington and Louisville Symphony orchestras. Kentucky has the Mammoth Cave National Park, the Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site, John James Audubon State Park, the Blue Licks Battlefield, the General Butler state park, the Cumberland Falls, and the Daniel Boone state park. There is a restored fort at Harrodsburg (the first permanent settlement in Kentucky), the George Rogers Clark Memorial, the reconstructed Shaker community at Pleasant Hill, Liberty Hall, the old Frankfort Cemetery, the home of Henry Clay, the John Hunt Morgan home, Federal Hill (home of Col. John Rowan, composer of My Old Kentucky Home), Indian burial grounds, and Jefferson Davis monument. Of course, there's the Kentucky Derby and many county events. Kentucky's history begins early in our United States History. It's first settlers were the Indians, from the prehistoric Indians to the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Wyandots, Delawares, and Shawnees. When the white man arrived, Kentucky was the home of James Lane Allen, Mary Breckinridge, Robert Jefferson Breckinridge, John Jordan Crittenden, John William Fox, William Goebel, James Guthrie, Matthew Harris Jouett, Simon Kenton, George Nicholas and Isaac Shelby. It also was the birth state of thousands of hard working, honest men and women whose names have been lost in town, or found scribbled in county records as they were born, married and died. Kentucky ... a wonderful place to live. (c) Copyright 9 June 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #250 - GETTING TO KNOW KENTUCKY Many of you do not live in the beautiful state of Kentucky and I'm sure you sometimes wonder what Kentucky is like. What drew the early settlers here? I know that many readers have the same stereotyped picture as I did years ago - that of Kentucky being an area of barefooted, corncob smoking "hillbillies" with runny nosed, ragged dress children running up the hills and hollers. So, I'd like to give you some information about our state so you will have a better idea of how your Kentucky family lived. Kentucky is considered to be located in the south-central part of the United States and is also known as one of the West South Central states. It is bounded on the north by Illinois, Indiana and Ohio; on the east by West Virginia and Virginia; on the south by Tennessee and on the west by Missouri. The state contains 40,395 square miles of which 745 square miles are inland rivers. The capitol is Frankfort; the largest city is Louisville; it has 120 counties. It was the 15th state admitted to the union on 1 June 1792. The state bird is the cardinal; the goldenrod is the state flower; the tulip poplar the state tree and the Kentucky bass the state fish. State colors are blue and gold and it is nicknamed the Bluegrass State. The motto is "United We Stand, Divided We Fall." The State flag is the state seal in the center of a blue field; the state song, "My Old Kentucky Home." At its longest point, Kentucky is 182 miles long; at it's widest, 425 miles. Black Mountain is 4,145 feet; an area along the Mississippi River is the lowest at 257 feet. The main reservoirs include Barkley, Barren River, Cumberland, Green River, Herrington, Kentucky, Nolin, Rough River. The chief rivers are Barren, Big Sandy, Cumberland, Dix, Green, Kentucky, Licking, Mississippi, Nolin, Ohio, Rockcastle, Rolling Fork, Rough, Salt, Tennessee and Tradewater. The average temperatures run from 33 degrees in January to 77 in July at Louisville. (Hmmm .... seems hotter and colder than that!). Average rainrall in spring is 43 inches; average snowfall 18 inches at Louisville. Kentucky was, of course, once a part of Virginia. The Cumberland (Appalachian) Plateau is the highest along the eastern part of Kentucky. The border between Kentucky and Virginia is considered the "roughest". Coals fields are numerous in the eastern portion. West of the mountains is a low-lying plateau region called the Interior Low Plateaus. The eastern part of this is the Bluegrass Region which covers 1/5th of the total area of the state - named thusly because of the bluish-green color of the grasses which grow here. This area is devoted to grazing and farming. The central part of the Interior Low Plateau is called the Inner Bluegrass Region where many of the state's horse-breeding and tobacco farms are located. A narrow crescent surrounds the Bluegrass Region on the west, south and east known as the Knobs Region ... conical and dome-shaped hills know by locals as "knobs". These knobs separate the Bluegrass Region from the next region of the Interior Low Plateaus called the Pennyroyal Plateau. The Pennyroyal is a crescent shaped area occupying the central portion of the state, extending westwardly along the southern boundary for about 1/4th of the states area. It ranges from hilly to rolling land. No rivers are in this area due to the limestone here which allows the water to sink below ground level. But, under the land here are numerous caves and tunnels cut through the limestone; the most famous of course being Mammoth Cave. Two "arms" of the Pennyroyal encircle the third region known as the Interior Low Plateaus, the Western Coal Field. It is not as rugged as in eastern Kentucky; crossed by the Ohio, Green and Tradewater rivers. About ½ of the state's coal is mined from this region. West of the Interior Low Plateaus are two lowland areas, the Mississippi Alluvial Plain along the Mississippi River and the East Gulf Coastal Plain just east of the river. These combined make up the Coastal Plain. They are also known as the Jackson Purchase area bought from the Chickasaw Indians in 1818. The flora of Kentucky is of one of the greatest varieties in the United States. The eastern parts of Kentucky have maples, three types of pines, two types of walnuts, hickories of many species, tulip poplar, hemlock, buckeye, ash, sassafras, holly, beech, locust, elm, sweet and black gum, sycamore and linden trees. There is also hazelnut, huckleberry, crab apple, wild plum, redbuds, poison ivy (ah yes ... expert here!), and grape vines. The Bluegrass region is best known for its cherry, blue ash, catalpa, locust, white oak, walnut, sycamore and hackberry. The Pennyroyal and Jackson Purchase area have also cypress and tupelo gum. Flowering plants include the bluegrass, goldenrod, pennyroyal (pennyrile), may apple, ginseng trillium, bloodroot, jack-in-the-pulpit, snakeroot, fringed gentian, violet, bluebell, wild ginger and sweet William. Animal life - the fauna is abundant. According to old historians near the beginning settlements and before cite great buffalo herds, elk, arctic elephant. Today is to be found deer, fox, raccoon, opossum, rabbit, woodchuck, squirrel, mink and wildcat. Birds include the dove, quail, wild turkey, ruffled grouse, and pheasant. There are great flyways of geese and ducks. They are seen soaring in majesty along with blue jays, robins, cardinals, mockingbirds, bluebirds, towhees, Carolina chickadees, tufted titmice, starlings, bronzed grackles, yellow-bellied sapsuckers, juncos, white-crowned sparrows, crested flycatchers, catbird and brown thrashers. Poisonous snakes include the timber rattler, water moccasins and copperheads. Non-poisonous snakes include garter, black, bull, king, chicken, water snakes. There are also Carolina box turtles in the deep woods and the glass snake - a lizard able to disjoint its long tail at will. Popular fish varieties include crappie, white perch, blue gill, white sucker, drum, channel and blue catfish, jack salmon, jackfish and carp. Historically, Kentucky was a heavily forested state. Between 1870 and 1930 a massive amount of the forest were cut down in eastern Kentucky, leaving only tangled shrubbery and commercially undesirable trees in their stead. The rivers and streams were utilized early in running the watermills; the springs, wells and surface streams provided pure cold water for the thirsty settler. Coal, petroleum (long to be discovered) and natural gas was abundant. Can you close your eyes now and see your ancestors in their particular region just starting their lives in this brand new state of Kentucky? Strip away the hustle and bustle of the cities, the pollution, the shrieks of noises .... see them in the middle of a clearing in the woods - just Mom and Dad, children and a few almost domesticated livestock. Watch the birds flying overhead, hear the herds of buffalo and elk tromping past. See the trees bursting with nuts, walk softly through the meadows, picking wildflowers along the way, always dodging the snakes slithering by. To be continued. (c) Copyright, 30 June 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #249 - OTHER SOURCES FOR YOUR FAMILY TREE Are you running out of places to look for your family history? Does you visit to the library end hours later with total frustration because there's just NOTHING there? Well, if your eyes are not too bleary, here are some other ideas you might not have thought of yet! This is not an original thought, I was motivated after reading an article by Julianna Smith in a recent Ancestry post and said to myself, "hey, you haven't looked there yet! How about trailing your ancestor's occupations? There is a wealth of information to be found out there if you're lucky. The 1820 census did a count of those found to be involved in agriculture, manufacture or commercial enterprises. By the 1840 census, they also included mining, trades, navigations of the waterways, engineers, etc. The 1850 census however, that wonderful first census with NAMES, was the first one to list their exact occupation. So, if you can find what the ancestor did for a living, you have a shot at finding information on them from other sources. Where you may ask? Well - how about: 1) City Directories. I have discovered these in the larger cities and they are wonderful. A city directory is done each year and lists the name, occupation, names of those residing in the household and their places of employment. You are able to trace them from year to year - and when those entries stop, aha! They have moved or died! If you are fortunate enough to find an employer that is still in existence, a 33 cent stamp is worth the effort! Old records are normally microfilmed or fisched and they just MIGHT be able to find the employee file. http://www.ancestry.com/ancestry/search.asp, if you are a member, has a list of many businesses. 2) Was your ancestor a member of a labor union? It's worth a check at the Walter P. Reuther Libary, Wayne State University, 5401 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202 (313) 577-4024 or check out http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/) (home page of the Archives of Labor and Union Affairs. 3) I'm sure you've checked out the Social Security records on line. ~ they can contain information such as full name, birth date, and place, parents' names, and the employer's address. If you find a "hit", (try the Social Security Death Index (SSDI) at: http://www.ancestry.com/ssdi/advanced.htm, Ancestory allows you to "create letter" and a letter to the Social Security Administration will automatically be generated requesting these records. 4) The Allen County Public Library's "PERiodical Source Index" (PERSI) is another wonderful source. It has occupational information. You can find them on a search for the library or, as a member of Ancestry, by clicking on http://www.ancestry.com/ancestry/search/persiadvsearch.asp. I am not "plugging" Ancestry as such, but they do have a lot of information available. Some of the larger libraries also have this in printed form. 5) Was your ancestor a railroadin' man? Workers after 1936 may have received pensions from the Railroad Retirement Board and these papers can often contain valuable information. There is a website with information at: http://www.rrb.gov/geneal.html. 6) There is a National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections - known as the NUCMC which includes information involving the archival collections of quite a few businesses. You can search this at: http://lcweb.loc.gov/coll/nucmc/nucmc.html According to Ancestry, this also contains references to collections of insurance records. 7) Was your ancestor a Mason, Knight of Columbus, a member of a historical society, civic organization? Many directors of associations and organizations have directories and can be found listed at: "Directories in Print" (Detroit: Gale Research Co.) and the "Encyclopedia of Associations" (Detroit: Gale Research Co.) . 8) Other possible sources: (courtesy of Ancesty). a) Center for Archival Collections, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, Tel: 419-372-2411, http://www.bgsu.edu/colleges/library/cac/collhome.html b) Records of the International Association of Bridge, Structural, and Ornamental Ironworkers. http://www.bgsu.edu/colleges/library/cac/ms0077.html c) Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri/State Historical Society of Missouri, 23 Ellis Library, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201-5149 USA, Tel: 573-882-6028, Fax: 573-884-0345, Email: mailto:whmc@umsystem.edu http://www.system.missouri.edu/whmc/welcome.htm. Labor Collections: http://www.system.missouri.edu/whmc/labor.htm With many thanks to Ancestry for a few more clues! (c) Copyright 24 June 1999, All Rights Reserved. Sandra K. Gorin. Sgorin@glagow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

I have been asked so often to cover the other old historic trails and roads, even though they were not in Kentucky proper. If it didn't get the Kentuckian in, it possibly got them out. My sources are many with the greatest amount of information taken from an old Collier's Encyclopedia published in 1979. BRADDOCK'S ROAD. This road ran for 115 miles from Fort Cumberland (now Cumberland, Maryland) to Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh, PA). Part of this road was originally part of Nemacolin's Path which was the first trail over the Appalachians in this area. Nemacolin Path was named for a Delaware Indiana employed by Colonel Thomas Cresap, an agent of the Ohio Company, to make a horseback trail across the mountains to the first point on the Monongahela River. From their navigation could continued to Fort Duquesne, Wheeling and on west. Braddock's Road was often also known as Cresap's Road. Washington used this route with a message from Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia for the French stationed at Fort Duquesne. This caused the road to be also know as Washington's Road for a period of time. During the campaign against Fort Duquesne in 1775, during the French and Indian War, General Edward Braddock's men changed the course of the trail somewhat by widening it to allow for wagon travel. It later became part of the Cumberland Road. CHISOLM TRAIL. This was a cattle route almost 800 miles long and several hundred yards wide which ran from near Austin, Texas to Abilene, Kansas. It was used after the Civil War for driving cattle north to connect with a railroad. It continued in usage until about 1889 by which time the railroad connection was located at Caldwell near the southern border of Kansas. The current U.S. Route 81 runs parallel to and a little west of the northern part of this trail. CUMBERLAND ROAD. This was also known as the National Pike and the National Road. It was a wagon trail constructed by the U. S. Government westward from Cumberland, MD where it connected with a road extending east to Baltimore, MD. By 1818, the road reached the Ohio River at Wheeling, WV. The road was heavily used by settlers between the east and the area west of the Allegheny Mountains. A sharp increase in travel is recorded lead to heavier settlement in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. In 1838 it stretched to Vandalia, IL (which was the original capitol of Illinois), but the road here was primarily dirt. It followed what is today a part of U. S. Route 40. IROQUOIS TRAIL. This trail was an overland route of early colonial days. It began where now the city of Albany on the Hudson River is located; followed the Mohawk west, crossed the continental watershed, passed through central New York and ended on the Niagara River - for a distance of 300 miles. It went through the only major break in the Appalachian Mountains between Maine and Georgia and passed through the Iroquois Confederacy Territory. A fur trade developed along this trail and was also used by the Dutch, English and other settles of Colonial America. New York Route 5 closely follows this route. NATCHEZ TRACE. This Indian trail ran for 550 miles, extending southwest from Nashville, TN to the lower Mississippi River at Natchez, MS. It was used by Andrew Jackson and his soldiers in the War of 1812 and also by settlers moving southwest. Farmers and riverboaters also used this route; the riverboaters would float their produce down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, would scrap their flatboats (selling the lumber as well as the produce), and then head back north on foot or horseback. The route normally used was the Natchez Trace. This was a dangerous route due to the Chickasaw and Choctaw Indians in the area, along with outlaws who were on the look-out for these weary travelers returning home with large sums of money. In 1801 a treaty was entered into with the two Indian tribes giving the U. S. Government right to widen the trail into a wagon trail. Laws were enacted against the outlaws and the route became safer. With the opening of regular steamboat service on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers in 1817, the trail came into less usage. It was however, used by both the North and the South in the Civil War. The federal government began working on this trail and created the Natchez Trace Parkway with some parts of this following the exact original trail. OREGON TRAIL. This was a long trail of over 2,000 miles carrying wagons and those on foot and horseback from Independence, and Westport (Kansas City area), to Oregon City and Portland, OR. Many miles passed through open country and was a general route. The first wagon train emigrated to Oregon in 1842 over this trail and it soon became a great highway of pioneer emigration for those going northwest. It is estimated that over 500,000 people used this trail before the railroad in 1869 made the trail obsolete. This was an extremely difficult route. Not only was it a long one, but it traversed mountains sometimes rising to over 8,000 feet. Indians were a constant threat. Trading posts were soon established along the route, among which was Fort Laramie, WY. Wagons could be repaired here; Fort Bridge, WY was on the other side of the South Pass where it crossed the Continental Divide; Fort Hall, ID was another. Later, many of the 49'rs would use this trail to reach California. SANTA FE TRAIL: This was the first land route which developed regular trade between the Middle West and the Far West. It ran from the vicinity of Independence, MO to Santa Fe, NM. This route was an old one, in existence while Santa Fe still belonged to Mexico - with Mexico belonging to Spain. Spain absolutely forbade any trade with the United States. As soon as Mexico gained its freedom from Spain, the road was in use. It was originally just for pack horses but these were later replaced by wagons. The main cargo was American goods, cloth and utensils sent out to be sold in Santa Fe. Sometimes the traders even sold their wagons there as the cargo was sold. It is noted that in some years over 3000 wagons traveled per year; caravans of wagons grew as large as 100 wagons each. The trail ran for 770 miles if one cutoff in the western section, or 900miles if the circuitous branch were chosen. Again, this was a dangerous trail - there was a 58-mile stretch of waterless desert and 150 miles through the lands of the Commanche Indians. There was an outpost at Bent's Fork. The route was heavily used until approximately 1880 when the railroads reached the area. Sections of U.S. 56, 156, 50, 350 and 64 follow this trail. SPANISH TRAIL. This was also known as the Old Spanish Trail and ran for 1,200 miles from Santa Fe, NM to Los Angeles, CA. It has been called "the longest, crookedest, most arduous pack mule route in the history of America." No recorded wagon ever made it the full route. The Spanish Trail reached its highest usage in the 1830's and 1840's, not used as much for settlement as for trade. VENANGO TRAIL. This was an Indian path that started in the Shawnee village of Logstown, on the Ohio River, below Pittsburgh. It led to the French trading post and fort at Venango on the Allegheny River. It was used primarily by the French explorers and the armies that followed during the French and Indian War. Washington used this route in 1753 on his mission to warn the French to stop trespassing on British soil. After the French were expulsed in 1763, the road was seldom used. I have covered the Wilderness Road in previous tips. (c) Copyright 17 June 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

You CANNOT received this worm via rootsweb lists - it is filtered out. This is for your information on other lists or emails you might receive. I have no further information at this time but wanted to give you a heads-up. This is something that I think all Listowners should be aware of : There is a very destructive virus going around called ExploreZip.worm. It is distributed via Email and the message looks like this I received your email and I shall send you a reply ASAP. Till then, take a look at the attached zipped docs. Under no circumstances open the ZIP file. The attached file is not a Zip file, it just looks like it. It is zipped_files.exe which will destroy files with extensions .c, .cpp, .h, .asm, .doc, .xls, or .ppt For more info on this virus see http://www.avertlabs.com/public/datafiles/valerts/vinfo/va10185.asp This was sent to me by another listowner and it is being noted on network news, etc. Sanadi Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

The Cumberland Trace The Cave City Progress, Cave City, KY., Friday, July 5, 1974; contributed by the late Marion Vance, then president of the South Central Kentucky Historical Society and Member of the Executive Board). The Cumberland Trace meandered from Stanford, Kentucky as the Southwest prong of the Wilderness Road which traversed the grounds from Cumberland Gap to Harrodsburg and Boonesborough. The Cumberland Trace was a dangerous trail because there were no stations where settlers in the early days of the 1789's could gather to counter-attack Indian raids, which were spawned by Spanish intrigue. The trace crossed in Kentucky, a no-man's land, the Barrens, since the settlements were in Central Kentucky and to the South, the Cumberland settlements (Tennessee). The Indian danger did not subside until 1795 when the Treaty of Nickojack was made. It was learned after that the Spanish had a secret treaty with the Creek Indians, the most deadly, to harass the settlers traveling the Cumberland Trace through the Barrens and elsewhere. The Trace followed Robinson's Creek and thence along Trace Creek in Green County where it crossed Green River just above Pitman's Station (established 1790 by William Pitman), then west-southwest crossing Little Barren River at Elk Lick, a salt lick, about a mile from its junction onto Green River, and about a mile or so Southeast of Elk Lick Knob (Now Maxey's Knob); thence near Monroe, Hart County, Kentucky, and then on the South side of the 100-acre pond, thence by Oven Spring (between Pascal and Monroe), an ancient land-mark where the Indians made their hunting and war tools, implements and pottery and where the Indians attacked and captured the women mentioned in Cyrus Edwards' book; thence the trace meandered to Bearwallow (Vaughn's Knob) where during the heat of summer the Bears each three or four days wallowed in the spring-mud as a coating to shield their skin from the bites of insects; thence to Horse Well located on the Hart-Barren line, thence towards Cave City transversing the late George Tucker farm, thence on the East Side of Prewitt's Knob, thence Southwesterly direction to Limestone Spring which is at Brushy Knob, three miles below Prewitt's Knob, wherre it joined a prong of Phillips' Station near Hodgenville; thence to Walker's Stand or Three Forks (later Bell's Tavern), thence to the Dripping Springs in Edmonson County where in 1795 Chief Doublehead captured five Virginians and killed and boiled their bodies as a symbol for future travelers not to travel their hunting grounds. Upon many occasions the Indians dismembered the captured settlers and spread their bodies up and down the Cumberland Trace through the Barrens for two reasons, first, to stop settlers in their migration, and secondly, the Indians believed that the dismembered bodies would not re-assemble in heaven. From Dripping Springs it went to the South Pilot Knob (now called the Smith Grove Knob) following the general course of 31-W and I-65 highways, thence southwesternly to Big Barren crossing at the junction of Drakes Creek, where in 1785 William McFaddin's Station was located (now known as the Triple-J Farm of James Bryant and his father, John Bryant, prominent citizens of Warren County). From here it meandered up Drakes Creek and a southwesternly course to the Cumberland settlements. Those who traveled the Cumberland Trace used escorts. And they were expensive as life is precious. An 1802 Warren County law suit upon a promissory note revealed that Benjamin French, a famous Indian guide and fighter, escorted a lady from Mashborough to Frankfort during the Indian danger and he demanded his pay from her while passing over the Trace through the Barrens; they disagreed on the amount and she defended the suit alleging that he economically coerced her to sign a twenty pound note as her escort, else he wold cut loose the horses and leave her stranded and return himself without her. Col. John Donelson, one of the famous founders of Tennessee, father of Rachel Donelson, wife of Andy Jackson, was killed somewhere along the Cumberland Trace in southern Kentucky. Andrew and Rachel Jackson adopted a young Hutchins' child, her sister's child who married into the Lt. Thomas Hutchins family, who was the first in 1766-1769 to survey Green River and write a description of it even before the advent of the Long Hunters. Lt. Hutchins was geographer general of the United States following the Revolution. Phillips Trace was named for Phillip Phillips, a young Dutchman who spent his life with the Indians and along the Kentucky frontier, dating some two decades before the advent of the Long Hunters or the publicized Daniel Boone. In 1853 as a young lad, Phillips was at the Shawnee village in Clark County, Kentucky with the praying Indians who captured eight of John Finlay's traders; he was a resident according to the 1761 census at Fort Pitt where he worked with the white settlers; and he was an Interpreter for His Majesty's government with the Indians of the six nations at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1768 in New York, and he was the founder of Nolynn or Phillip's Station at Hodgesville 1779-80, as well as a magistrate of Jefferson County, Virginia in its beginning and a noted surveyor of lands North of Green river and who first staked out the Pollard 19,000 acre tract mentioned in Cyrus Edwards' book. Phillips' Trace is mentioned in the earliest surveys and for this reason was easy for the writer to establish. It ran from Hodgenville to Buffalo to Munfordville where it crossed Green River, then through Woodsonville to near Summer Set Knob where it took the route of I-65 through the Hatcher Valley and struck the Cave City area passing Kuckleberry Knob on the west until it came to Limestone Springs. It too pronged at or below Cave City and took a due south course to the noted salt licks in Monroe County, Kentucky traversing just north of Glasgow, "Phillip (salt) lick", just west of the present country club on the old Walter Depp farm, later called the Lee Seminary road or the Knob Road or the Glasgow-Lexington Road or the Munfordville Road. Historian Cyrus Edwards in his book lists "John Harvie" as a land shark. But, may I say, he happened to be a reputable financier and owned Horse Cave, Woodsonville and Park City and was head of the Virginia land office at Richmond, Va. For many years and a noted leader in frontier development. He was a wealthy developer and promoter and naturally speculated in the choice lands up and down the Cumberland Trace, as is true today of those of wealth. Many portions of the Trace remain even today. They trace was originally made by the buffalo and legend says it was two to four feet deep at places and wide enough for the space of two wagons to pass one another. Since the herds ranged as high as 5,000 in number, and some over 2,000 pounds in weight, it is easy to comprehend how such a natural trace could be encountered. Green River was originally called the Big New River or Buffalo River, but from 1766 to 1769 the trading houses of Philadelphia employed frontiersmen from Pennsylvania and Virginia to obtain their hides, reducing the buffalo in a three year span before the Long Hunters to one-twentieth their population. It was called "Green River" in the Journal of John Jennings 1767 when he journyed the Ohio and Mississippi from Fort Pitt to Fort De Chartier in the Illinois territory. (c) Copyright 10 June 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #246 - TELLICO CLAIMS The Tellico lands were defined by the Kentucky Legislature as: "Beginning at the mouth of Duck River, running thence up the main street of the same to the junction of the fork, at the head of which fort Nash stood, with the main south fork; thence a direct course to a point on the Tennessee river bank, opposite the mouth of Hiwasee river. If the line from Hiwassee should leave out Field's settlement, it is to be marked round his improvement, and then continued the straight course; thence up the middle of the Tennessee river, (but leaving all the islands to the Cherokees,) to the mouth of Clinch river; thence up the Clinch river to the former boundary line agreed upon with the said Cherokees, reserving at the same time, to the use of the Cherokees, a small tract of land lying at and below the mouth of Clinch river, from the mouth extending thence down the Tennessee river, from the mouth of Clinch to a notable rock on the north bank of the Tennessee, in view from South West Point; thence a course at right angles with the river to the Cumberland road; thence eastwardly along the same, to the bank of Clinch river so as to secure the ferry landing to the Cherokees up to the first hill, and down the same to the mouth thereof, together with two other sections of one square mile each, one of which is at the foot of the Cumberland mountains, at and near the place where the turnpike gate now stands; the other on the north bank of the Tennessee river, where the Cherokee Talootiske now lives." On January 31st, 1810, the Kentucky Legislature passed an act dealing with the Tellico Claims. They are sited in 4 Litt. 167. How the lands were to be taken up: It was lawful for every free white male or widow, or unmarried female above the age of 18 years, who has already settled and resided on these lands for six months - land to be considered waste and unappropriated lands - those acquired by the treaty of Tellico. They had to apply to the Circuit Court of the county where they had settled and prove to the court by two witnesses that they had occupied the land for the required time. They were then entitled to a certificate for any quantity of land not more than 200, nor less than 100 acres including their settlement. The certificate was to show the specific location of the land. The clerk of the court delivered one copy to the claimant and the claimant paid 1 shilling for the land. HOWEVER, they could not apply for any land that contained a salt spring, silver or lead mine or within 1,000 acres of same. The person, in possession of the certificate, had twelve months after the date shown on the certificate to produce it to the register of the land office. He paid the treasurer $40 for each 100 acres. He was then entitled to a warrant for the land and the proprietor then paid the register twenty five cents. The owner then had 12 months to have the land surveyed and the plat and certificate recorded in the surveyor's office. He paid a fee to have this done. There was a special regulation that no location or survey shall in its length exceed its breadth mroe than one third unless interrupted by prior claims. When conditional lines had already been established between the claimants, the lines were binding as the true boundary lines between them. If a person had settled and resided on these lands acquired by the Tellico treaty, and had not within the twelve month limit obtained his certificate for the lands, any other settler on the Tellico lands could give the settler a notice in writing, witnessed by two witnesses, in which notification was given that should they fail to obtain a certificate for the land by the fourth day of the second Circuit Court after the delivery of the notification, he - the other settler - would be applying for a certificate. The act above was amended on January 31, 1811 and dealt primarily with the payment method and handled installment buying. I guess this is not a new concept! They were now allowed to pay in four equal annual installments due January first each year at 6 percent per annum. If payments were not received, the land was open for sale again. Again, on February 8th, 1812 (4 Litt. 404) more amendments were made. This stated that any person who obtained a certificate for any of the waste and unapproiated lands under the treaty of Tellico, now had 3 years to pay for the land at $20.00 per 100 acres, still due on January 1st of each year. If a payment was missed, the land was again exposed to sale. By January 4th 1813, more changes were made per 5 Litt. 5. Any payment which was due on the first day of January 1813 was now extended to January 1, 1814. They were again postponed by an act passed January 28th, 1814 allowing the settler to hold off payments until 1815, payable in December. January 31st 1815 saw another postponement covering payments which were due in 1812, 1813, 1814 and 1815 and made payable in December 1815 through 1818 respectively.. In January of 1816 (5 Litt 325), the Legislature made a special offer - anyone who would pay the lands off in full would be allowed a discount. This appears to have been indefinitely postponed year after year through 1821. (c) Copyright 3 June 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Colonel Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 or E-fax (707)222-1210 Gorin Genealogical Publishing: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl

TIP #244 - KENTUCKY PENITENTIARIES In a previous tip I gave some information on the penitentiary system in Kentucky. In looking through the old law books that the early lawyers used, I came across an entire chapter covering this topic and some of it is extremely interesting. If we have a skeleton in our closet, this will give us a good idea of the life style of the poor and infamous! Chapter CXLV of the Kentucky statutes begins with the act that was passed in February of 1798, taken from 2 Litt. 18. Some of the points covered in this act includes the following: 1 - Penitentiaries are for the purpose of confining such males and females as shall have been convicted of the offences punishable with imprisonment and labor. 2 - Male and female prisoners were kept separate and apart from each other. 3 - After conviction in a county, the Sheriff was to remove them to the penitentiary as soon as possible. The prisoner was to remain there during the term of their confinement. 4 - Crimes which were found to be capital crimes, or a felony of death crime involved detailed reports created by "inspectors". 5 - In order to keep the prisoners from becoming ones of "contagious disorders", i. e, rioting, the prisoners were ordered to hard labor, and to be separated from the other prisoners. They had separate quarters, the prisoners were to be washed and cleaned, examined by a physician. Their original clothes were burned or fumigated and if the latter, kept until the sentence had been Fulfilled. 6 - Prison garb consisted of "habits of coarse materials, uniform in colour and make, and distinguishing them from the good citizens of this commonwealth." 7 - Male prisoners had their heads and beards closed shave at least once a week. 8 - Meals were to consist of bread, Indian meal or other inferior food. 9 - Prisoner's work schedules were, except if they were ill, to be every day of the week except Sunday. They were given ½ hour off for breakfast; an hour for dinner during the months of November, December and January, a total of eight hours off; they were allowed 9 hours daily of non-labor during the rest of the year. 10 - The only visitors allowed were: The penitentiary keeper, his deputies, servants, assistants, inspectors, officers, ministers of justice, members of the general assembly, misters of the gospel, persons producing a written license signed by one of the inspectors. The door of the cell was to be locked behind them; it was lights-out at 9 p.m. 11 - The cells were to be white-washed with lime and water at least once a year. The floor were to be washed every week or oftener. Prisoners could help in doing this, under the watchful eye of the guards. 12 - The infirmary was to be one of the "apartments" or cells. If a prisoner needed was ill, he was to be examined by a physician in the infirmary; his name entered in a register. As soon as the physician released the prisoner, he returned to his cell. 13 - Penitentiary keepers were appointed by the Governor and could be removed at any time. 14 - The county which contained a penitentiary were allowed to appoint six inspectors who served a term of 6 months (could vary). These inspectors had to meet in a special "apartment" at the penitentiary every three months and appointed one of them as acting inspector. 15 - The jail keeper, his deputies or assistants had to pay $30 if a prisoner escaped. Further regulations followed due to an act passed in December 1802. Better record keeping was adopted where every expense created by a prisoner had to be recorded. These expenses might include the cost of justices attending the court leading to conviction, the clerk's fee for recording same, the sheriff's fees for summoning witnesses, maintenance costs, guard costs, paying witnesses for their attendance, etc. 16 - In case of a break-out, the keeper and one of the inspectors immediately issued a warrant to all sheriffs and constables throughout the commonwealth which authorized the latter to apprehend the escapee. The individual returning the prisoner was entitled to a reward of up to $100. 17 - If a prisoner was serving a term in excess of one year, the wife of the prisoner was allowed to file for alimony in a court of chancery. During the time of his imprisonment, the children of the prisoner were considered orphans and were to have guardians appointed for them by the county court. 18 - During a prisoner's time of imprisonment, he could be sued. Any writ or subpoena was to be left with his wife, if applicable, at his former place of residence. 19 - A prisoner was allowed to write his will while in the penitentiary. The will was kept by the keeper and if he reached discharge, the will was returned to him. 20 - The keeper of the jail was allowed to hire up to 4 guards to patrol the facility; if a prisoner escaped during their patrol, the watchman was liable for a $40 fine unless he could prove that he did the best he could, had been overpowered, etc. When more legislation was passed in December of 1806: 21 - It became the responsibility of the keeper to purchase and administer medicine to ill prisoners unless he felt a physician needed to be called in. In February 1808, the prisoners were allowed a special privilege: 22 - The agent of the penitentiary house was authorized to provide the prisoners with tobacco which they had to earn by their hard labor. 23 - Prisoners were forced to make goods for resale. If there were goods left unsold, these could be sold outside the prison. This is an interesting look inside the prison walls ... quite a change to what is now provided to prisoners, at our cost, in the way of televisions, radios, books, exercise equipment .... (c) Copyright 27 May 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 PUBLISHING: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html SCKY: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl BARREN CO WEB PAGE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/

TIP #244 - LAND LAWS OF VIRGINIA MODIFIED BY KENTUCKY - CONCLUSION This will be the conclusion of the series on the above topic and hopefully will be of help to you as you dig deeper into your family history in order to find how they obtained land. As you can tell, it was a confusing, complicated process with many changes along the way! An act passed February 10th, 1816, in force from its passage. 5 Litt. 375. Sec. 1. No plat and certificate of survey, which purports to be made pursuant to, or by virtue of an entry upon a Virginia land office treasury warrant, made since the 19th day of October, 1785, shall be recorded, and carried by the register of the land office into grant, unless the surveyor who shall have made out the same, shall officially certify, at the bottom, or on the back thereof, that the identical objects called for in the said survey, or some of them, are embraced in the said survey; and the proprietor of the said survey shall moreover file an affidavit with the register, at the time he lodges the plat and certificate of survey, that the land called for in the entry, under and in virtue of which the same survey was made, or the greater part thereof, is the identical land embraced within the survey aforesaid. Sec. 2. Both the surveyor and proprietor aforesaid shall be liable, under the existing laws against perjury, to be prosecuted, convicted and punished for that offence, in case the former shall have certified, or the latter sworn falsely in the certificate of affidavit aforesaid; and the office of the former shall moreover be vacated, upon its being ascertained that he did, in an instance, certify falsely; and shall moreover be liable to a fine of five hundred dollars, each, to be recovered by indictment or presentment before any court jurisdiction of the same, one half to the informer, and the other to the commonwealth. Sec. 3. No grant shall be issued upon any plat or certificate, of the description aforesaid, now on the files, or on record in the register's office, until the surveyor who made the survey shall certify upon the same as herein directed, and until the claimant thereof shall file an affidavit as above required, and the claimants are hereby permitted, upon their paying the register the proper fees for the trouble he has been at to withdraw from that office their respective plats and certificates for survey, for the purpose of obtaining the certificate of the surveyor, as above and herein required; and when withdrawn, they shall not again be received by the register, unless they contain, and are accompanied with the certificate and affidavit required by this law. Sec. 4. Upon the trail of any ejectment, in any court of this commonwealth, in which the patent upon which the plaintiff relies, or from which he deduces title, is sued upon a plat and certificate of survey, executed upon an entry made since the 19th day of October, 1785, and returned to the register's office since the last day of September, 1798, no judgment shall be given by the court, for the plaintiff, upon any verdict found for him, unless the jury who returned the verdict, shall also find specially, and return therewith, that the land described in the patents is part of the identical land embraced by the entry, under and by virtue of which the survey was made, and upon which the patent issued. An act passed the same day, and in force from its passage. 5 Litt. 423. Sec. 1. No grant shall issue upon any survey made since the 30th day of September, 1798, on any Virginia land office treasury warrant, or which may hereafter be made on such warrant, until the surveyor shall give the certificate, and the proprietor shall make the affadavit required by the act entitled "an act regulating certain surveys within this commonwealth," approved February the 10th, 1816, nor until all those required by said act required, as to the surveys therein mentioned shall be complied with, as to the surveys herein mentioned. Sec. 2. Surveyors and proprietors shall respectively be subject to the same pains and penalities, for a false certificate, or false oath, relative to surveys in this act mentioned, as are prescribed in the before mentioned act. An act passed February 3d, 1817, in force from its passage. 5 Litt. 514. Sec. 1. So much of the fourth section of the act passed at the last session of the legislature of this state, entitled "an act regulating certain surveys in this commonwealth," shall be general in its operation, and apply to all actions of ejectment, where the lessor of the plaintiff shall claim title by virtue of any patent which shall have issued subsequent to the last day of December, 1810, upon any entry or survey made upon a treasury warrant issued by the State of Virginia, or upon any settlement or pre-emption right; and the court before whom such trail may be had, shall instruct the jury that unless they find that the patent as aforesaid does include the entry on which it is founded, or a part thereof, that they ought to find for the defendant: Provided, however, that nothing in this act shall prevent the plaintiff from recovering so much land as may appear by his entry, to be included in the patent, so adduced in evidence. Sec. 2. This act shall be construed so as to extend to any other kind of rights, except those founded on treasury warrants, and settlement and pre-emption rights; nor to the protection of any person who is not an actual settler, and holds title under a grant which includes said settler. An act passed February 4th, 1819 in force from its passage, Session Acts of 1818, 666. Sec. 1. Where any original plat and certificate of survey, which has been, or hereafter may be made, shall be lost, it shall be lawful for the person or persons in whose name the same was made, or the heirs or legal representatives of such person or persons, to obtain from the surveyor's office, a certified copy of the same from such surveyor, and to make oath, before some justice of the peace, that the said original is lost, and that he or they, as the case may be, have not assigned or transferred the said original plat and certificate, to any person, or persons whatever, and that such affiant is the owner of said land; and upon producing said certified copy, with the said affidavit endorsed thereon, the register of the land office shall receive and register the same, as though it were the original. Sec 2. Where any person or persons may or shall have assigned and transferred to them, any plat and certificate of survey, which may, by accident or otherwise, be lost, upon the person in whose name the same was made, making oath, before some justice of the peace, to whom he assigned the original plat and certificate of survey, and that he had never assigned or caused the same to be assigned or transferred to any other, and such other intermediate assignee, if any, making the like affidavit, and the person or persons claiming to own the same shall also make affidavit that the original is lost, and that he has never transferred or assigned the same, or caused it to be done, to any other person or persons whatever, and that he is the owner thereof; and if it shall appear from such affidavits, endorsed upon a copy of said original, certified from the surveyor's office wherein the said survey was recorded, that the last affidavit is the regular assignee, the register shall receive and register said survey, under the same rules and regulations that he would have received the original. Sec. 3. Any and every person or persons who shall willfully and knowingly make false oath, under the authority of this act, for the purpose of obtaining a patent under its provisions, shall be held and deemed guilty of perjury; and upon conviction thereof, shall suffer the pains and penalties prescribed by law for wilful and corrupt perjury; nor shall any patent obtained under and by virtue of this act, be of any avail in law or equity, when the same may be obtained by any false affidavit, made in pursuance of the provisions herein contained, but the same shall be null and void in law and equity; Provided, however, that nothing in this act contained shall authorize the register to receive and register the copy of any plat and certificate, where by law the original could not be received and registered. Sec. 4. Nothing in this act contained shall extend to the registering of any survey, other than those made under the laws of this state disposing of the vacant lands thereof. Sec. 5. It shall not be lawful for the register of the land office to receive and file in his office, a duplicate quietus from the auditor's office, unless the same shall specify that the whole claim is paid in full. Provided, however, that a duplicate quietas for a less quantity than the whole claim, may be received by the register, where the person about to file the same shall make oath that the original has been lost; which oath the register is hereby authorized to administer. (c) Copyright 18 May 1999, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 PUBLISHING: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html SCKY: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl BARREN CO WEB PAGE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/

My daughter is getting married tomorrow - need I say more? See you next week - Sandi Col. Sandi Gorin 205 Clements,Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 PUBLISHING: http://members.delphi.com/gorin1/index.html SCKY: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/BarrenObits TIPS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Tips KYBIOS: http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ky/Bios ARCHIVES: http://searches.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/listsearch.pl BARREN CO WEB PAGE: http://ww4.choice.net/~jimphp/barrenco/