I'll admit it right up front. When I was a youth, listening to the "old folks" talk was boring. Who cared about what happened during the big snow storm in Lincoln, IL where my family lived? I'd rather go dip my toes in the Sangamon River than listen to the elderly regale themselves with stories of their past, which seemed to grow in detail and change somewhat with every telling? But, thankfully, by the time I was 30, I had started wondering about families. What did our last name mean, what nationality. Why did my step grandmother use chimley instead of chimney? Where did some of our family traditions come from? When I moved to Kentucky I was shortly exposed to folk lore or folk narratives. It blew me away at times because here I found that story telling was ingrained in the web of people's lives more than I'd ever experienced before. I heard stories that amazed me, puzzled me, and pushed a button someplace in my soul - these stories are meant to be saved. Why the story telling? Well, with the lack of radio, television, telephones and other means of mass communication, folk lore was a way of preserving the history of people as much as the flowery biographies that appeared in some historical accounts. It was the passing on, from generation to generation, the lives of those who had gone before. Certainly, over the years, the hero of the story got bolder, the pain deeper, the love stronger, the names changed somewhat. But at the core was the life of someone whose gene's were now within me, whose blood coursed in my veins. The life of those gone past who influenced me unknowingly to feel like I feel, to react like I react, the be afraid of certain things, to be talkative or mute .... and I knew I had to start listening to these stories. Folk lore started in Kentucky the day the first white man set the sole of his foot on Kaintuck soil. Vivid descriptions of the beauties of the country, the height of the trees, the pureness of the water, the rich soil - all spread like wildfire to those living "back east." Those mighty men who first ventured into this unknown wilderness some became heroes bigger than life. Daniel Boone, Thomas Walker, the Long Hunters ... they were soon the bravest, the strongest and the most handsome men ever to walk on two feet. Then, later, when Kentucky was being settled, other cultures added to the folk lore. The Irish brought tales of the elves and developed into "once upon a time" stories told to children at night. The Germans brought their own tales - now known as fairy tales - Cinderella, Rumpelstiltskin - and many more known to our children to this day. Then each region of the state developed it's own style of story telling, adding local flavor which tale changed from region to region. Story telling was found in most every home and cabin across the state with children snuggled in a blanket in front of the fireplace while Mama or Grandma told stories she had heard as a child. Books were a thing of value, owned by the very rich, so with each narrating of the story, subtle changes were made over the years. Several individuals began cataloging the old Kentucky stories including Kenneth and Mary Clarke who collected tale from eastern Kentucky by Leonard Roberts. William Hugh Jansen conducted a similar project in the Blue Grass area of the state along with Herbert Halpert and Mildred Hatcher from Murray State University. D Wilgus and Lynwood Montell worked on southern Kentucky tales about local citizens, legends, and ghost stories. It was Lynwood Montell who got me "hooked" on folk lore. I first heard of him shortly after moving to Kentucky and was given a copy of one or two of his earliest books. My first thought was "this is great, but totally unbelievable." I expected Mr. Montell to be a strange little old, bespeckled man with limited educational experience who had been hoodwinked into talking to some of the "strange" people who hid out in the woods someplace with a shotgun in one hand and a bottle of moonshine in the other. When I met Mr. Montell, I had to inwardly eat crow. I found him, and do to this day, an extremely well educated, fun loving and knowledgeable man who has become a friend over the years. His book "The Saga of Coe Ridge: A Study in Oral History", 1970, is a classic book of the beliefs, people and events of the southern Kentucky area and along the Tennessee border. He introduced me to what is known as "belief" tales. These are tales that are told to be true. And of course, ghost stories are considered belief tales. I'm still working on those! Another category is the family story - stories that people make up based on real-life experiences. They describe the history and folklife of their own family as remembered and passed on from great-grandparent, to grandparent, to parent to child. They seem to come out of the thin air when a memory is triggered by seeing a photograph of a long lost family member, going to the cemetery to place flowers at the grave of a loved one, a song even. Some tales spill out as the individual grows older and nears death; suddenly it is very important for him to share all these memories from a full life-time so they won't be forgotten. I cherish the stories that my own father told me again and again, the last time shortly before his death, and I rapidly wrote down all I could remember of his stories of growing up in central IL and living through the Depression, World War II and onward. Why is it important? It's always been important to remember the past and sometimes we even learn from the past! The Jewish people repeated their genealogies and stories from generation to generation, committing them to memory. The Indians (or better named the Native Americans) recorded their past in the totem poles and in ceremonies. Every culture has stove to keep it's past preserved in either written or oral form. We are no different. If we know a story from our past and share it, it is saved, albeit for a time, and is then forgotten unless it is recorded by someone. In the day of mass media, it is much easier to learn of other peoples, cultures and traditions; and the recording of our own family folklore is but a pen and paper away - or more likely, a stroke on the keyboard. Your descendants can look at your words years from now - perhaps chuckle over our stupidity, laugh at our clothing - cry when we cried. Maybe they can find themselves in our words. I have undertaken a project which is not at all complete, or writing my life story for my daughters. It's amazing that one memory will lead to another and I have to go back and add that in. Oh, they're minor things - I've never saved a life or fought a battle, or found a cure for some dreaded disease. But, I did live, I did feel, I did care, I did learn, I did goof up. Nothing is really that earth shattering that would earn me a Pulitizer Prize for literature; but it was my life. My friends, my clothes, my house, the foods we ate, the places we went, the fears, the joys of motherhood, the childhood diseases ... it's there in black and white for them to read when they're ready to settle down with their children or grandchildren in front of the fireplace, or snuggled in bed on a cold winter night. "Well, once upon a time when I was a little girl .... (c) Copyright 14 November 2002, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

TIP #415 - JUST PLAIN FOLK MEDICINE The early settlers often used folk medicine in treating their ills. One must remember that there was not a doctor in every town, no hospitals; the country doctor used to ride many miles on his faithful worn horse to make house calls; and midwives stepped in for childbirth. It is only for we born in later years that could go to the yellow pages and pick among hundreds of physicians. Medicines used by the physician were for the most part rudimentary also; they had to be shipped from the larger cities by horseback or wagons. Thus the early settlers learned to use what God had provided in the way of herbs and plants found in the woods surrounding their own cabins. Doctors often learned by practice. There were no manuals for the early practioneers, no catalogs of fancy medicines to draw from. It was not until the late 19th century and early 20th centuries that the average family could find reference materials. Little booklets listed all the known diseases and illnesses with home remedies that could be used to give relief. Those remedies most often used plants and herbs. It was said in the Kentucky Encyclopedia that over 200 plants in Kentucky have been identified as being used for medicinal purposes. I will not go into a long discussion of remedies but a few others would include: Sassafras, catnip, horehound and pennyroyal were all brewed into teas and used for coughs and colds. The leaves and twigs of red cedar were boiled and inhaled for bronchitis. Bloodroot, golden seal, wild ginger and jack-in-the-pulpit were used in a variety of ways. White pine pitch was used for wounds and sores. Hemlock bark which had been pulverized into a powder was used to slow down the flow of blood from a cut. Tannin from the bark of hemlock was used for burns. Cooked pine needles were used for toothache. Oil from the rhododendron plant was used for rheumatism. Plants such as boiled poke root which, when boiled and put into a tub was used for "the itch" or scabies. Hickory bark boiled with white pine needles and with sugar added to make it more palatable was the normal cough medicine. Jewel weeds were rubbed on poison ivy for relief. Natural aspirin came from the inner bark of the willow tree. The above remedies and hundreds of others, worked to a certain extent and were not particularly harmful to the user. In fact, many of these plants and herbs have found their way into "mainline" medicines. Some folk medicines, as the Kentucky Encyclopedia stated, "defied classification other than strange and mysterious." Shingles were cured by wringing the head from a "coal-black chicken in the dead of the night", and rubbing the blood on the blisters. Black chickens were also used to bring out chickenpox particularly if you go out to the chicken coop after the sun goes down and let one fly over you. A tea made from mixing hot water and corn silk was said to cure children of wetting the bed. A large red onion tied on the bed post was supposed to keep the sleeper from catching colds. Sore throats were cured by tying a dirty sock around one's neck. Nosebleeds were stopped by pressing an iron key on the back on one's neck. Sties were "cured" by going to a fork in the road, picking which fork to take and as you walked along repeat "Sty, sty, leave my eye, catch the next one passes by." Childbirth pain was supposedly relieved by putting a sharp axe or knife under the mattress with the sharp edge up. No thanks! To go along with the primitive, by our standards, practices of the early generations in Kentucky (and other states as well), were the healers. I had never been exposed to this until moving to Kentucky but am sure in my Illinois roots, there were the same. There were several varieties of healers - not physicians. Many still exist today and it defies explanation at times. Some healers could stop bleeding - even heavy arterial bleeding. Noted author and folk tale specialist, Lynwood Montell of south central Kentucky have told tales of these men. I can not remember all the details of how the healer would work but it involved walking around the house and by the time the man or woman returned, the bleeding would have stopped. Other healers could supposedly take the "fire" or horrid pain, out of a burn. Some could remove warts by "buying" them or "charming" them. Thrash doctors were quite well known. They believed and still believe in the superstition of the "seventh son of the seventh son". A child with thrash was cured by the healer blowing into their mouth seven times. The madstone was used for many years and treasured from generation to generation (even being mentioned in wills). This stone was taken from the stomach of a deer - only white stones could be used and were rare. It was dipped in milk and then placed over the bite of an animal on a human. If the stone adhered, the animal was rabid and it supposedly pulled the poison from the person, then fell off. If the bite was not rabid, the stone would not adhere. In our pursuit of the history of our early families in Kentucky, it is interesting to see how they lived and what they believed ... as well as how they tried to cure things from the common cold to life-threatening diseases. We've come a long way as they say, but I believe these hardy people also got it right a lot of times! Sources: http://www.wvculture.org/history/wvhs1041.html Kentucky Encyclopedia, 1992, University of Kentucky (c) Copyright 7 November 2002, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

TIP 414 - JUST PLAIN FOLKS Kentucky is a wondrous blend of cultures, foods, music ... one can never tire of encountering a new experience around every corner. What makes up Kentucky folk? ARCHITECTURE: The architecture of Kentucky takes its form from the English, Irish, and central European styles. Then toss in some pure Americana. As one culture met another, they sometimes blended to become what is now known as Kentucky architecture. The houses ranged from one family or two family dwellings, the log cabin, with or without a loft; the saddlebag style home which had two rooms built around a central chimney; the double-pen house (a passageway between two units). One can also find two-story homes only one room deep and the shotgun house which is one room wide and several rooms deep. The early builders used the easily-recognizable logs, but soon added stone, brick and frame structures. The styles vary from county to county depending upon the nationality of the immigrants. Other factors influencing the style of home was the availability of materials. Today, in the 21st century, Kentucky housing has much blended into a general American style of modern architecture with its double-car garages, security systems and modern conveniences. But, if one gets off the main interstate and drives the country lanes, many of the older style homes can be found. Log cabins still stand, sturdy through the ages, but disguised now by siding, guttering and a fresh paint job. ARTS, CRAFTS AND COLLECTIBLES: One thing I found endearing personally when moving to Kentucky was the wonderful art styles. One can find yet the folk art in roadside stands, gift shops and fairs. Some of the most beautiful, if one could pick, would include the following: Quilts: I have always loved quilts arising from memories of my own grandmother quilting the hours away. What was once just a necessity for a poorly heated house is now a work of art treasured by collectors. Beautiful patterns, names, dates, memories, all blending into a mosaic that would rival the masters. Baskets: Basket making is one of the most interesting crafts in many parts of the state. White oak baskets are in much demand and many craftsmen of white oak reside in the Hart County area. Even the old baskets used by the pioneers to gather eggs or hold produce is now a cherished collectible. Musical instruments: Kentuckians are well known for their musical talent and their home-made instruments. More will be said on this later. Pottery: Many of the United States' finest potters can be found in Kentucky. The famous Bybee Pottery is quite well known and many potters work exactly as their predecessors with utilitarian pottery as well as glazed ware. Shaker furniture: Known the world over and sought by many collectors is the furniture made by the Shaker communities. Less well known was their oval boxes, silk kerchiefs and their food. DANCING: Kentucky dancing is fun! Shunned by many of the early churches as a punishable sin, dancing is an art form in itself. There are so many varieties of dances known by the older generations that it would be difficult to explain them all. Some of the most noted would include: Set running: This dance dates back to at least the 16th century and comes from the British Isles. In this dance, each person takes a turn. Dancers choose their partners and dance in turn with each of the other couples, joining hands and making a circle. The first couple to lead out is the caller and his partner. After the first couple has introduced each of the others, they promenade and the second couple leads out in an easy lope. This brief explanation is not meant to be a full description; set running can still be found in parts of eastern Kentucky. Step dancing: In its earliest forms, step dancing was a solo dance to lively music, many times improvised by the dancer on the floor. But over time a style developed where the dancer's body was kept rigid; arms down at the side or flailing about and the footwork a simple shuffle or a difficult footwork. It was also called buck dancing, buck and wing, hoedown, jigging, foot stomping or most commonly, clogging. One can watch this style of dances in many places in the state and one becomes exhausted watching! Singing dances: Also called play-party dancing, this was also known as a courting dance. From our childhood many of us can remember singing dances or play-party dances with such favorites as skip-to-my-lou, jolly miller, going to Boston, the old brass wagon and many more. Added to this was the old African-American dances called jump Josie, Jennie Crack Corn. Children's versions included the hokey pokey and ring around the rosie. Country dances: One might categorize this as square dancing of its various forms; a time for the people to swap tales, court their sweetie, enjoy the music and forget the cares of their lives. INSTRUMENTS: The only native instrument of Kentucky is reported to be the dulcimer, still made lovingly by craftsmen. It is an uniquely Kentuckian instrument, now found in both the lap and hammer dulcimer (which one day I hope I can afford to have!) But other instruments heard in Kentucky music would be the banjo, the mandolin, the fiddle, the guitar and the harmonica. Many an early settler fashioned his own musical instruments that would bear no resemblance to modern instruments. Animal skins - likely groundhogs - stretched over a box (cigar boxes, dynamite boxes - anything handy!) with screen wire for strings became fiddles. Bottles and jugs were blown into; washboards scratched with a stick; washtubs became drums; bones, spoons, saws, pocket combs covered with wax paper ... all could make heavenly music to those pioneers. Forgetting their fatigue and the crops that failed, the early Kentuckians could play their way into a better land of happiness and beautiful music. FOLKLIFE: Kentucky is a blend of cultures like few others. Our family fore-parents with European and African roots brought into Kentucky a blend of life styles that continues to this day. Added to this were the Swiss, Italian and Welsh. The latter are found primarily in eastern Kentucky but have spread throughout the state. Germans settled northern Kentucky around Louisville, and in western Kentucky. Now many Asian nationals from Japan, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia bring their life-styles to our state. I'll continue next week with a little on folk medicine and folk tales. I give full credit to this tip and other books and sites you can search below: Kentucky Encyclopedia, 1992, University Press of Kentucky. Montell, William Lynoon and Morse, Michael Lynn, Kentucky Folk Architecture, Lexington, KY 1976. Arnow, Jan, By Southern Hands: A Celebration of Craft Traditions in the South, Birmingham, AL, 1987. Shaw, Lloyd, Cowboy dances, Caldwel, IN, 1945. What Is Applachian Dance: http://www.earwicker.org/touchwood.htm (c) Copyright 31 October 2002, Sandra K.Gorin. All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

Due to circumstances beyond my control, literally, I can't make a post this week to the list. Despite 2 excellent virus programs running ... 3 viruses got into my system early Tuesday am and wiped out my system. Everyone has to be so careful - I didn't download any attachments and still got it! Thankfully, I got custody of my system late last night (had about started asking for visitation rights!), and going into the book fair tomorrow - just don't have time to work up a tip. Enjoy the week and thanks for all the nice notes to me about wishing you could come to the fair from across the USA. My housework is all done this week - gee, how boring! See you next Thursday! Sandi Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

I know most of you live out of state, but wanted to invite you to something going on this Saturday here in Glasgow, KY I will be co-hosting, with the South Central Ky Cultural Center (Museum of the Barrens), our 4th Annual Book Fair. This is a free fair with representives from about 9 counties bringing all their genealogical and historical books and materials for display and sale. There is ample free parking, free light refreshments, a live remote radio broadcast (possibly several). The counties represented so far will be: Allen, Barren, Cumberland, Green, Hart, Metcalfe, the South Central KY Historical Society, several family publishers and myself - I'll be bringing 80 titles of my books with me. Other counties who will not be represented but have books there (thru me) will be Edmonson and Monroe Co. There will also be a spooky stories time by yours truly at 1:30. The hours are 9-2 this Saturday, 26 Oct, South Central KY Cultural Center, 200 West Water Street, Glasgow. This is just off the square. If you live anywhere close and would like to see what's available in this part of KY - you have my invitation. I can give you directions privately. Thanks for letting me intrude on your day! Sandi Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

Although I am a "tee-totler" when it comes to alcohol, whiskey distilling has always been an important commerce in Kentucky. It was logical since corn was the primary crop in Kentucky from the earliest times. But, there was an abundance of corn and the market value was not enough to sustain the settlers. When distilled, it was. Kentucky had difficult in shipping because of the mountains to the east; they couldn't ship south because of the Spanish control of the Mississippi River near Natchez. But distilled whiskey was desired and easier to transport. According to the Kentucky Encyclopedia, one mule could transport only four bushels of corn but as many as 24 bushels in the liquid form. One of the earliest recorded distillers was William Calk from Fort Boonesborough. In 1795 he settled at the fort and later moved to Montgomery County and brought his distillery equipment from back home in Virginia. Stephen Ritchie was on Cox Creek in what is now Nelson County and had a distillery. James E. Pepper operated a distillery in Lexington and sold "Old Pepper Whiskey". Evans Williams of Louisville was another very early distiller (see below). By 1810 there were 2,200 distillers operating in Kentucky as shown on the census records. Dr. James Crowe, 1835, was an Englishman who did experiments in Woodford County and from this was born "Old Crow" (see below). Kentucky distillers used the techniques they had learned in the Old World for making their whiskey. Scotland and Ireland were already well known for their ability to produce fine whiskeys and Kentuckians followed their techniques. The grains used are corn, rye and barley which was ground and mixed with water or stale beer. This produced a "sour mash". The mash was put in a tub and scalded while being stirred with a paddle. After mixing, it was left overnight where fermentation began and then malt (germinated grain) was added. Then came the yeast and another 72-hour fermenting period. When this was complete the product was known as beer or wash. This wash was poured into a copper-lined pot and put over an open fire to be distilled. After several phases, a clear liquid was produced than ran between 140 to 160 proof. In the earlier days, the distillers had no way of judging the "proof" of the batch produced which determined the strength of the whiskey. They just mixed whiskey and gunpowder and set it afire. If the gunpowder didn't explode, the whiskey was too weak! If the flame was blue and the burn even, it was just right. They said the whiskey was proved, from which came the term of proof. By 1860, there were only 207 distilleries in Kentucky; and after the Civil War, many home distillers were either forced out of business by cost, or merged with larger and larger companies. Moonshiners were flourishing throughout the state, cutting more into the profit of the legal distilleries. By 1880, new techniques were making their influence felt and production increased. Roll mills were built which broke the grain into uniform parts; companies began using copper-lined vats for more consistent fermentation. However, there was a depression in 1893 and saw many distillers reeling from the high taxes and lowering of sales. An act called the Wilson Act of 1890 helped the distillers somewhat as it placed the taxation under state rather than federal rule. Distillers were given eight years to pay their taxes on whiskey already produced; then the distiller could sell whiskey in bulk to retailers. In 1897 the Bottle-in-Bond Act came into effect as a federal law saying that the whiskey had to be aged for four years to be known as full-proof. Bourbon whiskey contained 51 percent of corn and earlier could be distilled to 160 proof. It was aged in charred oak barrels which is what gives bourbon it's distinctive color and taste. Early settlers making bourbon whiskey included Jacob Meyers and Jacob Froman from Lincoln County; Marshal Brashear of Jefferson County, Elijah Craig of Scott County; Jacob Spears of Bourbon County. Bourbon was likely named this for Bourbon County, KY. A Maysville, KY firm of Stout and Adams published ads in a Bourbon Co newspaper in 1921. In 1826 there were ads from Hughart and Warfield for Spears and Williams Best Old Whiskey - named for Solomon Spears and Samuel Williams. H. C. Bowen sold H C Bowen's Old Bourbon. Some of the early whiskeys produced early and still in production include the following: Blantons: A "single barrel bourbon." Each bottle comes from a single barrel and is never blended with whiskeys of other ages. Wild Turkey: Thomas McCarthy, Sr., then head of Austin Nichols Company, a grocery company founded in 1855, joined a group of businessmen each year for a turkey shoot; McCarthy brought along his own special bourbon to the event. This tradition resulted in the preservation of wildlife, since shots of bourbon were usually the only ones taken. Hence, Wild Turkey was named. Kentucky Gentleman: Produced in Bardstown by Barton's Distillery. Very Old Barton: Produced also in Bardstown since the early 1800's. Jack Daniels: Produced since 1866 when Jack Daniel established America's oldest registered distillery. Aged in unheated warehouses which develops the color and taste. Woodford Reserve: No date found, produced in Versailles, Kentucky, has a reddish amber color, a hint of vanilla, caramel, fruit and oak flavor. Four Roses: Named possibly for a romantic story where a young man was going off to fight in the Civil War. He had proposed to a shy young lady and she replied that if her answer was yes, she would wear four red roses in her hair at the next ball. Produced in 1888, known for it's unusual full-bodied taste by being fermented in cypress tubs centuries old and aged in white oak barrels. Evans Williams. Reportedly the oldest bourbon in Kentucky. Evan Williams came to Kentucky from Virginia about 1781 and settled at the Falls of the Ohio River. He opened his distillery in Louisville in 1783 and the bourbon is still produced using a 200-year-old recipe. Elijah Craig: This was originally made by the Rev. Elijah Craig in the earliest days of Kentucky. He aged the bourbon in charred bottles which he felt enhanced the flavor. Jim Beam: This bourbon began in 1788 with Jacob Beam who followed Daniel Boone's path through he Cumberland Gap from Virginia. Beam's Distillery was founded in 1795. His grandson, James, entered the business in 1880, naming it for himself. Maker's Mark: This distillery used winter wheat instead of rye as a flavoring. Seven generations of the Samuels family have been producing Maker's Mark in Loretta, KY. Buffalo Trace Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey: Produced in Franklin Co Kentucky, no origination date found. W. L. Weller: William LaRue Weller began bottling his bourbon in 1849 using corn, malted barley and wheat. MOONSHINERS: A whiskey rebellion in 1791 led to moonshining. The rebellion was the result of higher and higher taxation on the Kentucky distillers as noted above and led to the closing of many home-run distilleries. Moonshiners took the place of many distilleries and the moonshiners became heroes to many. They were well known for their ability to hide from the "revenuers" They were simply unlicensed distillers on a smaller scale. In 1862 another excise tax was imposed by the federal government and the moonshiners were hunted down and prosecuted. The federal government attempted to give them a blanket pardon in 1878 if they promised to stop the manufacturing. The moonshiners agreed, filled the courthouses waiting to sign the agreement - and then went out and made more moonshine! In 1881, 102 illegal stills were raided and closed. By 1914, 214 were raided and closed. But it was a profitable business and during World War times, a good moonshiner could make up to $300 a month. During the prohibition time of 1920-1933, the moonshiners became the prey and partner many times of the racketeer with the racketeer taking most of the profits. It might be noted that the infamous Al Capone bought moonshine (whiskey) from eastern Kentucky and Golden Pond whiskey from western Kentucky. With the repeal of prohibition, the moonshiner's business came to a grinding halt. Most has disappeared from Kentucky and some turned to a new lucrative business, marijuana. References: Crowgey, Henry G, Kentucky Bourbon, The Early Years of Whiskey Making, Lexington, KY 1971. Downard, William L., Directory of the History of America Brewing and Distilling Industries, Westport, CT, 1980. Kentucky Encyclopedia, University of Kentucky, 1992, Betty B. Ellison. (c) Copyright 17 October 2002, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

The following is a list of officers in the State of KY who died in the line of duty from 1792-1930. Further references will be shown at the end of the series. I have a deep respect for our law officers having worked for many years with the IL State Police and later, the Garland, TX Police Department. If your ancestors served and lost their lives in the line of duty, you should be greatly proud of them!. The date shown is the date of death. 1. ARVIN, Jessie, Deputy Sheriff, Estill Co Sheriff's Dept, 22 Mar 1857, unknown. 2. BALDWIN, Michael, Louisville, KY PD, 11 Aug 1911, gunshots. 3. BALL, W. Floyd, Sheriff Harlan Co KY, 6 July 1928, unknown. 4. BARKER, Lee, Owensboro PD, 14 Feb 1912, unknown. 5. BEAGLE, Rufus A, Cynthiana PD, 12 Nov 1915, gunshots. 6. BEARD, Joseph, City Marshall, Lexington PD, 10 July 1858, stabbed 7. BROOKSHIRE, Arthur J, Estill Co Sheriff's Dept, 8 May 1928, unknown. 8. BYRNES, Edward, Louisville PD, 4 July 1895, gunfire. 9. CANNON, Simon R, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 13 Dec 1907, gunshot. 10. CASTLE, Lon, Ashland PD, 9 May 1925, gunshot. 11. COLLINS, Harry, Glasgow Town Marshall, Glasgow PD, 01 Jan 1929, unknown (shot). 12. CONNER, H C, Patrolman, Jefferson Co PD, 22 May 1909, gunshot. 13. COOVERT, George, Asst. Chief of Police, Pineville PD, 9 Sept 1890, unknown. 14. CROXTON, Ralph L, Louisville PD, 01 Apr 1924, gunshot. 15. CRUM, John T, Danville PD, 10 Apr 1901, gunshot. 16. CUNNINGHAM, Hodge, KY State Penitentiary, 3 Oct 1923, unknown. 17. DAILY, Charles Oglesby, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 12 Sept 1923, gunshots. 18. DAWSON, J Coleman, Owensboro PD, 1 June 1912, unknown. 19. DIUGUID, Guthrie, Murray PD, 9 Dec 1916, unknown. 20. DONLON, Thomas, Lexington PD, 12 May 1888, gunfire. 21. DUNCAN, Frank, Patrolman, Covington PD, 19 June 1908, unknown. 22. DUNN, Marshal Caleb, Jackson P D, 1 July 1933, unknown 23. ELDER, James E, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 28 July 1921, unknown 24. ENGLAND, James M, Corporal, Louisville PD, 1 Sept 1926, auto accident. 25. ESTES, J J, Lieutenant, Lexington KY PD, 19 Jan 1927, gunshots. 26. FITZGIBBON, Thomas L, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 9 Apr 1918, gunshots. 27. FOW, John, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 17 Feb 1917, gunshots 28. GANNON, William, Boyd Co PD, 26 Oct 1926, unknown. 29. GILBERT, William, KY State Penitentiary, 3 Oct 1923, unknown. 30. GILTNER, Thomas M, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 2 June 1919, gunshots. 31. GRUBER, John, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 27 Jan 1930, auto accident. 32. HEFFERMAN, Joseph J, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 12 Aug 1898, gunshots. 33. HENDRICKS, C N, Captain, Lexington PD, 1 Aug 1881, gunshots. 34. HOLTON, John, Constable, Augusta PD, 24 Nov 1845, stabbing. 35. HOWARD, Jacob Montgomery, Constable, Elliot Co Sheriff's Dept, 29 Jan 1885, unknown. 36. JONES, James W, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 16 Aug 1888, stabbing. 37. LAND, James M, Estill Co Sheriff's Dept, 22 Mar 1857, unknown. 38. LANE, Richard Dobbyns, Augusta Town Marshall, 25 Jan 1882, gunshots. 39. LAW, Benjamin F, Covington PD, 5 Jan 1925, unknown. 40. LAYNE, Henry, Officer, Hopkinsville PD, 13 Mar 1897, unknown. 41. LOEFFLER, Doc, Patrolman, Ashland PD, 4 July 1921, gunshots. 42. LUCAS, William J, Daviess Co Detention Center, 13 July 1884, unknown. 43. MARTIN, Bee, Deputy Sheriff, Floyd Co Sheriff's Dept, 31 Jan 1930, gunshots. 44. MATTINGLY, V B, KY State Penitentiary, 3 Oct 1923, unknown. 45. MIALBACH, Lawrence, Detective Sergeant, Louisville PD, 12 Oct 1927, gunshots. 46. MORGAN, Joe, Sheriff, Leslie Co Sheriff's Office, 1 Jan 1925, unknown. 47. MURPHY, Michael, Officer, Lexington PD, 6 Nov 1907, gunshots 48. MURPHY, William, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 19 Nov 1909, gunshots. 49. McGALIN, Robert E, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 25 Aug 1929, gunshots. 50. McKINLEY, Massengale, Somerset PD, 1 Nov 1929, gunshots. 51. McMURTRY, Robert Terry, Hardin Co Sheriff's Dept, 13 Dec 1914, unknown. 52. McNICHOLS, Thomas D, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 5 May 1928, auto accident. 53. McQUERRY, William, Patrolman, Covington PD, 12 June 1900. 54. NEWCOMB, William F, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 14 Aug 2929, auto accident. 55. O'CONNELL, John, Officer, Louisville PD, 8 July 1869, accidental gunshots 56. PFEIFER, George G, Sergeant, Louisville PD, 8 July 1923, auto accident 57. PHILPOT, Robert, Irvine PD, 20 Aug 1920, unknown. 58. POWELL, Edward H, Chief of Police, Jefferson Co PD, 16 May 1916, gunshots. 59. PURDON, James, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 27 July 1901, fire. 60. REAMS, William Harrison, Deputy Sheriff, Laurel Co Sheriff's Office, 24 Nov 1854, unknown. 61. ROBERTSON, Joe E, Sheriff, Carroll Co Sheriff's Office, 3 Sept 1916, gunshots. 62. ROGERS, David B, Covington PD, 13 May 1923, unknown. 63. ROSENBERG, Joseph, Patrolman, 16 Aug 1888, stabbing. 64. RUGGLESS, John, Deputy Sheriff, Lewis Co Sheriff's Dept, 7 Jan 1878, gunshots. 65. SCHOO, August, Officer, Newport PD, 14 June 1930, unknown. 66. SHOWALTER, Nimrod, Chief of Police, Brooksville PD, 14 June 1915, unknown. 67. STANLEY, Fred E, Floyd Co Sheriff's Dept, 7 Nov 1928, unknown. 68. STOUT, Peerless F, Patrolman, Jefferson Co PD, 3 May 1925, in pursuit of a vehicle. 69. SUBE, William C, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 5 Jan 1910, illness caused by duty. 70. THOMPSON, John T, Covington City Marshall, 28 Feb 1869, unknown. 71. THORNSBERRY, A J, Prestonburg PD, 28 Nov 1928, gunshots. 72. THORNSBERRY, Will, Prestonburg PD, 22 Nov 1928, gunshots. 73. TRESSLER, William, Ft. Thomas PD, 20 Sept 1928, unknown. 74. TYLER, John G, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 3 Aug 1920, motorcycle accident. WEATHERED, William W, Officer, Lexington PD, 29 July 1894, gunshots. WEBB, Edward Perry, Lawrence Co Sheriff's Office, 16 July 1920, unknown. WEBER, Frank, Patrolman, Louisville PD, 23 May 1910, gunshots. WELDON, O J, Office, Cumberland KY PD, 1 Jan 1930, unknown. WEST, R H, Officer, Hopkinsville PD, 6 Sept 1893, unknown. WEST, Silas, Somerset PD, 26 Jan 1928, unknown. WHITE, Aquilla, Patrolman, Owensboro PD, 3 Nov 1896, unknown. WILKE, Frank H, Patrolman, Louisville, PD, 24 Mar 1928, gunshots. WOOTON, John, Deputy Sheriff, Leslie Co Sheriff's Office, 1 Jan 1920, unknown. For more information, you should check the following website: http://odmp.org/info/sitemap.html.This is the site of the Officer's Down Memorial Page and contains names and information from 1792 upward for every state in the union. I give them full credit for these names. (c) Copyright 10 Oct 2002, Sandra K.Gorin, All Rights Reserved for presentation. Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

See the previous tip for an explanation of who the Regulators were. 717 Peter Call 718 John Colyer 719 William Davis 720 Alexander Dials 721 T. J. Davis 722 James Dawson 723 James Duvall 724 Jack Ellswick 725 Jack Edwards 726 Vint. Ferguson 727 George Fraly 728 Alfred Fraly 729 Wm. Green 730 Cox Glancy 731 Tom Glancy 732 Charles Glancy 733 Jeremiah Glancy 734 Joseph Hammonds 735 Harrison Howard 736 James Hay 737 William Holbrook 738 John F. Holbrook 739 Cornelius Holbrook 740 Thomas Hay 741 C. Hay 742 J. M. Jones 743 Nathan Kelley 744 Joel Kelley 745 David Kozee 746 William Kouns 747 Jesse Lyons 748 J. H. Lester 749 Lafayette Lester 750 James Lester 751 William Lester 752 Walter Lester 753 Reason Lyon 754 Jason Lawson 755 Marion Lyons 756 Ragin Lyons 757 Wm. Ferguson 758 Jack Moore 759 Chas. Morris 760 James Marshall 761 Hiram Nolan 762 Meredith Osburn, Jr. 763 Edward Osburn 764 John Prince 765 Giles Perkins 766 Thomas Phillips 767 Rile Prichard 768 John Perkins 769 Fielding Poerter 770 David Rosser, Sr. 771 Mathias Rice 772 George W. Riffe 773 James O. Rice 774 James Ratliff 775 John Reeves 776 John A. Johnson 777 Thomas Rice 778 Thomas Rice 779 C. C. Rucker 780 Noah Ratliff 781 Joseph Rice 782 Campbell Rice 783 John Riggsby 784 Andrew Riggsby 785 John Reeves 787 Wm. C. Rice 788 Lindsey Sparks 789 Lab. Sparks 790 William Smith 791 George Stewart 792 Ellis Stewart 793 H. V. Sizemore 794 C. H. Stewart 795 James Stamper 796 Robert Stamper 797 Andy Stewart 798 John Skaggs 799 Frank Skaggs 800 Milton Skaggs 801 Leander Skaggs 802 Peter H. Skaggs 803 Edward Savage 804 Andy Shelton 805 William Stroud 806 Joseph Thompson 807 Martin Thompson 808 Flem. Thompson 809 John Trusty 810 Drury Tolliver, Jr. 811 Harrison Wright 812 Lindsey Wright 813 Allen T. Webb 814 Grumsey Webb 815 Ephraim Wood 816 Doc. Webb 817 D. F. Webb 818 Waide Watts 819 Ben Wright 820 John Wilson 821 John Watson (c) Copyright 3 Oct 2002, Sandra K.Gorin, All Rights Reserved; see previous tip for copyright by the compilist. Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

A Regulator was a member of a secret organization of originally law-abiding citizens who banded together in the early 19th century to combat lawlessness. But, as time passed, they too committed lawless acts. According to the Kentucky Encyclopedia, lawlessness plagued Kentucky after the Civil War due to outbreaks of vigilantism. The Regulators (an old term dating back to the Revolutionary War) came into existence. Uprisings started in Elliott County which grew into violence against women as well. Judge Lynch warned that this would no longer be tolerated and in 1879, 2 men were dragged from the jail and hung on the courthouse grounds by 200 armed men. These hangings began a reign of terror against all suspected lawbreakers; masked horseback riders whipped victims and drove them out of the area. Vigilantes punished many men and women that had been accused. By 1880, the movement had spread to Morgan, Rowan, Carter, Boyd and Lawrence Counties. Judge James E Stewart of the 16th judicial district vowed to uphold the law against the Regulators and called on Gov. Luke P. Blackburn for help from the state troops. Executive clemency was promised for the Regulators who voluntarily surrendered; and this basically stopped the movement. Governor Blackburn then pardoned hundreds of former Regulators. This list shows the pardon # and the name of the individual from Lawrence County pardoned 14 Feb 1881. The following list is not of my origination but is the work of Marlitta Perkins who has graciously granted me permission to print it here. My thanks! Note: Please check out the following URL for this list and letters: http://www.lawrencecountykyhs.com/law5.html 431 Felix Adams 463 John Curnoot 432 Henry Adams 464 Pleas. Cagg [Skaggs?] 433 George Bailey 465 George Churd [Church?] 434 Silas Bailey 466 William Dingus 435 George Beeder 467 Bill Decker 436 Andrew Blythe 468 Laban T. Edwards 437 David Burton 469 John Edwards 438 Wallace Borders 470 Isaac Edwards 439 Bill Bishop 471 Henry Evans 440 Larkin Bishop 472 Worth Ferguson 441 Jeff. Bishop 473 Reuben Ferguson 442 Reuben Berry 474 Harrison Griffith 443 Jeff Berry 475 Jesse Gambrill [Gambill?] 444 Frank Boggs 476 Elijah Gambrill [Gambill?] 445 Jesse Boggs, Jr. 477 Edison Gambrill, Jr. [Gambill?] 446 Jesse Boggs, Sr. 478 Martin Gambrill [Gambill?] 447 Jesse Boggs 479 James Gambrill [Gambill?] 448 Garred Boggs 480 Jesse Gamrbill [Gambill?] 449 William Boggs 481 Benjamin Griffy 450 Frank Boggs 482 George Green 451 Elijah Boggs 483 John Grim 452 Lewis Boggs 484 James Gartin 453 John Boggs 485 Elijah Gartin 454 Wash Boggs 486 Andrew Griffy 455 David Boggs 487 James Griffy 456 David Banks 488 Robert Griffy 457 John Cooper 489 Edison Gambrill [Gambill?] 458 John Castle 490 Reuben Hicks 459 Hilden Carter 491 James Hicks 460 Bill Carter 492 Thomas Hensley 461 Joseph Cunningham 493 Sam Houk 462 David A. Curnoot 494 R. B. Hicks 495 Andrew Hensley 551 M. L. Sparks 496 John Hayes 552 Melvin Sparks 497 John Holbrook 553 N. T. Sparks 498 Joseph Holbrook 554 Elisha Sparks 499 Robert Hamilton 555 Andrew Skaggs 500 Isiah Hewlitt 556 Lafayette Skaggs 501 William Hay 557 Lewis Skaggs 502 Jonah Holbrook 558 Thos. Skaggs 503 Larkin Holbrook 559 Sam. Terry 504 J. F. Holbrook 560 Andrew Wood 505 Wise Holbrook 561 James Wood, Jr. 506 William Holbrook 562 Zachariah Wells 507 Henry Hay 563 Robert Weaver 508 [not listed] 564 Andrew Weaver 509 Thomas Johnson 565 Lewis Williams 510 Hiram Jackson 566 William Williams 511 Mart Ferguson 567 Martin Ward 512 Jack Kelley 568 William Ward 513 Luke Kitchen 569 John White 514 Flem. Kitchen 570 Morgan Wheeler 515 Enoch Kitchen 571 Sylvester Sagrans [Sagraves?] 516 George Kitchen 572 Bill Young, Sr. 517 Frank Kelley 573 John Young 518 Leander Kozee 574 Bill Young, Sr. 519 Isaac Lemons 575 John Young 520 Samuel Large 576 John Young, Jr. 521 John Lester 577 J. A. Young 522 Isaac Lester 578 Thomas Young 523 Walter Lester 579 Dan. Young 524 H. Lester 580 Perry Young 525 Riley McKensy February 15, 1881 526 Allen Murphy 581 Polk Adkins 527 Elijah Murphy 582 Leander Adams 528 Andrew Murphy 583 William Adams 529 Mathew Morris 584 John Adkins 530 Robert Morris 585 Jesse Adkins 531 Pardon Morris 586 Hiram Adkins 532 David Morris 587 Jonas Adkins 533 Mid. Perkins [Milt Perkins?] 588 John Adkins, Jr. 534 Henry Perkins 589 John Adkins, Sr. 535 George Perkins 590 William Adkins 536 Wash. Perkins 591 Webb Adkins 537 J. F. Perkins 592 David Berry 538 Frank Parker 593 Daniel Berry 539 Milt. Pennington 594 Sink Berry 540 D. F. Rice 595 Sam Burton 541 Scott Rice 596 John Burchett 542 Robert Ross 597 John Burchett 543 David Ross 598 John Burchett [Ben's son] 544 William Rice 599 John Berry, Jr. 545 Levi J. Sparks 600 William Ball 546 James Stone 601 William Bentley 547 Lewis Swann 602 William Bentley (2) 548 William Smith 603 Greenville Curnoot, Jr 549 L. T. Sparks 604 Russell Cordial 550 H. W. Sparks 605 William Codial 606 John Curnoot 662 Ben Potter 607 David Curnoot 663 William Ratliff 608 Clayton Castell 664 Chas. Roberts 609 John Castell 665 Geo. Roberts, Jr 610 Tom. Carter 666 Allen T. Roberts, Sr. 611 Wash. Cafin 667 N. F. Rice 612 Wash. Curnoot 668 Lewis Sparks 613 Wash Curnoot (2) 669 Peter Sparks 614 Ashberry Carter 670 William Shannon 615 Ben. Carter 671 Jack Short 616 Kenas Chafin, Sr. 672 William Short 617 Kenas Chafin, Jr. 673 Charles Scisson 618 William Carter 674 James Skaggs 619 Boaz Curnoot 675 Henry Steadman [Stidham?] 620 Green Curnoot 676 [not listed] 621 Thos. Chafin 677 Lewis Snow 622 Linsey Dean 678 William S. Spriggs 623 Burwell Derifield 679 Kenaz Short 624 Sylvester Derifield 680 James Short 625 John W. Dean 681 Miles Stuart 626 Laban Derifield 682 Meadly Thompson 627 Lafe Fuller 683 Johnson Thompson, Jr. 628 Chas. Gillum 684 W. K. Thompson 629 W. S. Grubb 685 Malachi Wheeler 630 Richard Gartin 686 Lafayette Wheeler 631 James Gartin 687 Jack Whitt 632 Elijah Gartin 688 William Wellman 633 W. H. Hay 689 Noah Wellman 634 John Hay 690 Joseph Wellman 635 Elsa Hall 691 Ephraim Woods 636 Cock Hawes February 16, 1881 637 Brig. Harris 692 John Adkins 638 James Hayes 693 Jonah Adkins 639 W. G. Hawes 694 William Adams [son of James] 640 Matt. Hailey 695 George Adams 641 James Hailey 696 William Ambucker 642 Marion Hammonds 697 Jacob Burton 643 Nora Hughes [Noah?] 698 Eliphaz Boggs 644 Fielding Isaacs 699 John Black 645 James Jordan 700 Lindsey Blankenheckly [Blankenbeckler?] 646 Brig Jordan 701 Isiah Bentley 647 Sink Jordan 702 Cassander Blankenship 648 George Kozee 703 John Ballow 649 Harry Lester 704 Joseph Bowling 650 David Lyons 705 Jerry Bowling 651 Joseph Moore 706 Ben. Barker 652 John Moore 707 Wash. Chafin 653 Felix Meek 708 Reuben Curnoot 654 Byron Martin 709 Carlow Cassidy 655 Micah McCormisck 710 James C. Candille [Caudill?] 656 Granville McCormick 711 Rufus Coleman 657 James McCormick 712 Lab. Clay 658 David Morris 713 Edward Colyer 659 George Newsome 714 Nelson Colyer 660 Leander O. Bryant 715 William Coffee 661 John Prince, Jr. 716 William Clay To be continued next week. (c) Copyright 26 Sept 2002, Sandra K.Gorin, All Rights Reserved.sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

TIP #409 - AFRO-AMERICAN SCHOOLS AND MOONLIGHT SCHOOLS I have discussed old country schools and institutes of higher learning in past tips, but two schools haven't been mentioned - the black schools before desegregation and what was known as moonlight schools. It might appear strange to those residing outside of Kentucky, but despite the fact that Kentucky was a state that held slaves, it never prohibited the schools and education of its slaves or any Black. From the beginning, Kentucky encouraged the education of its blacks also. This was in deep contrast to other slave-holding states. It can't be said that the schooling was adequate because it was not and it was limited. Most of the schools started out in the black churches, or was done through the white slave owner's wishes at their home. Many slave owners saw to it that all of their slaves were educated in the basic reading, writing and arithmetic. Some also encouraged deeper studies, including the famous Stephen Bishop. Stephen was the slave of Franklin Gorin of Glasgow who owned Mammoth Cave. He became world-famous for his caving abilities when Franklin owned Mammoth Cave in Edmonson County and he spoke and read three languages fluently. He was trained so well that he was extremely knowledgeable in cave explorations, botany and other higher subjects. Other slaves were denied educational opportunity I know. Sometimes black schools met in secret in fear that the community would be outraged. It was thought by many whites that if a slave was educated, he would be more likely to rebel and run off. There were schools in Louisville in 1827, 1833 and 1834 and in Lexington in 1839 and 1840 per the Kentucky Encyclopedia. In Louisville, 1841, the Louisville Fifth Street Baptist Church opened its doors to the Adams School under the direction of Rev. Henry Adams. Up through the Civil War some elementary and secondary schools operated for slaves and free blacks. The most well-known school, Berea College, was chartered in 1854, before the Civil War and was the only higher education biracial institution in any slave-holding state. After John Brown's Raid in 1859 the school was closed, reopened in 1865 and by the next year was again admitting Black students. The Civil War brought many changes to Kentucky and its former slave population, the largest challenge of which was the formal education of the Afro-American. The blacks held conventions in Lexington in 1867 and again in Louisville in 1869 for the purpose of petitioning Kentucky to admit black students. The General Assembly, being a little afraid to do this, established a separate school system for the blacks. These schools were totally inadequate and only a small percentage of students were able to take advantage of the schools. One of the problems was teachers. The Ealy Normal School in Louisville opened in 1868; the State Normal School for Negroes in 1886 (Frankfort) were two early teacher's colleges. The General Association of Colored Baptists of Kentucky planned to open a private black college which was finally begun in 1879 as the Kentucky Normal and Theological Institute (later called State University in 1882). It was associated with two private black schools, the Louisville National Medical College and the Central Law School. This was later renamed in 1918 to Simmons University. The Eckstein Norton Institute opened in 1890 at Cane Springs in Bullitt County. Berea College then began to create another institution for the blacks. Rev. James M Bond, a black trustee from Berea opened the Lincoln Institute of Kentucky in Shelbyville in 1912. Following an act called the Day Law, small black schools were soon begun in Bowling Green, Hopkinsville, Glasgow and Madisonville. But none lasted very long, finances were just not available. Between 1900 and 1930, at least the quality of education improved for the black school. But facilities were still terribly inadequate. Lack of funding, lack of teachers, lack of decent facilities caused tremendous hardships on the average black family who desired to see their children educated. It has been a slow process leading eventually to the desegregation act. MOONLIGHT SCHOOLS: Moonlight schools are a more recent segment of education beginning in the early 1900's. It all began when a lady, Cora Wilson Stewart, an educator, began a crusade against illiteracy in Kentucky. She started an experimental education program in 1911 in Rowan County. She knew that since most people had to work during the daytime to earn a living for their family, she would have to hold these schools at night. The term moonlight school was taken from the fact that moonlight nights were most preferred since the people could find their way to school. She located volunteer teachers to teach classes at night and started recruiting students from the adults in the neighborhood. She began a newspaper called the Rowan County Messenger and used the news events in the paper along with mathematics, literature and history to teach her students. This also served as an encouragement to the pupils; they wouldn't have to resort to reading the little primers used by children. It is said that she expected 150 students at the first session, 1,200 students between the ages of 18 and 86 appeared. By the second year, 1,600 students came to take the 8 week course. One year later, Cora Stewart led a similar instituted in Morehead, KY which was for teachers. It was likely the first training course of its kind in Kentucky. This led to home schooling in Kentucky; a class set up for those too old or sick to come to the moonlight schools. Moonlight schools in 1913 existed in Boyle, Johnson, Garrard, Mercer, Carter, Martin and Lawrence counties. It spread throughout the state and many of our grand and great-grandparents owe their education to these wonderful moonlight schools. For more information on moonlight schools, I'd suggest Cora Wilson Stewart's book "Moonlight Schools, published in NY 1922); Florence Estes "Cora Wilson Stewart the Moonlight Schools of Kentucky 1911-1920; A Case Study in the Rhetorical Uses of Literacy, Ed. D., diss, University of Kentucky 1988. Web sites include: http://www.womeninkentucky.com/site/education/c_stewart.html http://www.morehead-st.edu/colleges/education/leadership/academy/ http://www.nald.ca/WHATNEW/hnews/2002/corawil.htm http://kentuckyexplorer.com/nonmembers/01-10stories.html (c) Copyright 19 Sept 2002, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

What DID the early settlers do when they were being twanged by an toothache? Now, if you're like me, a toothache sends shudders down my spine; for some reason we hesitate to make the trip to the local dentist. But, what did the pioneers do? Dental care for the early settlers in Kentucky was provided in several different ways. If there was a physician in town, he normally handled the pulling of the teeth - there wasn't anything like root canals, or a shots to deaden the pain! Also, as you might have figured out, any citizen could help out ... the blacksmith, the barber, anyone who had a pair of pliers and maybe a shot of whiskey to relax the patient! Or ... the individual let the tooth rot away until they could pull it themselves or it fell out. You will note in the old original photographs and paintings of our family that no one smiled. Now I know that this is because it took so long to get the picture taken or the portrait drawn - people couldn't smile that long - but I've often wondered if it was also because they didn't want anyone to see their teeth, or lack of them! Some of the larger cities did have dentists, primarily it is said, east of the Appalachian Mountains. Our town of Glasgow had an early dentist but his tools were rudimentary. By the 1820's, there were only nine dentists shown on the census records of Kentucky. They pulled teeth, sold toothbrushes and possibly pain medications they made in their own office. The mercantile stores in town sold toothache drops and other remedies. In my growing up years (while I date myself!), there was only one dentist in the area who came to our little town once a month. If we got a toothache before then, we either had to drive miles to the nearest larger town or bite down on cloves to deaden the pain slightly. How was a dentist trained? It was done much like many of the early physicians; they studied under another dentist in a program called preceptorship. The student paid the instructor just to sit and watch him as he worked with patients. Then he would be allowed to assist the dental instructor and finally, received a certificate. However, since this was not a controlled program, there was nothing to prevent an individual from putting out his "shingle" saying he was a dentist whether he had any training or not. The first dental school in Kentucky was begun by Chapin A. Harris who had practiced for a time in Frankfort in the 1830's. After a move to Baltimore, Maryland, he in 1840 founded the nation's first dental school - the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery. Kentucky's first dental school was the Transylvania College of Dental Surgery which opened in Lexington, KY in 1850. (This was not part of Transylvania University). To become a student here, the young man had to have a "good English education" and pay $125.00 for a sixteen-week course. The college closed almost as soon as it had opened, but did complete in three months the first class and awarded degrees in dental surgery to four Kentuckians. The next attempt was in 1860 when the Kentucky State Dental Association was formed with W. D. Stone, a Frankfort dentist, as President. This continued until the Civil War interfered, began again and was chartered in 1870. In 1878, the first dental practice act in Kentucky was passed setting up the Kentucky State Board of Dental Examiners and prohibited "any person to practice dentistry in the State of Kentucky for compensation unless such person has received a diploma from the faculty of a dental college, duly incorporated ... or a certification of qualification issued by the Kentucky State Board." [Robert L. Sprau and Edward B Gernert, History of Kentucky Dentistry, Louisville, 1960]. 188 dentists registered who served in 95 Kentucky communities. The Louisville College of Dentistry was the next school to form, it opened in 1887 at a branch of the Hospital College of Medicate at Central University of Richmond, Kentucky. Under the deanship of Dr. James Lewis Howell, this school demanded a two-year study before graduation; and in 1891, 77 students had graduated. In 1890 the school moved to a building in Louisville and in 1918, the Louisville College of Dentistry reorganized as a school of the University of Louisville. The history of the drill the dentist used - . (Sources shown below). "The earliest devices for doing this were picks and enamel scissors. Then two-edged cutting instruments were designed, they were twirled in both directions between the fingers." "In 1868 the American George F. Green introduced a pneumatic drill powered by a pedal bellows. Fellow American James B. Morrison patented a pedal bur drill in 1871. A further improvement of the Nasmyth-Merry design, it featured a flexible arm with a "hand" piece to hold the drill, plus a foot treadle and pulleys. In 1874 Green added electricity to the dental drill; powered by electromagnetic motors, it worked well but was heavy and expensive. Plug-in electric drills became available in 1908; by then most dental offices were electrified." Gold leaf as a filling was popular in the United States in the early nineteenth century; Beaten gold was used by 1812. Sponge gold came into vogue in 1853, then adhesives. Baked porcelain inlays were first conceived of in 1862. Crowns and bridges were manufactured thousands of years ago. A crown which was patented in 1885, used porcelain fused to a platinum post, replacing the unsatisfactory wooden posts previously used. False teeth have been around also for thousands of years. But at the time of the early Kentucky settlement, when dentists became available for more and more towns, teeth replacements were a little better than when Queen Elizabeth supposedly filled the holes in her mouth with cloth when she had to speak in public! False teeth were made from animal bones, ivory (especially from elephants or hippopotami), human teeth pulled from cadavers or sold by poor people to raise money. But these human teeth didn't last - they rotted, browned and became rancid. If one was rich, you could buy false teeth made of silver, agate, gold, or mother of pearl. Next came porcelain teeth. Many attempts were made from 1772 on to find a way to deaden the pain of extraction and dental work; I won't list them here. Nitrous oxide was finally made a practical anesthetic in 1863. Cocaine was widely used as a local anesthetic. Source: http://www.smiledoc.com/dentist/denhis.html According to the University of Louisville College of Dentistry, the following records are available for their School of Medicine: Date/Extent : ca. 1837- Description : Records of the University of Louisville School of Medicine and its predecessor schools are held in the History Collections of Kornhauser Health Sciences Library including records from the University of Louisville School of Medicine which traces its history from the Louisville Medical Institute (1837 to 1845), the Medical Department of the University of Louisville (1846 to 1922), and other schools absorbed by the University of Louisville including the Kentucky School of Medicine (1850 to 1908), the Louisville Medical College (1869 to 1908), the Hospital College of Medicine (1873 to 1908), and the Kentucky University Medical Department (1898 to 1907). These records date to 1837, with a fairly complete set of school announcements or catalogs, listing the names of the faculty and students, the required classes and texts, the cost, and other pertinent information. Faculty minutes date to 1859, along with faculty photographs. Admission to medical classes and lectures in the 19th and early 20th centuries was by matriculation tickets, and there are samples of those dating to 1848. There are student records, mainly in the form of ledgers, for some of the schools, beginning in 1875. Class photographs date to 1886 and document most graduating classes from all of the various schools. There is also an incomplete set of photographs of the anatomy classes beginning in 1892. Commencement programs start in 1909. More recent records include a consultant's report of 1948, curriculum committee records from 1957 to 1967, accreditation reports from 1965, Alumni Bulletin, executive committee minutes from 1923 to 1927, reports, correspondence, and other general material from the office of the medical school dean from 1923 to 1978. There is memorabilia from the university's centennial and sesquicentennial celebration, along with various publications of the schools and student organizations including yearbooks. The collection also includes records of the history of the University of Louisville School of Dentistry (previously the Louisville College of Dentistry, Department of Central University of Kentucky and associated with the Hospital College of Medicine (1887 to 1900); and the Louisville College Dentistry, Department of Central University of Kentucky (1900 to 1918). Also present are class photographs beginning in 1889, school publications such as newsletters and yearbooks beginning in 1908, annual bulletins or catalogs beginning in 1918, faculty records which date to 1923 and include minutes, contracts (1930 to 1937), scrapbooks (1945 to 1969), and grant proposals. There is material related to the dental hygiene program, as well as photographs of the buildings, clinics and laboratories, and deans of the schools of medicine, dentistry, and nursing. There also is a collection of records relating specifically to the Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, including those of the library administration, complete with book and journal orders, financial records, faculty minutes, director's correspondence, annual reports, reference requests, publications, and photographs of the construction of the library and commons building which houses Kornhauser Health Sciences Library. The history of the Medical Library Committee and the Friends of Kornhauser Health Sciences Library are documented by minutes, reports, correspondence, and photographs from 1919 to 1980. Among the History Collections also are the papers of Joan Titley Adams, Director of the Health Sciences Library from 1961 to 1978. Repository : Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, 500 South Preston Street, Louisville KY 40202 Mailing Address: Kornhauser Library, University of Louisville, Louisville KY 40292 Cross Streets: between Muhammad Ali Blvd. and Chestnut St. Building Location: The second floor of the building behind the large sculpture in the courtyard. Check http://www.louisville.edu/library/kornhauser/subpages/info/faq.html to find out library hours, availability of help, etc. (c) Copyright 12 Sept 2002, Sandra K. Gorin. All rights reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

The following short tip might be of interest to our researchers as an explanation of early land settlement in Kentucky. In all the old history books, especially in Collin's History of Kentucky, it was noted that many of the Virginians who came to Kentucky came for the purpose of "improving for friends and for speculation." There was a tremendous amount of land speculation in the earliest days of Kentucky settlement; men who bought up land by the thousands of acres and then sold it, often at inflated prices to those actually wishing to settle in Kentucky. Remember, before 1792, Kentucky was still part of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia legislators sought a way to "regularize" distribution of what were called the "western lands", thus in 1776, they came up with what became a totally unworkable solution. It was known as the "corn patch and cabin rights law. The law, which sounded good on paper, stated that a settler on these western lands could show serious intent to establish a claim for land there (i.e., land they wished to personally settle on) by erecting a cabin and planting a patch of corn prior to January 1, 1778. The settler could then establish a claim to 400 acres of land if he also procured a Virginia land warrant and registered a deed. But, the Virginia Legislature forgot to specify a few things. It didn't say how big the cabin had to be and how big a corn patch! Speculators, anxious to claim land scurried off to what is now Kentucky and obeyed the law to the letter. They threw a few pieces of freshly-hewn lumber together and called it a cabin; planted a few corn seeds (maybe as few as 2-3) and said it was their corn patch. Of course, some who did this were legitimate settlers also. They took back off then for Virginia and followed the rest of the requirements. The next step was the "preemption warrant" - in which the settler could apply for up to one thousand additional acres. There were four steps that had to be completed next to enter a land claim: 1 - obtain the warrant 2 - make an entry 3 - survey the land 4 return the survey and entry to the land office. If approved, the land office entered a patent for the claim. James R. Columbia, on a web site entitled The Early History of Orangeburg, Mason County, Kentucky, entered an example of the above which I would like to quote here. "Richard Masterson this day claimed [for Francis McDermed] a settlement & pre-emption to a tract of Land in the district of Kentucky on Acc't of Mak'g a Crop of Corn in the Country in the year 1776 lying on the War road leading from the Mouth of Cabbin Creek to the Upper Blue Licks about 6 Miles from the mouth of the s'd Creek to include a large Lick, satisfactory proof being made to the Court they are of Opinion that the s'd McDermid has a right to a settlement of 400 acres of Land to include the above Location & the prempt'n of 1000 Acres adjoining & that a Cert. issue accordingly. This law didn't accomplish what it set out to do as land speculators could still dash in, build a "cabin", plant some corn and then head out to do the same thing elsewhere. Thomas D. Clark, the noted current day historian wrote of this law and called it "clumsy and unworkable." When you read in the early surveys or deeds of "including improvements" this could be something as simple as planting a crop, building a cabin or shed, clearing a timber for farming purposes, building a fence or other minor changes to the original land. (c) Copyright 5 September 2002, Sandra K. Gorin. All rights reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

Kentucky is blessed in having an abundance of natural resources and one of the largest in times past was found in the iron industry. Employing thousands of Kentuckians, this industry provided much income for the state. Iron was critical to the early settlers for their guns, pots and pans and tools. But it was also extremely difficult to haul over the early settlement routes of the Ohio River or Cumberland Trail. The need was great; iron pots for needed for the salt making industry; weapons to fight the Native American tribes which still roamed the soon-to-be state. In Bath County, settler Jacob Myers built the fist iron furnace on Slate Creek in 1791. It was a charcoal-burning furnace with water-powered bellows which produced approximately one ton of iron per day and was soon turned into cooking kettles, farm equipment and nails. Col. Thomas Dye Owings from Maryland became the first "iron-master" and as the iron furnaces produced, the markets increased through the state. Andrew Jackson was said to have purchased cannon balls here for the Battle of New Orleans. The mill became known as "Old Thunder Mill." It was soon evident that the industry needed Legislative help and the Kentucky Legislature enacted laws to ensure roads would be built to the mills, improved waterways to the furnaces and exempted them from taxes. During the period of 1790-1900, according to the Kentucky Encyclopedia, there were about 80 iron furnaces built in Kentucky. By 1830 there were 58 furnaces. These were located in the following areas: Red River Region: Estill, Lee, Powell, Menifee and Bath Counties. Hanging Rock Region: Greenup, Boyle, Carter and Lawrence Counties. Nolin River Region: Bullitt, Edmonson, Grayson, Muhlenberg and Nelson Counties. Cumberland Region: Crittenden, Caldwell, Livingston, Lyon and Trigg Counties. Middlesboro Region: Bell County. The Aetna Furnace in Hart Co (built 1816), was so large as to cover 10,000 acres. They produced kettles, andirons, castings, stoves and bar iron for the foundaries. Near Paradise, KY, Robert S. C. A. Alexander bought 178,000 acres and brought workers in from as far away as Scotland. But the soil here was not as rich in iron ore as believed and shut down within a period of a few months. At Middlesboro, Alexander Arthur built what he thought was going to be a boom town near the Watts furnaces in 1890. These furnaces closed in 1898. Grand Rivers in Livingston County began in 1890-91 and has had two furnaces built 60 feet high. It closed in 1921 at a loss of millions. There were furnaces in the Hanging Rock region in Carter, Boyd and Greenup Counties; by 1880's Ashland, KY was producing a large amount of iron ore. Airdrie Furnace in Muhlenberg County was the first furnace in KY, in 1856, to try to use raw coal instead of charcoal in its processing - this was a failure. Finally, Kentucky lost out to its competition to other iron ore producing states. The life of the iron worker was not an easy one. Again, according to the Kentucky Encyclopedia, "Ore and limestone mined near the furnace were mixed with charcoal prepared on the property and burned together in a stone stack to produce workable iron. Some of this product was further refined under a huge forge hammer to produce wrought iron for blacksmiths. Hollow ware like pots, stoves and the like was often cast in sand molds in a cast house adjacent to the furnace." The furnace itself could be from 30-45 feet high and was made of stone. One furnace could produce from 3-10 ten tons of iron clay per day. In some counties, particularly those such as the Buena Vista furnace in Boyd County and Laurel furnace in Greenup county, furnaces were simply carved out of the tall cliffs nearby. Triangular aches were found in Green County's New Hampshire furnace and the Cottage furnace in Estill County. Flat-topped arches were built at Clear Creek in Bath County and the Belmont furnace in Bullitt County. Stepped arches were at Mt. Savage in Carter County and Mammoth in Lyon Co. Brick furnaces were built at the Center furnace in the Cumberland-Tennessee river region. As with coal miners, the iron worker was often looked down upon as somehow second class citizens. Boarding houses, hotels, blacksmith shops and other small industries grew up around the iron furnaces; but saloons were seldom seen as appeared out west in the gold mining areas. Slaves worked in the iron furnaces also. For more information I would suggest the following sources: The Kentucky Encyclopedia, University Press of Kentucky, (c) 1992. http://users.stargate.net/~vagelk/primer.htm - An 1870's Primer. This explains the iron making process and has excellent diagrams. http://academics.vmi.edu/gen_ed/Iron/felix.htm - a detailed description of the history of iron making in Virginia. (c) Copyright 29 August 2002, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

I sent this tip out yesterday, but it must be on its way to the moon ... never came back. If you receive two copies, my apologies, but think it got lost somewhere! Sandi WHAT'S IN A WILL? I've discussed wills before but from some of the questions I've received, I feel that some of you might not be all that clear about what's involved in a will, how it was handled and who was involved. Let's start with some standard definitions, most of which hold true for this day and age also. A will or no will? An individual dying testate left a will. An individual dying intestate did not leave a will. The 3 types of wills: 1 - Attested will. Is in writing, has been signed by the maker and has the required number of witnesses. 2 - Holographic will. Written by the maker, signed and dated, but no witnesses. 3 - Nuncupative will - a death bed will; oral dictation by a family member or friend. A holographic will be invalidated under certain circumstances. If anyone else writes on the will it was not considered. Many times this style of will was found by family members among his/her personal effects and it can't be filed with an attorney unless the personal papers found with it are filed also. The nuncupative will has to be filed within a certain time frame and presented before the probate judge within a specified time after the date of the testator. Intestate estates (those without a will) have an administrator appointed and are distributed to the heirs according to the probate laws of that particular state. The widow had her 1/3rd dower; and the husband of a deceased woman had what is called a curtesy right. It could range from 1/3rd to ½ of her estate. Children, even illegitimate children were given their share also, and down to grandchildren. An individual leaving a will, dying testate named an executor or executrix (the female side) to handle his affairs. It was their responsible to carry out the wishes of the deceased in distribution. If some of the bequests went to minors or those of limited mental capabilities, a guardian was designed by the will writer or the court. This guardian could handle the money affairs of the minor or incapacitated. How was the will processed (and still to this day with some variations depending on the state)? 1. A case is begun as a petition by the heirs to receive authority to begin the probate process. This can be given verbally or written. If written, the names of all the heirs, their addresses and relationship to the deceased must be included. This list is filed with the papers dealing with the estate. Verbal petitions were found in the minute books of the court. In either case, the request must include the name of the executor/executrix who is asking to be approve. If there is no will and a petition is issued to proceed with the distribution, the spouse or a surviving child makes the petition and approval comes from the court. 2. If there is a will, the will must be proven. Witnesses to the original will were called to testify and to verify that the testator was of sane mind when he/she made her will and that it was their decision - they were not under any pressure to make the bequests. Wills could be contested at this stage and found to be invalid and it was not entered into the county will book records. 3. If the court finds the will satisfactory, they give written authority to the executor/executrix. The individual named has to file a bond IN AN AMOUNT EQUAL TO THE ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE ESTATE. If the testator requests that "no bond be required" in the will, the state normally honors this. Bondsmen - those who posted bond for this will were normally relatives, heirs or now, bonding companies. 4. An inventory is taken next, if the individual died intestate. Three disinterested parties (in other words, they could not be relatives) are appointed by the court to conduct the inventory and appraise the property. This was to protect the family from "premature sales" and distributions. In early days, the notice of this inventory and appraisal was posted on a door of the courthouse, or in a local newspaper for 3 weeks. 5. While all the above is taking place, the family needed some money to live on. They were given cash or crops and the dower was actually set aside to protect it. 6. Guardians were appointed for the minors or incompetent to manage their share. The guardians also had to post bond. 7. In order to pay creditors or provide support, it was sometimes necessary to sell part of the estate to raise funds. The executor or administrator had to petition the court in order to do this and had to keep detailed records of what was turned into cash and to whom it was distributed and when. 8. Periodic reports could be required during this time frame to be sure that the executor or administrator was doing what was required of them. They had to report what they had done, if property had been sold, and if any of the heirs had died in the mean time. 9. When everything is done, the executor or administrator made a final report to the county showing distribution to the heirs; each heir had to sign a notice that they had in fact received their share. 10. The case is closed and the papers filed. When one looks in the will books found at the county court house, it is likely that you are looking at the county clerk's handwritten transcription, not the actual document. The testator would have to sign that copy however. The original documents were filed away and are available in most counties. As noted before, if a man died testate and made provision for his wife; she could accept or reject his provisions. If she felt she could obtain a better settlement by taking her widow's dower and a renunciation was filed. She did not have to explain why she didn't like his provisions, just that she preferred to take her dower. These renunciations were filed (and copied) along with the wills above. There are variations of course to the above and each state might have slightly different rules. The laws changed from year to year also and I have not attempted to give every state's variation. Community property states of today have different steps. As a final note, the bondsmen didn't lose any money when they posted bond unless there was an unqualified or dishonest administrator or executor who abscounded with all the property! (c) Copyright 22 August 2002, Sandra K. Gorin. All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

What's that? Oh, it's just our genealogy blowing up in our face, nothing major! Oh boy, how major it is! How can our genealogy blow up you ask? Easily - let me give you some ways you can whiz through your genealogical research and have it all blow into smithereens! Quick Genealogy: 1. Use the internet for your entire research. You've found your family right off. Whow! There it is, done by someone called Irene Idiot who has your line traced all the way back to Adam. Wish she had some documentation, but gosh, she must have had access to all the family Bibles, census records and everything to be that thorough. Just plug that into my files and I'm done. Bet that'll impress my family scoffers who think I can never get through a family tree on my illusive family. That'll show them. Hmmm .... it is strange that some of these dates don't work out; didn't know Great-Aunt Maude had my aunt at 70, but stranger things have happened! Slow Genealogy: 1. Use the internet files available BUT "let the buyer beware". I use them of course, but what I do (just an idea) is to put them in a separate gedcom or file. I check to see if others have submitted on the same line and put there records there too. Then I start trying to pick them apart using my own confirmed records. I write to the individual, who if they really are certain of their information, should write you back and give you source citations. Don't just take it in one fell swoop. Prove, disprove, keep and discard! Quick Genealogy: 2. When you're compiling information, skip the female lines; you're just interested in the male descendency anyway. Slow Genealogy: 2. Hey - you're missing a LOT of good information. Don't you think that the sisters, mothers, wives, aunts and nieces had connections with the family? Weren't family members mentioned in wills, deeds, nearby on census records? What if your great uncle Sam didn't know how to write all that well and his sister-in-law preserved all the family records? Don't forget the females!! Quick Genealogy: 3. I don't need to go to court house myself, someone has already microfilmed or transcribed the whole thing! Ouch! Now I know that many times we are forced to rely on transcriptions of books - that's what I do for a living. But guess what? There are hundreds of books I haven't (and won't be able to) transcribe. What if someone dropped a spot of coffee on the microfilm and the name looks like yours but instead of being John Jumpinghorse it was John Juniper? What if a compilist couldn't read the writing all that well and thought it said that Mary was born in 1792 and it was 1798? Slow Genealogy: 3. If you can see the source do! I know we can't all jump in our private jet and land on the court house lawn, but we can send for a copy of the original if it still exists. Copy costs are extremely reasonable and I have published the addresses of all the court houses in KY in a previous tip. If the original is no longer available, try to prove or disprove the information by other source data. Quick Genealogy: 4. If you're at the library, only look for books that are indexed. Slow Genealogy: 4: Oh yes, we know it's maddening. You're on a limited time schedule, and the book isn't indexed, or only has a surname index. Forget it. Not. We all miss a LOT of good data this way so take the time to scan through the book! Quick Genealogy: 5. Don't worry about looking at the deeds too closely; just get the names of the man who was selling the land and the date. The rest is of no importance. Slow Genealogy: 5. You've got to be kidding! There's a ton of information in those sometimes hard to understand deeds. Who was your ancestor selling to - a relative perhaps? Who owned land around the plot that was being sold? Was your ancestor dividing up his land to his children when they married - could that be his son-in-law? Who was the chain carrier? Likely children of the neighbors or his. Was it a military survey - if so, he had military service (or bought from someone who had seen service) and there might be clues in those records. Was he the original owner and it was coded "first rate land". That means he might have been a soldier in the Revolutionary War as they were given the first rate land. Lots of possibilities. Quick Genealogy: 6. When reading census records, just write down your family's information. Don't worry about the neighbors! Slow Genealogy: 6. Wrong! See #5 above. Families stayed closed together for many years. You can often find families in a certain area all moving together into a new area. You can find the daughter's husband and his families sometimes. You can see why Great-grandpa Kerthud sold his land to someone - they lived right next door on adjacent farms. Sometimes the children of your family hired out as farm hands to neighbors. Quick Genealogy: 7. Don't worry about documentation and backing up your information. My granddaughter will understand what I've said and know where to look. Slow Genealogy: 8. I think you know the answer to this one. We ALL are guilty (aren't we) of not documenting our sources when we first begin our genealogy career. And it will come back to haunt us the rest of our lives. And backing up information, oh yes. How many of us have had a hard drive crash? Or lost our notebooks? I'll give you an example. Back in the early 1970's when I was yet but a child (well sort of), I was on a researching trip with another Gorin couple from Texas. We were in Bowling Green KY or someplace close and had hit pay dirt. We had lugged in all our note books and for hours sat huddled over books and source documents. We were thrilled as we emerged from the catacombs into daylight many hours later. Having two younger children with us, we were tired, they were fussy and we weren't walking a straight line from hours of being bent over microfilm readers and books. We loaded into their rental car and drove back to the town where we were staying ... babbling away as only genealogists can about our finds. When suddenly it dawned on us. Our notebooks were missing. We were about 100 miles away at the time when the other gentleman remembered that when getting into the car and shushing the boys, he had laid the notebooks on top of the car while he unlocked the door. Well, this story had a happy ending as a motorist behind us tried for 20 miles to beep us down. He had seen the papers fly off the top of the car and scurried out to retrieve them all. But we were so busy talking we hadn't heard him. Thankfully, there was an address inside one of the notebooks of any Gorin descendant in Greensburg, KY. He drove over 100 miles out of his way and delivered all the notebooks to this gentleman - thankfully a close kin who was interested in the family tree and recognized the scribbled notes. He in turn mailed them all the way to Texas. We were fortunate, many times, it doesn't work that way. The moral of the story - back up your data whether in written form or on a computer. One keystroke can destroy years worth of research. Our descendants might not know that a disk called Miscellaneous has anything of interest on it. The notebooks can become lost or pitched away as ramblings of a genealogy nut. I try to back up my data on the computer monthly, more often if I've made a lot of changes. One of my daughters who is genealogically blessed has a copy of my files and I of hers. My best friend who shares my passion knows what goes where and who gets what. In closing, ask yourself - are you a quick genealogist or a slow genealogist? Remember the tortoise and the hare? We ALL want to get our family tree done in our lifetime of course. But let's not get lost in the rush and clobber the data. It's rough enough with our not being there and many times it's "how it might have been". But let's make our best effort to make it the best product we can! (c) Copyright 15 August 2002, Sandra K. Gorin. All rights reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

TIP #403 - THE PRINTED WORD One of the first sources a new family researcher looks for is a book of biographies. How many of us have headed off to the library and started searching through the books to see if our ancestor's name appears in print? Thus a book of biographies can be a God-send to us. It could answer a lot of our questions including our ancestor's full name, his parents' name, possibly grandparents and great-grandparents, where and when he was born, who he married (likely information about his wife's family), names of his children, what he did for a living, special training, his political affiliation (this was much in vogue in the 18th and early 19th centuries), church membership and military engagements. But before we start beaming with joy when we find the most beautiful write-up on our ancestor (if we're lucky!), remember the old adage "let the buyer beware." Well, "let the reader beware!" I remember all too well when my bubble was burst in my early years of researching by an older and wiser family historian. I was just beaming as I went to the copy machine to make a photocopy of this masterpiece. It was magnificent! What an education, what a hero; surely the head of any family tree of renown! The other lady, wise beyond her years, brought me down to earth with a thud by telling me that a lot of this biographies were called "vanity books". Publishers toured the state and drummed up business by selling space in a book of biographies that any family would be proud to own. There was a fee set, and the more the subject wanted to pay, the longer and more glowing his biography. The editor did no genealogical research to prove or disprove the gentleman's (or gentle lady's) claim. He took what the person wrote, possibly changing some punctuation here and there and made the sentences more readable. So .... if the fellow wanted to embellish his military service a tad here and there, or increase the acreage, or call his cabin a "mansion house" or forget to say that Grandpa had been hung as a horse thief ... so be it. Thankfully, most of the subjects were honest and put the facts down as they remembered them or knew them. Were there errors? Certainly. But, a biography can start us on the trail of finding out more about our ancestor as a real person. Church biographies, of ministers and church officials, tended to be honest to the point of embarrassment at times. No flowery words if the minister had a problem with drinking, or wasn't a good speaker, or sang off key, or was a little on the obese side - or fell into "heresy" and left the denomination. But, the editor, normally another minister, could really praise the subject too if he was a good exhorter, could read the Word fluently and cared for his people. Listed below are some of the main biographical sources for individuals in Kentucky and where they can be found. Ancestry.com will lead you to biographies in print by using their search feature on line. Dickey, John Jay. Autobiography and Diary. Lexington, Ky.: University of Kentucky, 1951. John Jay Dickey (1842-1934) was a Baptist minister from Fleming County, Kentucky, who used his diary to record the genealogies of anyone who would allow him to do so. The diary runs from 18 November 1882 to 15 October 1933. See below for index book of same. These deal primarily with the eastern counties of Kentucky. Biographical Cyclopedia of the Commonwealth of Kentucky: Embracing Biographies of Many of the Prominent Men and Families of the State. Originally printed in 1896, this has been reprinted by S. C. Easley, Southern Historical Press, 1980. There are several hundred biographies and is indexed. Biographical Directory of the Kentucky General Assembly. Frankfort, Ky.: Published by the Kentucky Historical Society, 1964. This is a directory which includes members of every session of the Kentucky General Assembly from 1792 to 1964.There is a notes section which often gives the date andplace of death of the official if he died in office. It also shows any expelled officials, when expelled and why. Biographical Encyclopedia of Kentucky of the Dead and Living Men of the Nineteenth Century. Published in 1878 by J. M. Armstrong, Cincinnati, OH; shown as 2 volumes in one. There are over 1,000 biographies, is indexed. Denominational Biographies: Most major denominations have published histories of their churches which normally contain biographies on the ministers and sometimes lay people. Draper Biographical Sketches, University of Chicago Library, published 1951. This is on microfilm only and includes many biographies of early Kentucky notables. It is not indexed. Family History Libraries. The Family History Libraries across the United States have large files of family histories and biographies. Kentucky Biography Project. This is an internet site which was originally the brainchild of the late Jeff Murphy. In his desire to have a computer copy of old biographies no longer under copyright, Jeff set up a website for posting these biographies. I was fortunate to work with Jeff in the very beginning of this project and helped him develop the criteria as well as typing quite a few thousand biographies. Other typists volunteered their time and approximately 7,000 biographies were entered out of Perrin's history and many other books not shown in this listing. When Jeff became ill, I set up a query list version of the site for those without internet abilities and have posted over 8,000 biographies. These are also archived to a Kentucky biography board at: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec?htx=board&r=rw&p=localities.northam.usa.st ates.kentucky.bios I am currently still posting from the original site and have added approximately 2,000 new biographies to my rootsweb site above. The original site was transferred to a rootsweb board after Jeff's untimely death and can be found at: http://www.rootsweb.com/~kygenweb/kybiog/search.html The above site will have the original biographies less the ones I have added in the first site shown. Kentucky Genealogy and Biography. This series is likely the most popular of all biography series of Kentucky residents. These were vanity books and have been reprinted by Southern Historical Press. Some are available in soft cover as well as hard-bound. The reprints have eliminated much of the extraneous materials about the counties and contain the biographies, by county, in alphabetical order. The original title was Kentucky, a History of the State, by W. H. Perrin, et al., published during the 1880s. Kentucky Historical Society, Frankfort, KY. The society has a large amount of biographies and family histories. Must visit in person. Kentucky Index of Biographical Sketches in State, Regional and County Histories. Authored by Michael L Cook, Evansville, Ind.: Cook Publications, 1986. This index is in alphabetical order and given the page number and reference book where found. Pioneer Ghosts of Kentucky was authored by Wilma Winton. It deals with the life of John Jay Dickey and is an index to the Dickey Diaries. It is a 4-voume set, published 1986. You may check a much early tip on early historians in Kentucky for other volumes which may be found in some of the major Kentucky libraries. (c) Copyright 8 August 2002, Sandra K.Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

I know you have all received a post about ink and toner that came thru to the list. I think it's my boo-boo. I have been harrassed this morning by a poster to my bios list and it was getting pretty hairy. I was trying to find the place on our list owner tools to block him from resubbing to the list (I had taken him off). Well, the "tools page" is a little different these days and I couldn't find the site where I could block him. There is a reject page where rootsweb itself has blocked people from posting spam and it had a reference to click on Post if you wanted to see what had been blocked - something very vague. I clicked on it and I think that released the blocked mail to the list. In fact, I did it twice! So, eating humble pie - this came from me and not the list and now I know not to click on that "post". I assume it's there in case they blocked something and it was legit - this would allow me let it go thru. I do apologize! Sandi Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html < >< God Bless America ><>

How often do we watch movies or television about the frontier days and see it pictured as a romantic, cozy, loving group of families? The ladies are all dressed in their perky sun bonnets and long flowing skirts; the men dashing in their clean hunting clothes, carrying polished guns. Children gleefully playing around the fort or settlement; dogs barking, cattle grazing nearby. Well, I hate to tell you, that's not the way it was! Life in a fort was far from glamorous; in fact it was pretty well the most inhumane and unsanitary place in the world. Let's take a look at the life of those brave and most of the times, rough-hewn men and women who came into Kentucky in the early days before statehood and shortly thereafter. When settlers attempted to come into Kentucky, it was still a time of Indian raids. Many never made it to the safety of a fort (old forts have been shown in previous tips) because of Indian attacks, drowning, exhaustion, illness - danger waited around every bend of the buffalo trail. Those that were survivors went immediately, or shortly thereafter, to the relative safety of a fort. Kentuckians had to learn how to build the forts for the maximum safety from attack and they were at best crude structures. Most forts had attached homes, if so they could be called, built together on three sides of a square. The fourth side was open and fenced so the settler could go for water, salt making or hunting. In some forts, there were houses, or rooms rather, on the fourth side with a narrow gate. Normally the corner house was two story where lookouts could watch for attack. Thus each side of a settler's house had an attached wall, there were no windows in the back and of course, none of either side. A narrow front door and likely a window faced the interior of the fort. Most if not all had dirt floors and upwards of a dozen family members would be crammed into a one room cabin. As more settlers came, families had to double-up; privacy there wasn't! Inside the cabins were only the basics. The settlers could only bring what their wagons or pack animals could carry, and much of this had been tossed along side the trail on the way when the wagons mired down or the pack animals lacked the strength to pull such a heavy load - many animals dying along the way. Sleeping was done on straw mats, cooking down over fires, and the dishware many times hand carved after arrival. Wooden bowls and utensils replaced the cherished silverware. Hand carved chairs and tables were hastily made if the family had lost or tossed way bureaus, chests and dining tables. Most windows were not paned and the "housewife" and other residents were constantly infested with mosquitoes and other flying nasties - which also spread disease rapidly. Cloth, old clothes, furs or anything handy was hung over the windows in the rainy and winter seasons with much of the elements coming inside to chill or drench the occupants. It has been said by many authors that it was often difficult to tell the American men from the Indians. After a time at the fort, they adapted their clothes to the elements, the terrain and the conditions. This was not a place for silver buckled shoes, short pants and white shirts. Bodies tanned and hardened, injuries were endured and the settler took on the look of the native Americans. Many of the men wore moccasins and found that the breeches of the Indian protected them from the brambles and briars of the virgin forest. The women's clothes soon became frayed and worn from repeated washings on a rock by a nearby river bank; hair which might have been beautifully styled in the past now would hang around the face or pulled back into a bun to keep it out of their way. The children ran barefoot and toys were fairly well unknown at this time with the exception of stick horses, fashioned balls and sticks. In the field area with the cabins surrounding it, all of the activities of the fort took place. Horses grazed, chickens ran, children played, meetings held ... it was the common area. With the close proximity of the livestock, flies and vermin bred unhampered. The only livestock allowed most frequently outside of the compound were the hogs. These hogs were nothing more than wild boars who fed and became often quite ferocious. The meat was often inedible. The men were the hunters. They would venture out in search of the wild turkey, deer, buffalo, coyote, anything that could put meat on the table. They also tried to make salt. If the fort planners had been wise, they had built the fort on a higher elevation and near a stream. Indians could never figure out why the white man craved so much salt, but it was necessary not only for the diet but in the preservation of food. Fishing was done in the nearby streams by the men and boys when no reports of Indians had been received. When the Indians were in far away camps, the men attempted to start crops of Indian corn. Vegetable gardens were grown in and outside of the fort, but most of the early settlers were better hunters than they were garden growers. Sometimes the men at the fort would be gone for months and years while out hunting, trapping or Indian fighting. During these times the women had to take over the man's job and on numerous occasions, the wife remarried, thinking her husband long dead. He might come home a year later to find his beloved wife married to another man and with another child. The women were a mixed crowd too. Weary, likely pre-maturely gray and often sharp tongued. They did the cooking, the gardening inside the fort, patched up the wounds of the men, tried to mend clothes for not only their only family but the bachelors among the fort residents. As there were normally more single men then young ladies, they found time for courting rapidly and marriages took place among the fort's occupants. Some young ladies gained a rather questionable reputation and there were a goodly number of out of wedlock children born. A man needed a woman to look after him and he sought the first girl of marrying age (sometimes as young as 13 and 14) he could. The language was often as salty as that which they gathered from the streams. Church wasn't much thought of at the time. This isn't to say that all the settlers were heathen and uncivilized .... but the tremendous pressure on the people to even stay alive pressed hard upon all people. The life expectancy was low. Many dangers faced them daily including: Diseases: Caused by improperly prepared meats, bug infestations, unsanitary living conditions, epidemics. Indians: Always a threat; they were able to come up to the fort without being heard. The women had to gather the water for drinking, cooking and washing, and the men sat at the fort and watched from the corner watchtowers. Many tribes roamed Kentucky and the white man was taking their land and their food. When there was an attack, every able-bodied man, woman and child was handed a gun; slaves included. The Indians were cruel during this time frame and attempted to kill and scalp the white man and kidnap the women and children to be raised with the tribe. They were often entranced with the delicate beauty of the white woman and a captive woman or child became someone to be fought over as a warrior's squaw to do his cooking and cleaning. Men were sometimes taken alive and used as work horses for the tribe; Daniel Boone's capture is an example of this. Accidents: People drowned, had felled trees fall on them, were attacked by the wild animals, cut themselves critically with axes and hand made tools. It was an extremely dangerous life for man and beast. Starvation: When the Indians were camped around, they often ran out of food. If the crops had been destroyed by the Indians, or there had been a particularly harsh winter or summer and the crops didn't produce, hunger was a constant factor. Sometimes the men were forced to go deeper and deeper into the woods to try to capture the wild pigs, or to stalk large game. It has been written that many of the people who survived the fort alive or escaped to go back home, were sickly and walking skeletons. But, somehow, by the providence of God, men, women and children survived. They battled the weather, the native Americans, the dangers and the diseases and cleared the land. As treaties were signed and the Indian moved his tribes west or north, more settlers came rushing in. Eventually, it was safer for the family to move out of the confines of his little room the fort and settle the land they had paid for or squatted upon. More and more individual dwellings dotted the landscape - often to be burned to the ground by a renegade tribe; but those that survived evolved into more of a normal family in their own quarters. Militia still patrolled the areas, skirmishes still occurred, illness still ravaged the land, but those who had made it knew that it had been worth it all. Could we have had the courage, the strength, the determination to have done as they? (c) Copyright 1 August 2002, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin, 205 Clements, Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html < >< God Bless America ><>

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Final known divorces handled by the Kentucky State Legislature. SLOAN, Joseph and Rebecca B, 7 Feb 1840. SMART, William D and Lucinda, 2 Mar 1843. SMITH, Catharine (RICE) and Samuel, 23 Feb 1846. SMITH, Christiana and Terrence, 26 Nov 1800. SMITH, Hickerson and Jane, 24 Feb 1849 (Russell Co). SMITH, Nancy W and William, 2 Mar 1843. SMITH, Samuel from ____, 27 Feb 1849. SMITH, Thomas and Jane, 28 Jan 1837. SMOCK, Henry and Ann, 23 Dec 1820. SMOOT, Memory (RAZOR) and John, 4 Mar 1843. SNEED, Henry C and Emerine (CROUCH), 28 Feb 1849. SNELLING, Henry from Isabella BRENTS, 28 Feb 1848, her marriage to SMOTHERS, William Legalized. SNIDER, Cornelius and Lydia, 7 Jan 1840. SPANGLER, William and Nancy, 30 Nov 1821. SPENCER, David and Deborah, 19 Feb 1849. SPILLMAN, Sally and William, 22 Jan 1833. STAMPER, Richard and Rebecca, 28 Feb 1848. STAPLES, Mary and John H, 1 Feb 1838. STAPP, Sinclair and Sally R, 7 Feb 1845. STEEL, William and Isabella, 23 Feb 1837. STEELE, Tilman H and Julia Ann (BAKER), 19 Feb 1849. STEENE, William and Elender (CARTICE),10 Mar 1843. STEPHENS, James M and Susan Jane, 3 Mar 1842. STEPHENS, William and Sarah, 2 Feb 1813. STEPHENSON, Jane (VARDIMAN) and Patrick W, 14 Feb 1837 STEVENS, Sarah A and Oliver, 12 Feb 1849 STEWART, Margaret and Stephen, 19 Dec 1821. STEWART, Polly and Levi S, 19 Dec 1820. STEWART, Sarah (DUVALL) and William W, 10 Mar 1843. STILWELL, Catherine G and Robert S, 29 Feb 1848. STILWELL, Daniel and Delilah, 23 Feb1808. STINSON, Margaret (YOURN) and John C, 10 Feb 1841. STIVERS, Charlotte (NELSON) and John, 12 Feb 1840. STRACK, Lewis and ____, 10 Mar 1843. STRINGER, Nancy and Leonard, 28 Feb 1849 (Marshall Co). STROUD, Sally and William, 19 Dec 1821. STUBBLEFIELD, Beverly and Nancy CLARK, 29 Jan 1836. SUFFIEN, Lydia and Samuel, 27 Feb 1849. SULLIVAN, Mary and Jeremiah, 16 Feb 1838. SULLIVAN, William and Hetty, 22 Dec 1836. SULLIVANT, Stephen and Rebecca, 5 Jan 1837. SUMMERS, Susan (MORRIS) and William, 2 Feb 1841 (Bracken Co). SUMPTER, Edmund R and Elizabeth, 9 Feb 1848. SURLOTT, Sarah and George, 13 Feb 1841. SWAN, Elizabeth Ellen (EVE) and John T, 22 Jan 1849. SWIM, Elizabeth and Daniel, 3 Mar 1842. SWINNEY, Elizabeth and Edmund, 29 Feb 1848 (Hopkins Co). TADLOCK, John and Ann, 15 Dec 1804. She deserted him because supposedly her former Husband HARROD, James was living when she maried Tadlock. TATE, Joseph W and Mary C, 23 Feb 1846. TATOR, Eleanor M (RHEA) and Jacob, 4 Jan 1841. John G Tator's name also changed to Rhea. TAYLOR, Charity and Benjamin, 1 Feb 1839. TAYLOR, Eliza and ____, 5 Feb 1841 (Ohio Co). TAYLOR, Julia G and Nicholas M, 28 Feb 1848. TAYLOR, Maria T (POME) and Ebenezer, 17 Feb 1846. TAYLOR, Mary E and Chesley, 27 Feb 1849. TERRY, Stacy and Joseph, 10 Mar 1843. THATCHER, Telitha (VANNAY) and Jonathan, 13 Jan 1837. THOMAS, Lucy and Joseph, 22 Jan 1827. THOMAS, Pamelia and James M, 21 Feb 1840. THOMAS, Richard M and Elizabeth, 3 Feb 1808. THOMAS, Robwert and Hannah (LEWIS), 4 Mar 1843. THOMAS, Virginia (THRELKELD) and Nicholas T, 17 Feb 183. THOMPSON, Rebecca JACKSON and Alexander K, 21 Dec 1821. He an "infamous character" TIEMAN, Charles and Susan, 5 Jan 1837. TILEY, Betsy D (McGRUDER) and ___, 18 Feb 1841. TILLERY, Lott and Charlotte, 1 Mar 1848. TINDAL, Thomas T and Ann, 24 Feb 1849. TISDALE, John W and Elizabeth (JOHNSON), 20 Jan 1837. TOMLINSON, John and Rebecca, 13 Feb 1828. TOWSON, Andrew J and Susan F, 27 Feb 1849. TRACEY, Margaret Alice and Isaac, 22 Jan 1827. TRAUB, Eliza B (SHEBLE) and ____, 15 Feb 1838. TRIMBLE, Henry and Susan, 1 Feb 1838. His marriage to WYATT, Nancy S legalized. TRUNNELL, Henry and Louisa, 29 Feb 1848 TULLY, Sally and Lewis B, 4 Feb 1820 (Washington Co). TURNER, Anderson and WYATT, America, 15 Feb 1842. TURNER, Eliza and Samuel, 18 Jan 1848. TURNER, Jane and John, 28 Feb 1835. TURNER, Nancy (GRAVES) and Harrison, 12 Feb 1840. TURNER, Owen C and Cardine M, 24 Feab 1849. TURNER, Sarah and Frederick, 1 Mar 1848. URSEY, James C and Louisa Jane, 1 Mar 1848. USREY, Louisa Jane (LaFAYETTE) and James, 27 Feb 1849. UTLEY, George and Polly, 25 Nov 1824. VANARSDALL, Peter and Ann, 2 Mar 1843. VANCE, Maria K (KELLY) and Elijah, 18 Feb 1839. VAUGHN, John and Mary, 23 Feb 1849. VINCENT, George Ann (ADAMS) and Alexander W, 29 Feb 1836. WADE, Anderson and America Wyatt, 15 Feb 1842. WAGGERS, Josiah and Barbara, 28 Feb 1849 (Christian Co). WALKER, Adam R and Malinda M, 1 Feb 1839. WALKER, John and Jane, 27 Feb 1849 (Anderson Co). WALKER,Rebecca and William, 1822. WALL, Sally B (RAILEY) and Parham, 14 Feb 1837. WALLACE, William B and Eliza, 29 Jan 1840. WARD, Elizabeth and Andrew, 7 Feb 1840. WARE, Elizabeth (SANDUSKY) and James, 18 Jan 1842. WARE, James and Elizabeth, 5 Feb 1841. WARING, Mariam and John U, 4 Mar 1843. WARREN, Gabriel and Alorina, 4 Mar 1850, her mariage to HOOVER, Willis legalized. WARRENER, Sophia (GRAGG) and Irerson L, 22 Jan 1836. WATKINSON, Sophia (TILLERY) and Redfdord A, 13 Jan 1849. WATSON, Amanda F (KINNAIRD) and William, 2 Feb 1850. WATTS, John C and Susannah, 10 Mar 1843. WATTS, Susannah and John C, 20 Jan 1842. WEATHERSPOON, Major and Elizabeth (PEARSON), 28 Feb 1848. WEBB, Thomas and Susan, 28 Feb 1848. WEBSTER, Cynthia (FORGY) and Samuel, 25 Jan 1842. WELCH, Thomas L and Martha, 9 Jan 1837. WELLER, Elisha and Ann, 23 Feb 1842. WELLS, Elizabeth and David T, 30 Nov 1821. WESTERFIELD, John A and Mahala, 27 Feb 1849. WESTERN, Elizabeth and James, 23 Nov 1820. WHEATLEY, Martha A (BROWN) and george W, 4 Mar 1843. WHEELER, Harriet J and Green H, 12 Feb 1849, her marriage to WADE, David legalized. WHERNS, Henrietta and Jacob, 27 Feb 1797. WHITAKER, Elizabeth and Mark, 9 Feb 1836 or 16 Feb 1838. WHITE, James E and Patsy, 10 Mar 1843. WHITEHEAD,Joshua and Betsy BROCK, 16 Nov 1822. WHITLOCK, Adam and Elizabeth, 28 Feb 1849. WIATT, Elizabeth (WHITE) and Sidihamet, 22 Jan 1849. WILKERSON, Harriett (STRINGFELLOW) and Wyatt, 7 Jan 1840. WILKERSON, Phoebe (DUNN) and H H, 23 Feb 1847. WILKINS, Richard and Rebecca, 3 Mar 1843. WILKINS, Thomas and Margaret, 8 Feb 1837. WILKINSON, Elizabeth and Joseph R, 22 Jan 1849. WILKINSON, William and Juliana, 22 Jan 1848. WILLIAMS, Gilbert and Nancy, 28 Feb 1849. WILLIAMS, Jonathan and Jane, 13 Feb 1847. WILLIAMS, Julia A (ROLAND) and John W, 29 Feb 1848. WILLIAMS, Malachi and Mary, 22 Jan 1849 (Allen Co). WILLIAMS, Marcus and Elizabeth (KRING), 23 Feb 1849. WILLIAMS, Nathan and Elizabeth, 27 Feb 1849. WILLINGHAM, Jarrett and _____, his marriage legalized 19 Dec 1804. WILLIS, Catherine (SHELBY and ____, 1 Mar 1847. WILSON, Margaret (DEVINE) and Henry, 24 Feb 1849. WILSON, Nancy J (PROBERT) and Martin B, 27 Feb 1849. WILSON, William and Polly, 12 Feb 1841. WITHERS, Catherine and William M, 2 Mar 1844 (Anderson Co). WOLF, John C and Sarah, 28 Feb 1848. WOLFORD, George and Abigail, 22 Jan 1849. WOOD, Charlotte and Abraham, 22 Dec 1803. WOOD, Matilda and George G, 28 Feb 1842. WOOD, Sarah (DUNN) and John, 29 Feb 1848 (Garrard Co). WOODEN, Lucy E and David, 4 Mar 1843. WOODS, Andrew and Keziah, 12 Feb 1841. WOODS, John H and Maria, 27 Feb 1849. WOOLFORK, Samuel B and Matilda T, 27 Feb 1849. WORTHINGTON, Mary (CHINN) and Elisha, 4 Mar 1843. WRAGG, Susan and Benjamin F, 4 Mar 1843. WRIGHT, Ambrose R and Catharine, 27 Feb 1849. WRIGHT, John and Elizabeth RENO, 19 Jan 1848. WRIGHT, Susan (PILE) and Stephen, 3 Mar 1842. WYDEL, Elizabeth (St.CLAIR) and Samuel, 21 Feb 1846. YOUNG, Albert G and Catherine N, 2 Feb 1841. YOUNG, William and Mary, 12 Feb 1849. (c) Copyright 25 July 2002, Sandra K.Gorin, All rights reserved. Col. Sandi Gorin, 205 Clements, Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html < >< God Bless America ><>