See the codes from previous posts. DAVIESS CO CONTINUED: HATELY, Robert R, Tec/5, DNB - HENDERSON, Earl J, Pfc, KIA - HINES, Stephen A, Pvt, DNB - HOLBROOK, Gilbert S, Capt, DOW - HOLBROOK, Woodrow, 2nd/Lt, KIA - HOWARD, William A, Sgt, DOW - JOHNSON, Edwin L, S/Sgt, DOW - JONES, Jaems E, Tec/5, DNB - KENDALL, William G, T/Sgt, M - KENENDY, Abe H Jr, T/Sct, KIA - KING, George W, Pfc, KIA - KIRBY, James W, Pfc, KIA - KIRK, Ira T, Pvt, DNB - KITTINGER, William C, 2nd/Lt, KIA - LEE, George T, Pvt, DNB - LEMONS, Charles M, Cpl, DNB - LIKINS, George A, Pfc, KIA - LINDSEY, James E, Pvt, DNB- LONG, Edward W Jr, Pfc, KIA - LONG, Owen C, Sgt, KIA - LYTLE, Julius F, Pfc, DOW - MAHANEY, William J Jr, S/Sgt, DNB - MATTINGLY, S A, S/Sgt, KIA - MAY, Willard D, Tec/4, KIA - MAYFIELD, James M, Sgt, DOW - McCARTHY, Ezra, Pvt, KIA - McCORMICK, Mason L, Capt, DNB - McKINLEY, Babe R, Pfc, KIA - METZNER, Henry L, S/Sgt, FOD - MILLER, John L, Pfc, DOW - MILLS, Joseph C, Sgt, KIA - MUFFETT, James M, Pvt, DNB - MURPHY, Earl J, 2nd/Lt, DNB - MURPHY, Martin B, Pfc, KIA - NEWBOLT, Elisha J, Pfc, DNB - NORRIS, Othniel, 1ST/Lt, DNB - OBERST, Herman J, T/Sgt, DOW - OOST, Charles C, Pvt, KIA - ORMES, Joseph E, 2nd/Lt, KIA - OWENS, John S Jr, FL/O, DNB - PARKS, Neron, Pfc, KIA - PENNEBAKER, Thomas W, Pvt, FOD - PETERS, William H, 2nd/ Lt, FOD - PFOHL, Joseph W, Pfc, KIA - POILES, George J, Pvt, KIA - POOL, Richard I, Sgt, KIA - POWELL, Clifford W, S/Sgt, DNB - POWELL, Edwin J, 2nd/Lt, DNB - PURCELL, Earnest M, Pvt, KIA - RAY, Joseph A, Pfc, KIA - ROBINSON, Samuel A, 1/st LT, KIA - RUMAGE, John L, Pvt, KIA - SAPP, Henry L, Pfc, DNB- SCHWEIKARTH, Maxey W, Pfc, KIA - SCOTT, Sherman, Cpl, DNB - SETTLE, William H, PFC, KIA - SEVERS, Francis N, Tec/4, KIA - SHADWICK, Othor R, 2nd/Lt,KIA - SHOCK, Raymond E, Pvt, KIA - SMILEY, Autrey J, Pvt, DNB -SMITH, Joseph E, Tec/5, DNB - SNEAD, Jack T, S/Sgt, KIA - SOPER, James A, Pfc, KIA - STEVENS, Charles E, Pvt, KIA - STITES, Charles W, Tec/5, KIA - STREHL, James E, Pvt, KIA - SUTTON, Floyd R, Pfc, KIA - TALLEY, Herman, Pfc, KIA - TANNER, Sherril F, Cpl, DNB - TAYLOR, Harold L, Pvt, DOW - THOMAS, Jesse J Jr, S/Sgt, DNB - THOMAS, Patrick V, Tec/4, DNB -THOMASSON, Rethel M, Tec/5, DOW - TICHENOR, William T, S/Sgt, KIA -TIERNEY, James B, Pfc, KIA - TUCKER, Floyd T, Pvt, DOW - VOWELS, Cecil V, Sgt, DNB - WEST, G W, S/Sgt, DOW - WIESMAN, Martin Jr, Pfc, KIA - WILHITE, David L, Capt, FOD - WILSON, Robert C, Tec/5, KIA - WIMSATT, George W, 2nd/LT, DNB - WOOD, Joseph C, Pfc, KIA - WOOSLEY, Jake, Pfc, DNB -YATES, Emmett A, Tec/5, DNB EDMONSON CO: BARKER, Henry H Jr, 1st/Lt, FOD - BLANTON, Hobert E, Tec/5, DNB - BLUNK, Rauden C, Pvt, DOW - BROOKS, Thomas F, Pfc, DNB - BROWNING, James C, 2nd/Lt, FOD - BULLOCK, Raymond W, Pvt, KIA - DENNISON, Noah R, Pfc, KIA - DOLAN, William C, Col, DNB - DOZIER, Edward I, S/Sgt, DNB - DUVALL, James A, Pvt, KIA - FANT, John E, Tech/5, DNB - HANSON, Louis R, 2nd/Lt, DNB - HANSON, Warner P, Pfc,KIA - HUFFMAN, Dewey, Tec.5, DNB, IMORDE, William S, Capt, FOD - KIME, John J Jr, S/Sgt, KIA - LEFTWICH, Olney R, S/Sgt, KIA - MESSAMORE, Jess A, Sgt, KIA - MURPHY, Harold G, 2nd/Lt, KIA - NEAL, Geoffrey E, 1st/Lt, KIA - PAGE, Arless, Capt, KIA - PAGE, Leo, Pfc, DNB - POTTER, Herschel T, Pvt, FOD - RAYMER, Deray, Pfc, KIA - SIMONS, William C, Tec/5, DNB - SMITH, Truman, Pfc, DNB - WHALIN, Cecil H, Cpl, DNB ELLIOTT CO: Adkins, Clarence, Pfc, KIA - ADKINS, Clifford R, M/Sgt, KIA - ADKINS, Earl, Pfc, KIA - BURTON, Clyde, Sgt, KIA - CALMES, Alben G, FL/O, KIA - CARTER, Atlee B, Pvt, DNB - CRISP, John L Jr, Cpl, DNB - DICKERSON, Wayne C, Pvt, DNB - FERGUSON, Richard J, Pfc, KIA - FLANERY, Johnie E, Pfc, DOW - FRALEY, Edwin J, Sgt, KIA - HORTON, James, Pvt, KIA - ISON, Walker, Pfc, KIA - JUSTICE, Arnold, Pfc, KIA - KEATON, Edgar E, Pvt, DOW - MASON, Woodrow H, Pfc, KIA - ONEY, Dellmas, Pfc, DOW - PORTER, Bert, Tec/5, KIA - PREWITT, Franklin, Pfc, KIA - REDWINE,Randolph G, Pvt, KIA - RICE, Charley N, Pfc, DNB - SALYERS, Ford, S/Sgt, DOW - STAPLETON, Vernon, Pfc, KIA - WAGGONER, Clarence, Pfc, DOW - WAGONER, Bill, S/Sgt, KIA ESTILL CO: BERRYMAN, Delaney, Pfc, KIA - BLACKWELL, Harold W, Pfc, KIA - BRAGG, Wallace C, 1st/Lt, KIA - BURNS, Melvin (no middle initial), Pfc, KIA - COLTER,Virgil, Pvt, DOW - CONNER, Fairce, S/Sgt, FOD - COX, Henry N, Sgt, KIA - DAVIS, Cecil J Jr, Tec/5, KIA - DIXON, Howard M, Pfc, FOD - DIXON, Woodrow W, Pvt, DNB - FLYNN, James R, Pvt, KIA - FLYNN, Thomas T, Pvt, DOI - FORE, Cleopas H, Pvt, DOW - GAMHBREL, Toel? G, Pvt, KIA - HACKWORTH, Harold G, Sgt, KIA - HARDY, Gordon L, Pvt, KIA - HATTON, Harold, Pvt, KIA - HENRY, Frank, Pfc,KIA - JONES, H C, T/Sgt, FOD - MARCUM, James L, Sgt, KIA - MASTERS, James G, FL/O, DNB - MILLER, Herbert, Pvt, KIA - NEAL, Harlan, Pvt, DOW - OSBORNE, Hobert, Cpl, KIA - OWENS, Robert, S/Sgt, KIA - OWENS, Robert, S/Sgt, KIA - PATTON, William H, Sgt, KIA - PERRY, Earl, Pfc, KIA - PESTOVICH, John Jr, Pfc, DNB - POWELL, Henry N, Pfc, KIA - PUCKETT, Elihu, Cpl, KIA - RAWLINS, Earl, Pfc, KIA - RICHARDSON, Lathroup, Sgt, KIA - RICHARDSON, Sherman, Pvt, KIA - ROBERTS, Morgan C, Pfc, KIA - ROSE, Roy B, Pfc, KIA - ROWLAND, Edward R, Pfc, DOW - SPARKS, Estill, Pfc, KIA - SPENCER, Homer V, Pvt, DOW - SPIVEY, Hubert C, S/Sgt, KIA - THACKER, Odus, Pvt, DNB - THOMAS, Raymond E, Pfc, KIA - TIPTON, Strawder H, Pfc, DOW - WATKINS, Robert L, S/Sgt, KIA - WEDDING, Dennis D, S/Sgt, DNB - WELLS, Donald R, Pvt, KIA - WILLIAMS, Jack O, Pvt, KIA - WINBURN, Elmer, Pfc, DNB - WINKLER, Quentin, Sgt, KIA - WINKLER, Raymond E, Pvt, KIA - WITT, Kenneth A, Pvt, KIA - WOOLERY, Howard, Pvt, KIA FAYETTE CO: Alfrey, Malcolm P, Capt, DNB - AMMONS, Robert J, 2nd/Lt,KIA - ANDERSON, Charles R, 2nd/Lt, KIA - ARNOLD, Charles F, Tec/5, KIA - BAILEY, William R, 2nd/Lt, FOD - BAKER, Earl H, Pfc, DNB - BAKER, William H, 2nd/Lt, KIA - BANIEL, Archie, Sgt, KIA - BARR, Gobel D, Pfc, KIA - BEASLEY, Virgil K, 1st/Lt, KIA - BECKHAM, Jesse T, Tec/4, DNB - BEST, John T, Sgt, DOW - BISHOP, Grover C Jr, Tec/5, DNB - BISHOP, James F Jr, Pfc, DOW - BLAKELY, Harold M, Tec/5, KIA - BLEVINS, Virgil, Pvt, KIA - BLISS, Jack M, FL/O, DNB - BLUMER, Philip E, 2nd/Lt, KIA - BLYTHE, Winston L, 2nd/Lt, KIA - BOOTS, George E, Cpl, DOW - BOLNER, Merritt E, Sgt, KIA - BOSLEY, Earl, Pfc, KIA - BOUGHTON, Harry F Jr, S/Sgt,KIA - BOWLIN, James E, Pfc, KIA - BRADY, Frederick W, S/Sgt, DNB - BROUGH, Samuel R Jr, Capt, KIA - BROWN, George F, S/Sgt,DNB - BRUCE, Elza E, Pfc, KIA - BRUMFIELD, Ray W, Pvt, DOW - BRYANT, Fred, Pfc,KIA - BULLOCK, Harry, 1st/Lt, DNB - BURNS, Dennis, M/Sgt, FOD - CAIN, Lloyd, Sgt, KIA - CALVERT, Reynolds, 2nd/Lt, DNB - CALVERT, Walter R, Tec/5, DNB - CARL, Myrtle B,2nd/Lt, DNB - CARPENTER, Charles C, Capt, DOI - CAYWOOD, Acle B, S/Sgt, FOD - CLOYD, Robert V, Pfc, KIA - COLLIER, Robert D, Pvt, DNB - COLLIVER, William M, Pvt, KIA - COLUMBIA, Frederick, Pfc, KIA -CONGLETON, C C Jr, Av/C, DNB - CONNER, Edwin F, 2nd/Lt, DOW - COONS, Brooks M, 2nd/Lt, KIA - COONS, George L Jr, Pvt, KIA - COY, Elmer W, Tec/5, KIA - CRAIG, Percy D, T/Sgt, KIA - CRUTCHER, Luther F, Pvt, DNB - DAUGHERTY, George W, Pvt, DNB - DAVIES, Raymond H, 2nd/Lt, FOD - DAVIS, Carl N, S/Sgt, KIA - DAY, John B, S/Sgt, M - DEVORE, Mark T, Pfc, DNB - DEAN, Oscar, Sgt, DNB - DEFFIO, Blaze, M/Sgt, DNB - DEVER, Harold S, 1st/Lt, KIA - DEVER, Julian L, T/Sgt, DNB - DOYLE, Fowler C, 1st/Lt, DNB - DUNN, Grover C, Pfc, KIA - DUPRE, John H Jr, Pfc, KIA - DUTTON, Kenneth C, 2nd/Lt, FOD - ELDER, William B Jr, Capt, DOW - ELDRIDGE, Russell R, Pfc, KIA - ELKIN, Zachariah F Jr, 2nd/Lt, DNB- EVANS, Robert J, Pvt, DNB - EWTON, Starling J, Pvt, DOW - FARRIS, Marvin H, Pvt, KIA - FEATHERSTON, Robert B, Pvt, KIA - FIBER, Edmund F, Tec/5, DNB - FOLEY, Bernard L,1st/Lt, FOD - FRANKLIN, Paul C, Pfc, KIA - GARD, Richard E, 1st/Lt, KIA - GARLAND, L J Jr, Capt, KIA - GILL, Walter H, Pvt, KIA - GILLESPIE, Milton B, S/Sgt, KIA - GILVIN, Odie P, S/Sgt, KIA - GINTER, Harold G, 1st/Lt, DNB - GINTER, Louie B, Tec/4, KIA - GLAZE, Charles C Jr, Sgt, KIA - GRAYSON, Henry T, S/Sgt, KIA - GROSE, James E, Pfc, KIA - GUMM, Elmer, Sgt, KIA - HACKNEY, Hal T, 1st/Lt, KIA - HACKWORTH, Vernon, Pvt, DNB - HALL, Louis A, Pvt, KIA - HAMMONDS, William C, 2nd/Lt, KIA - HARPRING, Frank P, Pvt, DNB - HARRIS, James T Jr,2nd/Lt, KIA - HARROD, Billy P, Pvt, KIA - HAUGHTON, Edward Jr, 1st/Lt, KIA - HENDERSON, J W Jr, Pvt, DNB - HENDRICKS, Robert R, Sgt, DNB - HENSLEY, Wayne, Tec/5, KIA - HILL, Fred B, 2nd/Lt, KIA - HILLARD, Paul, Cpl, DNB - HILLEMEYER, Henry R, Capt, DNB -HISEL, Carl M, Pfc, DOW - HOLDER, Clyde, Sgt, KIA - HOLLAR, Ottis A, Sgt, KIA - HOPEWELL, William W, 1st/Lt, KIA - HORINE, John S Jr, Cpl, DNB - HUDSON, Kenneth, Sgt, KIA - HUTCHENS, Raymond, Pvt, DOW - JACOBS, Kenneth L, Sgt, DNB - JACOBS, Mark E, 2nd/Lt, DNB - JENKINS, Richard K, Pvt, DNB - JOHNSON, Augustus W, S/Sgt, KIA - JONES, Gilbert, Pvt, KIA - JONES, Isaac Jr, Pfc, DNB - KARR, Edmund P, Major, KIA - KEES, Frank J, T/Sgt, KIA - KELLEY, Billy S, S/Sgt, DNB - KING, Augustus R Jr, 1st/Lt, DNB - LA MASON, Orville B, 1st/Lt, DNB - LAWSON, Virgil L, Pfc, DOW - LEWIS, Elmer, Pvt, DNB - LOFINK, Phil, Major, KIA - LOWERY, Dennis L, Pvt, DNB - LYLE, Carey A, Capt, DOW - MACEY, John I, 1st/Lt, DNB - MALONE, John E, Pfc, DNB - MARTIN, Earl S, Pfc, DOW - MASENGALE, James R, Pfc, KIA - MASSIE, Herbert B, Tec/5, KIA - MASTERS, James E, Pvt, KIA - MAY, Wilson, Pfc, KIA - McCORD, David C, 2nd/Lt, KIA - McCORD, Harvey A, T/Sgt, KIA - McCORD, James E, T/Sgt, KIA - McCRAY, Edward H, S/Sgt, KIA - McFARLAND, James R, S/Sgt, KIA - MIDDLETON, Billy J, Pfc, DOW - MINK, Forrest, Pvt, KIA - MINOR, Arthur C, Pvt, DOW - MINTON, William H, S/Sgt, KIA - MITCHELL, James D, Tec/5, DNB - MOORE, Carleton C Jr, Capt, KIA - MOREFIELD, Ellis E, Pfc, KIA - MOTT, James J, Pfc, KIA - MULLENS, Harry C, Av/C, DNB - MULLINS, Monroe, Pvt, DNB - MYERS, Matt C, 2nd/Lt, M - NICKELL, Dorise C, 2nd/Lt, DNB - NOLLAU, George F, Capt, DNB - NORTON, Raymond E, Pvt, KIA - OLDHAM, Robert M, Pfc, DOI - OSBORNE, Eli Jr, Pfc, KIA - OTTEN, Floyd L, Sgt, DNB - PAYNE, Joseph H Jr, Capt, KIA - PECK, Alexander H, 2nd/Lt, DNB - PIERSALL, Felix W, Tec/5, DNB - POWELL, Eugene E, Pvt, KIA - PURVIS, William A H, Pvt, KIA - RAHRLE, Russell F, Pfc, DOW - RAND, William E, 1st/Lt, KIA - REDDING, William H, Sgt, KIA - REESE, Julian C, Pfc, DNB - REHM, Walter G Jr, Av/C, DNB - RICE, Jesse, Sgt, DOW - RIGSBY, Owen D, Pvt, DNB - ROGERS, Fred C, 2nd/Lt, KIA - ROSE, Earl B Jr, 2nd/Lt, KIA - ROWE, James T, Pvt, KIA - SALLEE, Philip R Jr, 2nd/Lt, DNB - SANDERSON, William J, 2nd/Lt, DNB -SAUNDERS, George B, Pvt, DNB - SCHWARTZ, Jack A, Tec/5, DNB - SCRUGGS, George P Jr, Pvt, KIA - SHANKS, John R, Cpl, DNB - SHEPARD, Alva C, Pvt, KIA - SMART, George T, Sgt, FOD - SMITH, Edgar, Pfc, DOW - SMITH, Louis K, T/Sgt, DOW - SMITH, Orville L, S/Sgt, KIA - SNELLING, Albert (no middle initial), S/Sgt, KIA - SPERRY, Eugene T, Pvt, KIA - STEPHENS, Hubert E, Pvt, DOW - STEPHENSON, William L, 1st/Lt, DNB - STEVENS, Edwin L, Pvt, KIA - STEWART, Connie B, Pvt, KIA - STREET, Clifford, Pfc, FOD - STRODE, Carl B, Pvt, KIA - THOMPSON, Ray D, S/Sgt, DNB - THOMPSON, Thomas J Jr, 2nd/Lt, DNB - TURNER, William C, S/Sgt, FOD - VAN ARSDELL, Marion C, 2nd/Lt, DNB - VAUGHN, Miller, 1st/Sgt, KIA - VESTER, John K, Pfc, DNB - VINEGAR, Olevers S,Tec/5, DNB - WALLACE, Joseph R, Sgt, DNB - WALLING, Barbara, Sgt, KIA - WELBORN, Robert G, Av/C, DNB - WHEELER, Jack W, 2n/d Lt, KIA - WHITAKER, Owen W, Tec/5, DNB - WHITE, James W, Pvt, KIA - WHITE, John K, 2nd/Lt, DNB - WILSON, Joseph C, Cpl, DNB - WILSON, William C Jr, Capt, KIA - WINDHAM, Duke G Jr, S/Sgt, FOD - WISDOM, Glenn M, S/Sgt, FOD - YOUNG, Frederick R, Pvt , KIA - YOUNG, Leo, Pfc, DOW To be continued. (c) Copyright 27 Mar 2003, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin, 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

KIA=killed in action DOW=died of wounds DOI=died of injuries DNB=died non-battle FOD=finding of death M=missing CARLISLE CO: BARCLEY, Lindsey H, 2nd/Lt, DNB - BEALERT, William W, Pfc, DNB - BLACK, Jewell T, Pfc, DNB - BODKIN, Dallas, Pvt, DNB - BUSSELL, Ollie C, T/Sgt, KIA - COOK, Everett St C, Pfc, KIA - FLOWERS, Wilmer R, Sgt, DNB - HILL, Wally E, Pvt, IIA - HINEMAN, Paul C, 2nd/ Lt, DNB - HOSKINS, Carl, S/Sgt, DOW - HUDGENS, Denver T, Pfc, IIA - HURLEY, William J, 2nd/Lt, FOD - JACKSON, Chester R, Tec/5, DOI - JACKSON, Gweorge R, M/Sgt, KIA - JACKSON, Stonewall, M G, DNB - KINSTLER, Roy A, Pfc, KIA - LAMKIN, Herman C, 2nd/Lt, DNB - MABRY, John G, Capt, DNB - METCAFLE, Andrew B, S/Sgt, KIA - SCOTT, William J, Pfc, KIA - TODD, Paul S, Pvt, FOD - WATSON, J B, Pfc, KIA - WELLS, James C, Pfc, KIA - WELLS, William H, 2nd/Lt, KIA - YOUNG, Glyn, Sgt, KIA CARROLL CO: AUBREY, Frank G, Pfc, KIA - BLACKBURN, Theodore R, Pvt, DNB - BUCHANAN, Frank J, Pfc, KIA - BURDEN, James R, Pfc, KIA - COURTNEY, Herbert E, Pfc, DNB - EGERTON, Robert M, Pfc, DNB - FITZGERALD, Allen, Pfc, KIA - COURTNEY, Herbert E, Pfc, DNB - EGERTON, Robert M, Pfc, DNB - FITZGERALD, Allen, Pfc, KIA - FURNISH, Howard M, Pfc, KIA - GARDNER, Cadmus B Jr, Pfc, KIA - GILBERT, Jack, Pvt, DNB - GROBMYER, John A, Maj, DNB - HERNDON, Robert, Pvt, KIA - HICKS, Roy Lee, Sgt, KIA - JONES, Beckham, Sgt, KIA - KNIGGA, John W, S/Sgt, KIA - KOPP, William, S/Sgt, KIA - McINTYRE, Liley J Jr, Pvt, KIA- McQUITHY, Elza, S/Sgt, KIA - MIX, John E, Pfc, KIA - OAK, Harold W, S/Sgt, KIA - PERKINS, Theo, S/Sgt, KIA - SUTHERLAND, Paul D, Sgt, FOD - WILLIAMS, James M Jr, Pfc, KIA - WRIGHT, Roy Jr, Pfc, DOW CARTER CO: BAIER, Harrison C, Pfc, DOW - BAILEY, Allen, Pfc, KIA - BARKER, Grover C, Pfc, KIA - BARKER, Milford, Pfc, DOW - BLANKENSHIP, Gus, Sgt, DOW - BOGGS, Fred T, Pvt, DNB - BOGGS, Willard, Pfc, KIA - BRYANT, Millard, Sgt, KIA - CASTLE, Charles H, Pvt, KIA - COLLIER, Albert Jr, Pvt, KIA - COOPER, Melvin W, Pfc, KIA - COOPER, Wayson C, T/Sgt, KIA - DUZAN, Claud W, Pfc, FOD - ELAM, Ballard, Sgt, DNB - ELLIOTT, Glen A, Pvt, DOW - EVANS, Everett E, Pfc, KIA - FERGUSON, Clyde, Pvt, KIA - FISHER, William T, Pvt, KIA - FULTZ, Hearl, T/Sgt, KIA - GILIAM, James, Pfc, DNB - GRIFFEY, Edward A, Cpl, KIA - GRIFFITH, Everett, Pvt, DNB - HALL, Homer E, Pvt, KIA - HARRIS, Cyrus W, Pfc, DNB - HARRIS, David W, T/Sgt, KIA - HELTERBRAND, Perry L, Pvt, KIA - HENDERSON, Haskell P, Pvt, DOW - HORSLEY, William A, Pvt, KIA - INGRAM, Owen, Pvt, KIA - JARVIS, Arthur W, Pfc, KIA - KELLY, Roy, Pfc, KIA - KISER, Earl S, Pvt, KIA - KITCHEN, Woodrow W, Pvt, KIA - KNIPP, Charles Jr, Pfc, KIA - LEWIS, Hardin G, S/Sgt, KIA - MARTIN, Raymond C, Pfc, DOW - MASTERS, Arnold, Pvt, KIA - McGINNIS, Cline, Pvt, DNB - McMILLEN, Hager J, Pvt, KIA - MESSER, James, Pfc, KIA - MESSER, Phirl, Tec/5, KIA - MILLER, Lester, Pfc, DOW - MILLINER, James M, Pvt, KIA - MORE, Horton C, Pfc, KIA - ONEY, Teddy R, Pvt, DOW - PARSONS, Bert, 1st/Lt, DOW - PENNINGTON, Elmer, Pfc, KIA - PERRY, Ray, Pvt, DOW - REEVES, Emmett, Pvt, KIA - RICE, James B, Pfc, DOW - ROGERS, Leonard R, Pvt, KIA - ROSE, William F, Pfc, KIA - SPENCE, John T, pfc, KIA - STAMPER, Teddy, S/Sgt, KIA - STEWART, Arnold D, Pfc, KIA - TACKETT, Albert F, Pvt, DNB - TAYLOR, George D, Pfc, DNB - WAUGH, George E, S/Sgt, DOW - WHEELER, Robert E, Sgt, KIA - WOMACK, Carl L, Pvt, KIA CASEY CO: ABSHER, Fred, Pvt, KIA - ADAMS, Millard D, S/Sgt, KIA - BAILEY, James A, Tec/4, KIA - BROWN, Curtis V, Pvt, KIA - BROWN, Marcie A, Tec/5, DOW - BROWN, Ralph D, Pvt, KIA - CARTER, Eugene R, Cpl, DNB - COCHRAN, Albert W, Pfc, KIA - COFFMAN, Archie T, Pfc, KIA - DAVIS, Don P, Pfc, KIA - HAMM, Howard B, Pvt, KIA - HOLT, Robert F, Pfc, KIA - JONES, Kenneth B, 2nd/Lt,KIA - KING, Elzie O, Pvt, KIA - LANGFORD, George M, pvt, KIA - LANHAN, William P, S/Sgt, DOW - LONG, Noah E, Tec/5, KIA - LUTTRELL, Otha, Sgt, KIA - LUTTRELL, Walter C, Pfc, KIA - LYNCH, John S, Pfc, DNB - MILLS, Donald P, Tec/4, KIA - MINTON, Clarence, Pvt, KIA - MONTGOMERY, Omer L, Sgt, KIA - NORFLEET, Hollis, Pfc, KIA - PENDLETON, Merical, Pfc, KIA - PETTYJOHN, Myer R, Pfc, KIA - RICHARDSON, Russell, Pvt, KIA - RIGNEY, Stanley O, Cpl, KIA - SMITH, William J, T/Sgt, KIA - THOMAS, Vrnon P, Pvt, KIA - VAUGHT, Elvin C, Pfc, KIA - WALL, Elmer D, Pvt, KIA - WARD, James G, Pfc, KIA - WESLEY, Edwin T, Pfc, KIA - WETHINGTON, Gordon A, Pfc, DOW - WETHINGTON, Francis J, S/Sgt, DNB - WHITED, Stanley, Pvt, DNB - WILKINSON, William G, S/Sgt, KIA - WILSON, Albert R, Pvt, KIA - WITHERS, James D, Pfc, DOW, WYATT, Orville B, Pfc, DNB CHRISTIAN CO: ALDRIDGE, William R, Pfc, DNB - ALTSHELER, Joe Jr, S/Sgt, DNB - AUSTIN, Randolph D, Pvt, KIA - BARRICK, Russell, T/Sgt, KIA - BRAZZELL, Hubert A, Pfc, DNB - BROWN, Benson E, M/Sgt, DNB - CALDWELL, Charlie, S/Sgt, KIA - CHERRY, Monroe H, Pvt, DNB - CLARDY, Robert L, Tec/4, DNB - COLLINS, Stephen F, Sgt, FOD - CORBIN, William H, Pfc, KIA - DOSSETT, Otho E, Tec/4, DNB - DUVALL, Howard R, Pfc, KIA - FRANKLE, Malcolm D Jr, 2nd/Lt, DNB - FULLER, Herbert W, Pfc, DOW - FULLER, Robert S, Pfc, DNB - GIBBS, Elliott Jr, Pfc, KIA - GLADDISH, Lee P, Pvt, KIA - GOODE, Thomas E, Tec/5, DNB - GRAY, Dayman W, Pvt, FOD - JERNIGAN, Henry S, Lt/C, DNB - JONES, James L, Pfc, KIA - KEITH, Henry T, Pfc, DOW - KENNER, John L, Pvt, KIA - KILLEBREW, Oscar A, Pfc, KIA - LEWIS, Carmon C, Pfc, KIA - LITCHFIELD, Arthur L, Sgt, KIA - LOVAN, Walter B, Pvt, DNB - LYNCH, Harold, Pfc, KIA - MANASCO, Daniel B, Pvt, KIA - MART, Joe, Pvt, DNB - MITCHELL, Robert E, Pvt, KIA - MITCHELL, Robert l, Pvt, KIA - MOORE, Beuron H, S/Sgt, KIA - NEWELL, Charles T, Pvt, DNB - PEPPER, Johnny J, Pfc, DOW - PHELPS, Max I, Cpl, KIA - PYLE, Raymond M, Pvt, DOW - ROBERTS, James E, Pfc, KIA - SMITHSON, Harry W, Tec/5, KIA - WALKER, Walter E, Pfc, DOW - WHITE, Paul E, Pfc, KIA - WILKINS, Chester D, Capt, KIA - WINFREE, Benjamin S J, AV/C, DNB - WOOD, Raymond L, Pfc, DOW - WORD, Kenneth N, Tec/4, KIA CLARK CO: Abney, Robert, S/Sgt, DOW - ADAMS, Hazel B, Pfc, KIA - ADAMS, Ishmael W, Pfc, KIA - ADAMS, William E, Pvt, KIA - BAILEY, Owen, Pfc, DNB - BALL, John L, Sgt, FOD - BOTTS, Walter C, 1st/Lt, FOD - BRADLEY, Morris B, Pvt, KIA - BROWN, Robert S, Lt/C, DNB - BYRD, Byrum G, 2nd/Lt, DNB - COLE, Lloyd R, Capt, KIA - COLLINS, Paul H, Pvt, KIA - CRABTREE, Truman S, 2nd/Lt, DNB - DANIELSON, Wayne B, S/Sgt, KIA - DAVIS, Leo Jr, Pfc, KIA - ESTES, Wesley C, Pfc, KIA - FRALEY, Noble E, Pfc, KIA - FRAYSUR, Edard Jr, 2nd/Lt, DNB - HAGGARD, Leonard W, Pvt, KIA - HOOTEN, William S, Pvt, DNB - HORSEMAN, Ora G, Sgt, KIA - HOWARD, Charley L, Pfc, KIA - KENNEY, Ollie C, Pfc, DOW/ LARISON, Austin J, Pvt, KIA - LOGAN, Marshall A Jr, Sgt, DNB - McINTOSH, Andrew E, S/Sgt, KIA - McINTOSH, Theodore C, Pfc, KIA - McKINNEY, Isaac E, Pfc, KIA - McNABB, Donald R, Sgt, DOW - MEDLIN, Samuel W, Pfc, KIA - MORGUSON, William H, Cpl, DOW - NAPIER, Andrew J, Tec/4, KIA - OLDSON, John S, S/Sgt, KIA - OSBORNE, Bee R Jr, Pvt, DNB - PELFREY, Julian C, Pvt, KIA - PRINGLE, Joe P, 2nd/Lt, DNB - ROBINSON, Finley O, Pvt, KIA - SNOWDEN, Ray F, Tec/5, KIA - SWOPE, William L, Capt, FOD - TAYLOR, Robert D, Jr, 2nd/Lt, KIA - THOMAS, Bill, Pfc, KIA - WARNER, James W, Pvt, KIA - WILLIAMS, Clarence T, S/Sgt, KIA - WURDACK, James E, 1st/Lt, DNB - YOUNG, Charles B, AV/C, DNB CLAY CO: ALLEN, Sam, Tec/5, FOD - ALLEN, Warren C, Pfc, DOW - BENGE, Pitt, Pvt, KIA - BOWLING, Brit, Pvt, DNB - BUNDY, Ed G, S/Sgt, DNB - BUNDY, Joe, S/Sgt, KIA - CAMPBELL, George M, Tec/5, KIA - CLARK, Jack, Tec/5, DNB - COLLINS, Albert, Pvt, KIA - CRAWFORD, Ford, Pvt, KIA - CURRY, Gilbert W, Pfc, KIA - DAVIDSON, Narmous, Pfc, KIA - DEZARN, Earl, S/Sgt, KIA - DEZARN, Thurman, Pfc, KIA - EALEY, Dennis, Pvt, DNB - ENGLAND, Farris, Pvt, DNB - FERGUSON, William S, Pvt, KIA - FISHER, Homer J, T/Sgt, KIA - GAGE, Dan R, S/Sgt, FOD - GILBERT, Eugene, Pfc, DNB - HACKER, Luther, Pvt, KIA - HAMMONS, Shorty B, Pvt, DNB - HENSLEY, Roy (no middle initial), Pfc, KIA - HENSON, Fred, Pfc, DOW - HERRON, Tommy L, Pvt, KIA - HIBBARD, Carley, Pfc, KIA - HIBBARD, Ernest A, S/Sgt, KIA - HIBBARD, Wood, Pvt, KIA - HOOKER, Charlie, Pvt, KIA - HOPKINS, Dan, Cpl, DNB - HORNSBY, Henry C, Pfc, KIA - HUBBARD, Cecil, Pfc, DNB - KEITH, Jarvis L, Pfc, DNB - LOVINS, Chesley, Pvt, DNB - LOVINS, Paul, Pvt, KIA - MARTIN, Dan, Pfc, KIA - MARTIN, Walter, S/Sgt, KIA - McCLURE, Raymond J, Pfc, KIA - McQUEEN, Isiah, Pfc, KIA - MELTON, Clarkie, Pfc, DOW - MITCHELL, Clarence, Pfc, KIA - MORGAN, Ezekiel, Pfc, KIA - MURRAY, Kermit, Pfc, KIA - NAPIER, Chester Jr, Pfc, DOW - NAPIER, Chester, Pvt, DNB - NAPIER, Fieldon, S/Sgt, KIA - PONDER, George L Jr, T/Sgt, KIA - PROFFITT, Sim, Pvt, KIA - RAY, Bert, H, Pfc, KIA - REID, Andrew, Pfc, KIA - REYNOLDS, Paul M, Pfc, KIA - ROGERS, Birchel, Sgt, KIA - ROSS, Hubert K, Cpl, KIA - SANDLIN, Herbert, Cpl, KIA - SHOULDERS, Harry L, Pfc, KIA - SIBERT, William Jr, Pvt, DOW - SIZEMORE, Bob, Sgt, KIA - SMITH, Calvin C, Pvt, DOW - SMITH, Lawrence A, T/Sgt, KIA - SMITH, Robert, Pvt, DOI, SPURLOCK, Hubert (no middle initial), Pfc, KIA - VANCE, Woodrow W, Tec/5, KIA - WESTERFIELD, Claude, Sgt, KIA - WESTERFIELD, Robert C, S/Sgt, KIA - WHITE, P J, Pvt, KIA - WHITE, Walter R, 1st/Lt, FOD - WOODS, Ben, Pvt, KIA CLINTON CO: Brown, Garvin G, Pfc, KIA - BROWN, Herman, Pvt, KIA - BUTLER, Alvin M, Pfc, DOW - BUTLER, James E, Pvt, KIA - COMBEST, Jerry W, Cpl, KIA - COOKSEY, Johnie R, Pfc, KIA - COOPER, John L, Sgt, KIA - CUNDIFF, Ralph, S/Sgt, KIA - FOSTER, Marvin H, Pfc, DOW - GUFFEY, Thompsie J, Pfc, KIA - GUTHRIE, Clyde B, Pvt, KIA - IRWIN, Hugh E, Pfc, DNB - MEFFORD, Leo F, Pfc, KIA - NEAL, Floyd W, Cpl, DOW - PERDUE, Edwin F, Pfc, KIA - PIERCE, Norman J, Pvt, DOW - RUDD, James B, Pvt - KIA - SIMPSON, Roscoe L, Pvt, KIA - SMITH, Wendell F, Pvt, DOW - TALLENT, Nathan, Pfc, KIA - TAYLOR, Willie R, Tec/5, KIA - TUGGLE, James R, Capt, DNB - WRIGHT, Phillip A, Pvt, KIA - YORK, Marvin T, Pvt, KIA CRITTENDEN CO: ASBRIDGE, Don E, Pfc, KIA - BOZEMAN, Carl D, Tec/5, DNB - ENOCH, Clifton Jr, 2nd/Lt, KIA - FREEMAN, John W, Pfc, DNB - HAHMM, Alvin H, Pvt, DNB - HALL, Degarth, Pfc, DNB - HATCHER, John L, Pvt, DNB - HILLYARD, Johnny R, 1st/Lt, KIA - HODGE, J D, Pfc, KIA - HODGE, Guy R, Pfc, KIA - HUGHES, Marvin W, 1st/Lt, KIA - KEMPER, Charles R, Pfc, KIA - MARVEL, Denver L, S/Sgt, KIA - McDONALD, Vivian M, Sgt, DOW - McKINNEY, John N, Pvt, DOW - MILES, James R, Pvt, KIA - ORDWAY, James E, Sgt, KIA - ORR, Victor H, Pfc, KIA -PACE, Morris R, 1st/Lt, KIA - PARIS, Harvey, Pvt, KIA PERKINS, Thomas R, S/Sgt, DNB - RUMBURG, Jack W, Pfc, KIA - SIGLER, Earl J, S/Sgt, KIA - STALION, Maurice V, Pvt, DNB - TRUITT, Joseph H, S/Sgt, FOD - WINN, Harold E, 1st/Lt, KIA - WOOD, Chester O, Pvt, KIA - WOODY, Jack L, S/Sgt, FOD - YANDELL, James C, Pvt, DOW CUMBERLAND CO: BRAKE, Ervin F, Pvt, KIA - BAKER, David I, Pvt, DNB - CAPSHAW, Charlie C, Pfc, DNB - CARY, Evert W, Pfc, KIA - DANIEL, Hubert, Pfc, DOW - DANIEL, James, Pfc, KIA - DAVIDSON, Paul A, Pfc, KIA - DURBIN, Joseph V, S/Sgt, DOW - ELLIS, Robert, Pfc, KIA - FELTY, Fred E, Pvt, KIA - GARMON, James H, Tec/5, KIA - GEORGE, William L, Pfc, KIA - HARRIS, Albert L, Pvt, DNB - HELM, Ray (no middle initial), Pvt, KIA - HUMES, Luther C, Pfc, KIA - JOHNSON, Ted, Pvt, DNB - KEETON, Hall E, Pvt, DOW - KERNELL, Jesse E, Pvt, KIA - KIMEML, Robert L, capt, KIA - NORRIS, Ralph V, Pvt, KIA - PARRISH, Barney H, Pfc, KIA - PRUITT, James C, Sgt, KIA - REEDER, James W, T/Sgt, DNB - RICHARDSON, Charlie, Pvt, DOW - RIGSBY, Otis C, Sgt, DNB - SCOTT, Senous B, Pfc, KIA - SMITH, Charlie A, S/Sgt, KIA - SPEAR, Mitchell O, Pvt, DNB - STEPHENS, Henry C, Cpl, DNB - STEWART, James M, 1st/Lt, FOD - TEEL, Charlie T, Pfc, KIA - THOMAS, Kenenth N, Pfc, KIA - TWEEDY, Robert, Pfc, KIA - WILLIAMS, Lester F, Cpl, KIA - WRIGHT, Printis H, Pvt, KIA DAVIESS CO: ALLEN, Iven Jr, Tec/5, KIA - ATHERTON, Louis E, 2nd/Lt,DNB -BAIRD,Robert O, Pfc,KIA - BARLOW, George A, Pfc, KIA - BARTLEY, Elvis T, Sgt, DNB - BERRY, Joseph W, Pfc, KIA - BOARMAN, James N, Tec/4, DOW - BOWLDS, Auther R, Pfc, KIA - BRISTOW, William T, Pfc, DNB - BROOKS, George C, S/Sgt, DNB - BROWN, Charles H, Pvt, DOW - BROWN, James L,pvt, KIA - BRUMLEY, George R, Pfc, DNB - CARROLL, Marvin W, Sgt, KIA - CLARK, Louis A, Pvt, DOW - COLYER, Robert L, Pvt, DOW - CRABTREE, Zaner B, Pfc, KIA - CREAMER, Clarence B, Capt, KIA - DEAN, Walter L Jr, Cpl, KIA - EDGE, James O, Pfc, DOW - ELAM, Hiland T, S/Sgt, FOD - ESTES, Delbert, Pvt, KIA - ESTES, Walter R, Pfc, KIA - EWAN, Avory L, 2nd/Lt, FOD - FAIRCHILD, Elmer H, Pvt, KIA - FARMER, Willis, Pvt, KIA- FISCHER, John T, Cpl, KIA - FORD, Howard C, S/Sgt, DNB - FULKERSON, Charles L, Sgt, KIA - FULTON, Charles L Jr, 2nd/Lt,DNB - GILMORE, Charles R, Sgt, KIA - GIST, Calvin C, Pvt, KIA - GLASS, James W, Pvt, FOD - GOUGH, Ernest E, T/Sgt, FOD - GRAY, Clarence E, Pvt, DNB - GREGORY, John W, Pfc, KIA - HAGAN, Francis M, Pfc, DNB - HAGERMAN, Francis L, Pfc, KIA - HARBOURT, Carson D, Pvt, DNB - HARDESTY, Joseph I, Tec/5, DNB - HARRIS, Roy E, Pvt, KIA - HARRISON, Russell R, Cpl, DNB - To be continued. (c) Copyright 20 March 2003, Sandra K.Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin, 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

Don't be in shock over a second post, but I accidentally made a goof. I had called for the WW I casualties and was sent WW II. I did not catch it! So, I will run the WW II casualities instead and try again! The post today was for WW II instead ... My deepest apologies ... Sandi Col. Sandi Gorin, 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

When one thinks of history, we sometimes forget in the 21st century, that the early 20th century is history. I am going to run a series, possibly not consecutively, of Kentucky soldiers who were killed in World War I. I have no addresses on these brave men, just the counties, and no further information on any of them. But they deserve to be honored. I began searching for soldiers of previous wars many years ago and found that it is difficult to locate much of the information. I was helped by one of our state Senators and various web sites which will be shown at the end of the series. Shown: Name, Rank, cause. No date of death known. Causes of death include: KIA=killed in action DOW=died of wounds DOI=died of injuries DNB=died non-battle FOD=finding of death, M=missing ADAIR Co: ALLEN, Earl, Pfc, DNB - BADGER, Dallas, Pfc, KIA - BENNETT, Kenneth R, Pfc, KIA - BOTTOMS, Edward C, Pfc, KIA - BRYANT, Gilbert L, S/Sgt, KIA - BURTON, Harold L, Pfc, ,KIA - CAPE, Arlin, Cpl, DNB - COFER, Charlie W, Pfc, KIA- CONOVER, James W, Pvt, KIA - COOK, William D, Pfc, KIA COOMER, Raymond B, Sgt, DOW - CUNDIFF, William R, Pvt, DOW - EDRINGTON, Wilbur M, Pfc, IA - ENYARD, Bernard L, Pfc, KIA - FLOYD, James M, Sgt, KIA - GILES, Vence, Pvt, KIA - GILPIN, Herbert, Pvt, DNB - GRIDER, Edward, Pfc, DOW - HARMON, Edwin M, S/Sgt, KIA - HARMON, William T, Pfc, KIA - HUGHES, Duard D, Pvt, DNB - HUMPRESS, Forest R, Pfc, KIA - JOHNSON, Lee B, Pvt, KIA - JOINES, William B, Pfc, KIA - JUDD, Emanuel, Pfc, KIA - KERNS, Glen, Pfc, DNB - LAWLESS, Curtis T, Pfc, KIA - McCLISTER, Oliver E, Tec/4, DNB - NORDINE, Marion P, Pfc, KIA - PERKINS, Russell, T/Sgt, DNB - POLLARD, Lesater L, Pvt, KIA - REDMON, Otis E, Pfc, DOW - RELIFORD, Charles W, Pfc, DNB - ROBERTS, Owen F, Pvt, KIA - ROBINSON, Ivan H, T/Sgt, KIA - ROGERS, Avery C, Pfc, DOW - RUBARDS, Elmer R, Cpl, KIA - SHIPP, Gene K, 1/st Lt, KIA - SHIRLEY, Archie W, Cpl, KIA - STONE, Clyde H, Pfc, DNB - THRASHER, William, Pfc, KIA - TODD, James H, Cpl, DNB - TROUTMAN, Robert A, Pfc, DNB - WHEAT, Doyle, Pfc, KIA - WILLIS, Ray C, Tec/5, KIA ALLEN CO: BELLER, Gaynard I, Pfc, DNB - BLANKENSHIP, Willie C, Pvt, KIA - BORDERS, Archy O, Pvt, KIA - BRAWNER, Cethroe, Pfc, KIA - BULLINGTON, Isom C, Pfc, DNB -BURNS, Elmer, Tec/4, KIA - CARTER, Frank E, Pfc, DNB - CARTER, Hollis E, Pvt, DOW - COCKRILL, Oscar E, Pfc, KIA - CONNER, William O, Pvt, KIA - CRABTREE, Hairin D, Pvt, KIA - DALTON, Elbridge H, Pfc, DOW - FOSTER, Clarence Jr, Pfc, KIA - FOSTER, Kenneth N, Pfc, KIA - GRAVES, Lavern, Pfc, DOW - HARRIS, William F, Pvt, KIA - HATLER, Jim B, Pfc, DNB - HUDSON, WilliamO, Tec/5, KIA - JAMESON, James M, Pvt, KIA - JONES, Henry C, Pvt, DNB - JONES, Luther W, AV/C, DNB - LAW, Charles E, Pvt, DOW - LONG, Lewie B, Pvt, DOW - LYLE, Hershel A, Tec/5, DNB - MARSH, Wilburn W, Pvt, DNB - MASON, Oscar N, Pfc, KIA - MEADOR, Billy E, S/Sgt, DNB - MEADOR, Cordell, Pvt, KIA - MEDLEY, Murl M, Pvt, DOW - ONEAL, Woodrow, Pfc, KIA - PAYNE, Thurman R, Pfc, DOW - SMITH, Herbert C, Pfc, KIA - SWEET, Bernard F, Pfc, DNB - WILLOUGHBY, Kimble B, Pfc, DNB ANDERSON CO: BEASLEY, Steve W, Tec/5, KIA - BROWN, William, Tec/5, DOW - BRUNER, James C, Sgt, DNB - BUNTAIN, James, Pfc, KIA - COFFEY, Robert E, Pvt, DNB - CORLEY, John T Jr, Pfc, DNB - CORN, Chesley J, Pfc, DOW - COX, Cecil L, Pfc, KIA - CROSSFIELD, William M, Pfc, DOW - GOODLETT, Paul A, Tec/4, KIA - HARRIS, Jesse W, Tec/4, DNB - JEFFRIES, William B, Pfc, KIA - JORDON, James E, Cpl, KIA - LEATHERS, Vernon, Pfc, KIA - McBRAYER, Lucien S, Pvt, DNB - McCARTY, Edward C, Pvt KIA - MURPHY, Marvin C, Pvt, KIA - NIEMEIER, Howard W Jr, 2nd/Lt, DNB - O'BRIEN, Karl A, 2/d LT, KIA - PERRY, William P, T/Sgt, KIA - SAYRE, Ernest, Pvt, KIA - SEA, Sidney C, Pfc, KIA - SUTHERLAND, Harlett B, Pfc, KIA - VAUGHT, William L, Pvt, DOW - WALLACE, Florian, Pfc, FOD - WILLIAMS, William C, Tec/5, KIA BALLARD CO: ANDERSON, Lucian Jr, Pfc, KIA - COOPER, Billy O, Pvt, KIA - CRAIN, Morris E, T/Sgt, KIA - ELEY, Robert R, Pfc, KIA - ELROD, James J, Pvt, DNB - GRAY, William C, Pfc, DOW - HAMMONDS, Robert M, Pfc, KIA - HARRIS, Rodney E, Pvt, DNB - HOLT, Charles H, Pfc, KIA - JONES, Murrell, Tec/5, DNB - JONES, Paul P, 2nd/Lt, DNB - LANIER, Leslie B, Sgt, FOD - MAGRUDER, Lee A, Pfc, KIA - MOORE, James H, Tec/5, DNB - MORRIS, Sherman, Pvt, KIA - OGREN, Jack A, 2nd/Lt, DNB - PITTMAN, Gordon B Jr, Pfc, KIA - POOL, James, Pvt, DNB - RAYBURN, William V, Cpl, KIA - RUSSELL, Grady M, T/Sgt, FOD - SCOTT, Truman A, Sgt, DNB - SHEPHERD, Charles S, S/Sgt, DNB - SULLENGER, Alma L, Pvt, DNB - THOMAS, Charles S Jr, Pfc, KIA - WALKER, Robert, S/Sgt, DNB - WOOD, Roy Jr, Pvt, DNB - YANCEY, James R, 2nd/Lt, KIA BARREN CO: ABSTON, James C, Pfc, KIA - AMOS, Albert, Pfc, KIA - AUSTIN, Paul E, Pvt, KIA - BARLOW, Edwin P, Capt, KIA - BERRY, James C, Tec/5, DOW - BIGGERS, Harold C, 2nd/Lt, KIA - BILBREY, Marion C, Pfc, KIA - BIRGE, Lonnie C, Pvt, KIA - BOWLES, Guy W, M/Sgt, DNB - BRANSFORD, Charles L, Pvt, KIA - BROOKS, Gordon B, Tec/5, DNB - BUSH, William H, 2nd/Lt, KIA - DAVIDSON, Robert F, Pfc, KIA - DeFORD, Rufus R, Pvt, KIA - DENHAM, Joseph E, Pfc, KIA - DENNISON, Edgar L, T/Sgt, KIA - EMBERTON, Garvin, Sgt, DNB - GERALD, Robert L, Pvt, KIA - GIBSON, Morris W, Pvt, DNB - GILLOCK, Scott, T/Sgt, FOD - GROCE, John T, Pfc, KIA - HAMMER, Ralph W, Pfc, DOW- HAWKINS, Daniel C, S/Sgt, DNB - HAWKINS, Charlie H, Pvt, KIA - HIBBITT, George F, Sgt, DNB - HOOD, Philip D, Cpl, DNB - HOUCHENS, Bossie L, Pvt, DNB, HUNT, Dewey, T, Pvt, KIA - JONES, Evan B, Pfc, DNB - KINSLOW, Ivan C, Sgt, KIA - LEWIS, Calvin T, Pfc, KIA - MARTIN, Collie R, Pfc, KIA - MATTHEWS, James L, Pfc, DNB - MILLS, Joe W, Cpl, KIA - OVERSTREET, Hershal, Pvt, DNB - PARKER, George W, Pfc, KIA - PEDIGO, Larry K, Pfc, KIA - PERKINX, Henry P, Pfc, KIA - POLSON, Owen E, Sgt, KIA - RAMEY, George K, Pfc, KIA - REGGINS, Paul H, Sgt, DOW, RENFRO, Joe C, Pfc, KIA - RIGSBY, Earl, Pvt, KIA - RUTLEDGE, Lee J, Pvt, FOD - RUTLEDGE, Lee J, Pvt, FOD - SIDWELL, Raymond, S/Sgt, DNB - SIMMONS, Omer J, Pfc, FOD - SMITH, Albert H, Pvt, KIA - SMITH, Earl A, Pfc, DNB - WHITE, Leroy, Cpl, KIA - WILLIAMS, Rolly J, Pvt, KIA BATH CO: BAILEY, Claude E, Pfc, DNB - BAILEY, Harold C, Pfc, KIA - BECRAFT, Espie, Pvt, KIA - BUCKLER, Cleaver F, Pfc, KIA - CARPENTER, Ashton R, Pfc, KIA - COYLE, James B, Pvt, KIA - CRAYCRAFT, Ollie K, Pvt, KIA - CROUCH, Theodore, Capt, KIA - DOWNS, Cleveland Jr, Sgt, KIA - FLEMING, Kenneth V, 2nd/Lt, KIA - GRAY, Elmer O, Pfc, KIA - HICKEY, Paul M, Tec/5, DNB, JONES, Emery L, Pvt, KIA - JONES, Van G, S/Sgt, KIA - LYNCH, Arnold, Pfc, KIA - MORRISON, Lewis V, S/Sgt, KIA - OLGES, Vincent R, 2nd/Lt, DNB, PATTON, James W, S/Sgt, KIA - PENICK, Floyd P, Pvt, KIA - PERRY, Marion P, Pfc, KIA - ROBINSON, William J, Pfc,KIA - ROUTT, Larue H, Pfc, DNB, SNELLING, Charles (no middle initial), Pvt, KIA - SPENCE, Henry S, Cpl, KIA - STONE, Andrew D, Sgt, KIA - VAUGHT, Clayton, Tec/5, DNB, WELLS, Raymond L, Pfc, DNB - WILLOUGHBY, Mitchell, Pvt - DOW BELL CO: BELCHER, Bryant, Pvt, KIA - BLACKBURN, Monroe I, Pvt, KIA - BLEVINS, Robert L, S/Sgt, KIA - BOWLING, Clyde, Pfc, KIA - BOWMAN, James, Pvt, DNB - BROCK, Robert W, Pfc, KIA - BROOKS, Emery, Pfc, FOD - BULL, Sam Jr, Pvt, DNB - CHEEK, John R, Tec/5, DNB - CLARK, Tom B, S/Sgt, FOD - CORNELIUS, Delbert R, Cpl, KIA - CORNN, John S Jr, Pvt, KIA - DOUGLAS, James D, Pfc, KIA - DUNN, Elmer J Jr, Tec/5, KIA - EASTRIDGE, Eugene A, Pfc, DOW - ELDRIDGE, Walter W, Pvt, DNB - ELLIOTT, John, Pfc, KIA - FOWLES, William C, Pvt, KIA - FULTZ, Dan M, Tec/5, DOW - FUSON, Clyde E, Pvt, KIA - GOERGE, Robert T, Pfc, KIA - GIBSON, Carl K, 2nd/Lt, FOD - GILBERT, James E, S/Sgt, KIA - GODBEY, Varnie E, Pvt, DNB - GOOD, Alvin D, Sgt, DNB - GOODIN, Floyd, Pfc, KIA - GRAY, Billy J, S/Sgt, KIA - HALBERT, John R, FL O, KIA - HAMPTON, Walter R, Pvt, KIA - HAYNES, Lawrence D, S/Sgt, DOW - HENDRICKSON, Ambers P, Pfc, KIA - HENDRICKSON, Winston, Tec/5, DNB, HOWARD, Drexel E, Pvt, KIA - HOWARD, Earnest, Sgt, KIA - HOWARD, Emmett, Pvt, KIA - HOWARD, George C, Cpl, KIA - HOWARD, Morrison A, Sgt, KIA - HUNTER, Wadley C, Tec/5, KIA - JACKSON, Clyde R, Pvt, DOW - JACKSON, Millard, Pvt - DOW - JENKINS, Martin, Pvt, DNB - JOHNSON, Ben D, Pfc, DNB - JONES, Hubert T, Pfc, KIA - KNUCKLES, Claude, Pfc, DNB - KNUCKLES, Walter, Pfc, KIA - LAKE, Press, Pfc, KIA - LEE, Perry Jr, FL O, KIA - LOWE, Elmer K, Pvt, KIA - MARTIN, Doyle F, Pvt, KIA - MASSEY, David - Pfc, DOW - McCREARY, Silas W, Pfc, DOW - McKIDDY, Kenneth E, S/Sgt, KIA - McNEW, Orville, Sgt, KIA, MILLER, Milace H, Pfc, KIA - MILLS, Tom, Sgt, DNB - OXFORD, Welford L, Sgt, KIA - PARTIN, Ancil, Pvt, DOW - PHILLIPS, William E, Capt, DOW - PHIPPS, Henry C, Pvt, KIA - PIERCE, Ira, Pfc, DOW - POORE, Thomas I, S/Sgt, KIA - PRICE, Herman, Pfc, KIA - REED, Woodrow, Pfc, KIA - RHODES, Charles W Jr, 1st/Lt, DNB - SAYLOR, Acey T, Pfc, KIA - SHARPE, Sewell E, Pvt, KIA; SHOFFNER, Lodus E, Pvt, DNB - SMITH, Estil, Pfc, KIA - SMITH, Lloyd E, Tec, DNB - SMITH, Pearl, Pvt, DNB - SMITH, Richard, Pfc, KIA - SOWDER, Bruce A, Pvt, KIA - STEWART, Johnnyk P, Sgt, KIA - SUMMERS, Jesse A, Pvt, KIA - THACKER, Ray J, Pfc, KIA - THOMPSON, Ernest, S/Sgt, KIA - THOMPSON, Robert B, Pfc, DOW - TOWNES, Burgess R, Pvt, DOW - TURNER, Jim, Pfc, DOW - TURPIN, Frank E, S/Sgt, DNB - WARD, Luther, Pvt, KIA - WATSON, Luria J, Pvt, KIA - WEASE, Nealy T, 2nd/Lt, FOD - WEST, Shirley, Cpl, KIA - WHITAKER, William H, Pvt, DNB - WHITE, Glenn, S/Sgt, DNB - WHITRFIELD, Charles H, 2nd/Lt, KIA - WILLIAMS, James L, Pvt, KIA - WILSON, Justus R, Pvt, KIA - WRIGHT, Hobert O, Sgt, KIA BOONE CO: BEIL, William F, Pfc, DOW - BLAACKER, Keenenth E, Pvt, DNB - BOOTS, John, 1st/Lt, KIA - BRITTENHELM, George W, Pfc, DNB - CHIPLEY, Clarence L, Pfc, KIA - COUCH, Paul W, Pfc, KIA - CRADDOCK, Charles E, Pfc, KIA - CRADDOCK, Harold C, S/Sgt, FOD - EDWARDS, Isaac N, Pfc, DNB - FOGLE, George E, Pvt, KIA - GETTYS, Raymond, Tec/5, KIA - HEGINBOTHAM, George W, Sgt, FOD - HEIDKAMP, Richard A, Tec/5, DOW - HUTTON, Cecil M, Pvt, DNB - JARBOE, Cletis,Sgt, DNB - KNOX, Aubrey E, Sgt, DNB - McELROY, Lloyd D, S/Sgt, KIA - OWEN, Tom Jr, Pfc, DOW - RANES, Floyd C, Pfc, DNB - REAGAN, Cornelius L, 2nd/Lt, KIA - ROGERS, James E Jr, Cpl, KIA - SHEARS, Robert G, Pvt, KIA - SNELLING, Elmer L, Sgt, KIA - SNOW, Walter L, Tec/5, KIA - TAYLOR, Joe, Pvt, KIA - WITHAM, Raymond E, Pvt, FOD BOURBON CO: ADAIR, Jack C, 2nd/Lt, FOD - ALDRIDGE, Billy M, Pvt, DNB - BATES, John B, Pvt, KIA - CLAY, William T, Pvt, DNB - CORD, Omar, Pvt, KIA - CROWE,John L, Pvt, KIA - DAVIS, Robert C, Capt, DNB, DEAN, Ralph L, 1st/Lt, DOW - DONNELLEY, Vernon M, Pvt, DOW - DUSINA, Amos, Pfc, FOD - FOWLER, Kenneth F, Pfc, DOW - GAUNCE, Kenneth S, Pvt, DNB - HALLIS, Gus, Pvt, DNB - HEDGES, Everett E, Sgt, KIA - JOHNSTON, William J, 2nd/Lt,DNB - JONES, Graham E, 1st/Lt, KIA - KELLER, Henry J, Pfc, KIA - LAIL, Henry, Sgt, DOW - MACK, Andrew M, Pfc, KIA - MATTOX, James M, Sgt, KIA - MORRIS, Jesse D, 2nd/Lt, KIA - OSBORNE, Julian, Pvt, KIA - PARRISH, Rodes S, 2nd/Lt, KIA - PERKINS, William E, S/Sgt, DNB, PETERSON, John B Jr, S/Sgt, KIA - REED, Paul (no middle initial), Pvt, KIA - RISEN, Cecil C, S/Sgt, KIA - SAYLOR, Scott V, Pfc, KIA - STACY, Lester, S/Sgt,KIA - STEUART, Buford H, Pvt, KIA - WELLS, Millard C Jr, 2nd/Lt, FOD - WHEAT, Clayton E 2nd, 2nd/Lt, DNB - WOODARD, Frank C, Pfc, DNB To be continued. (c) 13 March 2003, Sandra K.Gorin, All Rights Reserved. Col. Sandi Gorin, 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

SPECIAL NOTICE: It has come to my attention that some individuals have been cross-posting my tips here to other rootsweb lists. This is generally frowned upon by rootsweb and many people receive multiple copies then of the post and the list owner of the other list might not welcome the post. So, please, before you post elsewhere, check with me first. I normally give permission to post to other non-rootsweb lists or for use among your friends or genealogical societies. When permission is granted, the copyright information and my name must appear on the post. Thanks for your help! Sandi TIP #431 - THE HISTORICAL RECORDS SURVEY - THE WPA Did you ever wonder why records in the County Clerk's and Circuit Court Clerk's office are typed up in massive books in index format? Or why deeds, wills or other records were typed out? Did you ever scream when the record shown in that index book wasn't where it was supposed to be in the master book? Did you ever feel anger towards the typing abilities of whoever typed up the indexes? Did you ever wonder why your ancestor's names were misspelled when it was obvious from the original that it was not spelled that way? Well, just be thankful they are there to help us and I'll explain how they got there. During the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the New Deal program was instituted. This was to combat the Great Depression and find work for the millions of people without work. In March 1933 until the early days of WW II, the WPA (Works Progress Administration) offered the unemployed work. There were projects in many fields providing $35 million dollars jobs for 500,000 Kentuckians. The result included 14,000 miles of new or improved highways, 9,000 public buildings and packhorse libraries. The WPA in Kentucky also employed artists and writers who produced books such as "Kentucky, A Guide to the Bluegrass State" (1939); it found part-time jobs for high schoolers and college students. Other programs were instituted including the NYA - National Youth Organization; PWA (Public Works Administration) and the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps). Camps were established providing training in forestry, fire fighting and construction. The Farm Credit Administration (FCA) helped rural Kentuckians in refinancing their farms. The USHA (U S Housing Authority) cleared slums. The AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration) handled the destruction of crops and animals - a controversial program. The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) brought power and light to rural Kentuckians. Another project during this time frame was the Historical Records Survey which was a very short program, part of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and Federal Writers Project. The idea was conceived at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association in Chattanooga, TN in 1936. It set up five WPA administrative districts in the state and was headed by our great historian, Thomas D. Clark who served as temporary state director. The aim of this Historical Records Survey was to" inventory, analyze and preserve public documents of all the states and counties". Teams were set in all of our 120 Kentucky counties with a sub-director over each of the five districts. Who was chosen to do this noble project? The workers were those in need of a job and according to the Kentucky Encyclopedia "varied from almost totally illiterate to the moderately well educated but inexperienced in archival research." Add to this fact that many of the county officers were not doing handstands over this project ... they felt it possibly an intrusion of their time and the privacy of the records - which were in public domain anyway. Thomas Clark served until late 1936, on loan from the University of Kentucky. Oren B. Wilder took his place briefly, then Walter M. Hoepelman, Earl D Hale and Clifford Rader who served until 1941. The project fairly well ended then with officials leaning more towards special war services. By its close, there was a goodly amount of data handled in 63 of the counties. Nine reports were produced which can be found at the Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives in Frankfort and the Special Collections Division of the Margaret I. King Library at the University of Kentucky. Many of the typists who handled the records at the courthouse likely had never seen a typewriter before, but I bless them for the hours and hours they spent! They would have worked with the original old hand-written records and if they didn't know the names and couldn't read them, they guessed them often. I have been working with the marriage index books and there are mistakes. They were taught to do an unusual indexing too, putting names that they thought were the same together - often they were different families. One might find the Garretts and Garnetts together in fairly good alphabetical order, the Clark's and Clarke's, the Smiths and the Smythes, etc. They also had to indicate whether the individual was black or white and one can find a bride and groom listed as black in one place, and if either remarried, shown as white. If some of you can remember the old typewriters (the old manuals), letters jumped up into the air, spaces were between letters sometimes, making it hard to decipher it was Jo S or Jos. However; if they hadn't done it, it likely wouldn't be done to this day! So forgive the typos, understand that this was putting bread on the table for them and bless them for their efforts! (c) Copyright, 6 Mar 2003, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin, 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

Saltpeter, also known as Quick Salt is a white, translucent and lustrous mineral composed of potassium nitrate. It is found in surface soils in Spain, Egypt and Iran and in the loose soil of limestone caves in Kentucky, Tennessee and the Mississippi Valley among other places. Today it is used as a fertilizer, in the production of glass, preserves foods and in some medicines. But during the early days of Kentucky and elsewhere, it was used as gunpowder. In early Kentucky days, people knew of quick salt as much as regular "table" salt. Kentucky has many dry caves, necessary for saltpeter and a major industry was begun when the War of 1812 and even the Civil War threatened. Monk Estill was a slave and made a name for himself in the annals of Kentucky history. It was he who provided Fort Boonesborough and the Estill Station with saltpeter to make gunpowder as early as 1780. Only 25 years later there were twenty-eight saltpeter caves and rock shelters being mined in the state. During the War of 1812, the demand for saltpeter was intensified because a blockade of U S Ports by the British embargo of 1807 cut off American supplies from India. The prices shot up, the demand was up and the need was met by massive exploration in some of the dry caves, including Mammoth Cave in Edmonson County and a producing cave called The Great Saltpeter Cave" in Rockcastle County, KY. Dixon Cave, which is near Mammoth was also used. There was a large powder mill on Boozy Creek, and it was operated back in the early 1800s and possibly before by the Hughes family. In Mammoth Cave, wooden vats were built inside the entrance and at Booth's Amphitheater and the Rotunda in the cave. Log pipes carried water into the cave for the leaching of the calcium nitrate from the soil and was pumped to the surface. There it was treated with wood ashes and boiled in large kettles to crystalize. According to Foxfire (see below): "The next step was to combine the mother liquor rich in calcium nitrate with wood ashes that contain high amounts of potassium hydroxide. The best wood ashes for this purpose were made by burning hardwoods such as oak and hickory. The mother liquor was either poured directly over the woodashes or the woodashes were leached in barrels and the leachate directly combined with the mother liquor. Upon combination, a white haze could be seen , and this white precipitate (calcium hydroxide or 'curds' as it was called) would slowly sink to the bottom of the barrel. If the solution contained an excess of calcium nitrate, the product was termed 'in the grease.' An excess of wood ashes produced a condition called 'in the ley.' "The wood ash leachate was poured into the mother liquor until the white curds could no longer be seen precipitating out of solution. The remaining solution thus contained the still soluble potassium nitrate. This solution was dipped out into an apple-butter kettle (or "evaporator"), and a fire started under the kettle. Turnip halves were then thrown into the boiling solution to help keep it from foaming and to take up the dirty brown color. Oxblood (or alum) was also added to the boiling liquid and caused the organic matter to rise to the top of the liquid and form a scum which, with continued boiling, was constantly ladled off. After a few hours of boiling, the hot liquor was poured through cheesecloth in order to filter out the remaining scum and organic material. Upon cooling, fine, bitter, needle-shaped crystals of niter (potassium nitrate) formed in the liquor. These crystals were then collected and dried. Potassium nitrate crystals were far superior to calcium or sodium-nitrate crystals because they are non-deliquescent (do not take up moisture from the air) and, hence, would not make the gunpowder wet and unusable. The nitrate crystals thus obtained had to be further refined and purified. This purification procedure was done either by the individual and homemade into gunpowder, or it was done after the saltpeter crystals were sent to a refinery where the final gunpowder was made." After 1811, production demands dropped at Mammoth Cave because the soil containing the nitrate was totally depleted. Then when the New Madrid Earthquake hit, the operation was damaged. After the war foreign imports increased and the prices dropped causing the abandonment of the saltpeter mining operation. The following will give the reader a small look into the production of salt peter. Many slaves worked the saltpeter caves, but is not meant to be comprehensive. Information gained primarily from The Foxfire Book, Volume 5, (c) 1979, Doubleday books. I recommend the Foxfire Books for a good insight into many factors of old-time living. According to Foxfire, black powder was made of saltpeter, charcoal and sulfur, each needing to be ground separately (measurements given but not included). This was done by the individual making his own gunpowder by using a mortal and pestle, or even a flour mill. This powder is mixed with a small amount of water to make it like a biscuit dough. Some people mixed with urine which gave the gun powder more oxygen and performed better! An alternate way of making saltpeter would be mixing urine and manure in a big tank and mixing it with water. It was left to "brew" for about ten months. The liquid was drained off through ashes into shallow wooden trays and let stand to evaporate. What is left is the potassium nitrate crystals (saltpeter). Many people who lived in cities had outhouses. There was a tray or drawer under the seats that could be pulled out. The people paid collectors who came by night about once a month and dumped the contents into a special wagon. When the wagons were full, another man bought the contents of the wagon and dumped it into concrete tanks. The liquid was run through the ashes into evaporating trays or basins to collect the saltpeter! Charcoal was needed when the gunpowder was lit. According to Foxfire, when burning the carbon assists in making potassium carbonates and carbon sulfates during the instant of a second it is burning. This is primarily released at the muzzle as smoke. The residue remains in the barrel and has to be cleaned out after every shot or every third shot. The charcoal should be made from western cedar, chinaberry, willow, cottonwood or soft pine only. (c) Copyright 27 Feb 2002, Sandra K.Gorin. All rights reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin, 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

A shorter tip today but hope one of interest. How many of you remember the old Tennessee Ernie Ford song which includes the lyrics "I owe my soul to the company store"? [Sixteen Tons, Tennessee Ernie Ford's hit version was recorded at Capitol Studios, Hollywood, CA, on Sep 21, 1955.] The old company store was in the company town and in the Kentucky area, was most thought of as being a coal mining area. It also applied to logging areas, railroad towns and iron mining areas. The company town was in existence before the Civil War, the earliest days are lost in the pages of history. The company town was know to exist in Britain and it's practices brought to the United States. The "boss man" normally was well off and owned the land where the natural resources lie. He important laborers from all across the known United States and began erecting small homes for them. These were called by various terms including cottages and row houses. In the New England area, company or mill towns date back to the early 1790's. In Kentucky, the earliest known town was Airdrie (1853) which was an iron-producing area. Most of the workers were Scotts on the Green River close to Paradise in Muhlenberg County and Peach Orchard (1845) was just north of Prestonburg on the Big Sand River's Levisa Fork. Normally, these company towns did not arise in a populated town area, but were set in remote areas with scant transportation and almost no communication with the outside world. Although the towns lay within a county, they fairly well had their own governmental rules and regulations and saw to it that the employees were indeed "deeper in debt" to the company. The landlord controlled most of the lives of the workers and their families, deducting rent from the paycheck for totally inadequate housing. It was up to the company officials if the "town" had schools, doctors, churches, entertainment and stores. Goods were purchased from the company store, at inflated prices, adding to the coffers of the company and employees found themselves getting further and further into debt just to provide for their families. The employee could either be paid in cash, or in scrip. The scrip was good only at one store - the company store. Exacting books were kept on each purchase and how much scrip had been spent, or owed. Eventually, the press began harping away at the living conditions of these company towns and soon everyone knew of the plight of the coal worker, the iron worker and the railroad man. Some companies were shamed into improving the housing conditions of its employees and families including Benham Lynch (Harlan County) and Jenkins (Letcher County). After 1900 many coal and railroad towns purchased their homes from Sears, Montgomery Ward and other companies which offered cheap pre-fab homes. The company officials however, lived in fancy homes on fertile land. By the end of the 1920's, coal prices plunged and improved technology in strip-mining forced the reduction of workers and the county towns became a thing of the past slowly. Most of the towns are now collapsed, destroyed or used for other purposes now. See also: Ronald Eller, Mners, Millhands and Mountaineers, Knoxville, TN, 1892. Web site: http://wells.entirety.ca/feature.htm (examples of a company town not in Kentucky) Coal Company Town in Eastern Kentucky http://www.coaleducation.org/coalhistory/coaltowns/home.htm Mining Issued In an Era of Rural Dependence (WV): http://www.dailymail.com/static/specialsections/lookingback/lb05031.htm We Owed Our Souls to the Company Store: http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Trail/6793/shortstory_iowe.html (c) Copyright 20 Feb 2003, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin, 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

This concludes the series of Shakers listed at South Union in Logan Co KY. Temon, Chloe, 1783-1851, born MD. Another list shows her as Black and incorrect dob as 1723. Temon, Cynthia, 1780-1814, born NC. On another list shown as Black, 1807-1814. Temon, Joseph, 1762-1838, born VA Tiller, Jacob, died 1830 - old Tolliver, Lucy, died 1892 Trousdale, Martha, 1807-1892, born TN Tylee, John, 1833-1889, born TN Tylee, Polly A, 1810-1861, born TN. Another list shows her name as Tyler. Wann, Henry B, 1848-1868, born in Western Canada Ware, William, 1830-1878, born OH Warren, Harriet, 1812-1871, born VA Watkins, Ida May 1905-1909, born Terre Haute, IN, infant of Ruth Watkins [nee Ferrell], was brought up At South Union, had returned on a visit to her husband, came on the3 17th and the 18th they started home. Watmaugh, Henry, 17995-1879, born England. White, Denolius, 1875-1895, born KY Whyte, Francis, 1768-1830, born MD Whyte, Isaac, died 1814, born MD Whyte, Ammelia, 1784-1819. Whyte, Mollie, 180?-1877, age 70, born KY. Another list shows born 1827. Whyte, Patsy, 1789-1859, born VA Whyte, Prudence F, 1808-188, born KY Wythe, Mary, 1737-1812, born NC Wythe, Sallie, 1801-1859, born KY Whyte, Samuel, 1774-1833, born MD Wyte, Amelia, 1781-1819, born VA Williamson, Drucilla, 1796-1814. Wilson, Samuel, died 1814, born MD Wing, Eliza E, 1809-1816, born KY. Another lists shows middle name as Evelyn. Wing, Jane, 1807-1889, born KY Wing, Peggie, 1784-1823, born VA. Also spelled Peggy on additional list. Wise, Reuben, 1818-1893, born NC Wing, Samuel H, 1805/6 - 1825, born KY Woodward, Rebecca, 1834-1858, born TN Yarrington, Clinton, 1843-1877, born KY Yarrington, Fredrick, 1813-1879. Young, James, 1857-1868, born KY Young, James, 1859-1868, born KY See also the following links: Logan Co KY Shaker Vital Statistics: ftp://ftp.rootsweb.com/pub/usgenweb/ky/logan/vitals/shaker.txt Logan Co KY 1870 Census of South Union: http://www.rootsweb.com/~kylogan/Records/Census/1870Shakers.html I hope this series has been helpful! Sandi (c) Copyright 13 Feb 2003, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin, 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

Continuation of the deaths of Shakers at South Union in Logan Co KY. McClelland, John, died 1825. McComb, Elisabeth, 1762-1839, born PA. Shown on another list as Elizabeth. McComb, Jesse, 1750-1815, born PA McComb, Jesse, 1798-1834, born KY McComb, John, 1791-1826, born NC McComb, Mary, 1795-1874, born NC McComb, Sallie, 1795-1875, born KY McComb, Sallie Sr, 1760-1820, born NC Also spelled McCome on another list. McCome, Matilda, 1803-1816, Black. McCormack, Frances, 1840-1898, born TX McCormack, Samuel, 1875-1907, born TN McCuen, Eleanor, 1771-1856, born VA McCuen, Louisa, 1803-1896, born KY McCuen, Lucy, 1812-1891, born KY McCuen, Mary, 1809-1840, born KY. Also shown Molly on additional list. McElwain, Grace, 1772-1867, born Ireland. Another lists shows death as 1868. McGuire, Nancy, 1809-1815, born AL McKee, Ambrose, 1817-1900, born TN McLean, Cyrene, 1788-1838, born NC McLean, Eli, 1793-1870, born NC McLean, Jennie, 1792-1824, born NC. On another list shown Jenny, died 1823. McLean, John, 1796-1862, born NC McLean, Mary, 1768-1825, born NC McLean, Thomas, 1755-1821, born NC McRae, Thoma, 1831-1896, born NC Naylor, Magy, 1785-1851, born OH. Another list shows name as Waylor, died 1851. Neely, Jennie, 1776-1830, born KY Noland, Patrick, 1830-1851, born New Orleans Norris, Ella, 1850-1875, born KY Pack, Bettie, 1830-1895, born KY Paisley, Robert, 1777-1832, born VA Paridee, Francis, died 1823, born France Paschal, Winnie, 1772-1852, born SC. Another list shows her was Winniford Pasley, Isabella R, 1752-1832. Patillow, William, 1768-1850, born NC Patillow, William Jr, 1804-1824, born KY Pearce, Isaac, 1807-1827, born TN Pearce, Leah, 1777-1863, born VA Pearce, Robert, 1767-1846, born VA Pearce, William, 1805-1835, born TN Pearcifield, Lorenzo, 1832-1900, born KY Pegram, William, 1830-1883, born VA Perryman, Angeline, 1815-1909, born KY Perryman, John, died 1916 Pickens, Margaret, 1814-1859, born VA Powell, Julia, 1804-1863, born SC Powell, Lenorah, 1838-1884, born KY Powers, Eleanor, 1814-1873, born KY Powers, Monroe, 1831-1895, born TN Price, Benjamin D, 1777-1833, born VA Price, Maria E, 18098-1879, born IN Price, Peggie E, 1785-1858, born VA Psalter, Amelia, 1780-1858, born VA Psalter, Nellie, 1809-1817, born IN. Another list shows name Pslater, Black. Quinby, Richard, 1823 NY-died at Groveland, NY, Randolph, Gillum, 1829-1884, born TN. Raney, Lon, 1763-1827. Rankin, Clarissa, 1806-1890, born KY Rankin, Eliza, 1805-1865, born KY Rankin, George, 1787-1880, born VA Rankin, Hannah, 1789-1826, born NC Rankin, Jency, 1807-1888, born KY Rankin, Jesse, 1799-1882, born KY Rankin, John, Elder, 1798-1870, born NC Rankin, John Sr, 1757-1850, born PA Rankin, Polly, 1807-1881, born KY Rankin, Rebecca, 1765-1845, born NC Rankin, Solomon, 1797-1882, born VA Rankin, William, 1803-1880, born KY Reice, David, 1809-1809. Rhea, Minerva, 1818-1832, born KY. Rice, Alexander, 1777-1852, born VA Rice, Betsy, 1804-1806, born KY Rice, Betsy, 1809-1811 - might be same as above Rice, David, Infant [no other data] Rice, John, 1805-1819, born KY Rice, Jemima, 1787-1844, born VA Rice, Patsy, 1786-1836, born NC Rice, Sally, 1807-1873, born KY Rice, Sarah, 1807-1850, born KY Rice, William, 1784-1863, born KY Richards, Irene W, 1813-1884, born NC Richardson, James H, 1838-1900, born MS Roberts, Bettie, 1850-1868, born KY. On another list shows name as Betty. A third list shows dob As 1855. Roberts, John Sr, 1802-1884, born KY Roberts, Martha, 1789-1874, born GA. Another list shows her born 1787. Roberts, Peggie, 1826-1835, born TN. Another list shows Peggy, died 1834. Roberts, Saloma, 1824-1845, born IN Robinson, Enfield M, 1808-1834, born KY Robinson, Isabelle, 1752-1852, shown 84 yrs old, born Londonderry, Ireland Robinson, Lucy, 1802-1840, born KY. Shown on additional list as Black. Robinson, Sarah, 1787-1859, born VA Robinson, Samuel, 1780-1854, born VA Robinson, Susan, 1784-1839, born VA. Another list shows her as Susannah Robbison. Rupe, Mollie, 1866-1879, born AL Russell, Sanford, 1818-1901, born OH Ryan, Rachel, 1760-1832, born VA Sadler, Katie, 1820-1860, born KY Settles, Maggie, died 1890, born KY Shackelford, Barney, 1807-1827. Shackelford, Betsy, d 1816, name spelled Shacleford. Shackelford, Hudson, 1811-1835, born VA Shackelford, Margaret, 1850-1890, born KY Shackleford, Roger, 1756-1825, born VA Shackelford, Sallie, 1776-1825, born VA. Also shown Sally Shackelford on additional list. Shannon, Betsy, 1796-1814, born KY Shannon, Hewel, ?-1832, age 25, born KY Shannon, John, 1756-1814, born VA Shannon, Lavinia, 1783-1820, born KY Shannon, Lucy, 1805-1881, born KY Shannon, Olive, 1803-1880, born KY Shannon, Samuel, 1781-1859, born VA Shannon, T Jefferson, 1801-1895, born KY Shelton, Nelson, died 1814 Simpson, Junia, 1863-1866, born KY Sims, Elisabeth, 1819-1832, born KY. Another list shows Elizabeth Simms, 1815-1832. Slover, John Sr, 1733-1813, born VA Slover, John Jr, 1783-1858, born VA Slover, Luanna, 1780-1868, born PA. Another lists shows date of birth as 1718, impossible. Small, Elbridge G, 1822-1823. Small, Jane, 1812-1840. Small, Joseph, 1780-1847, born VA Small, Lucy, 1809-1813. Small, Martha, 1784-1861, born VA Small, Mary, 1763-1831 Small, Mary Jane, 1812-1840, born KY Small, Mehetabel, 1781-1849, born VA Small, Mary, 1763-1831, born VA Small, Polly, 1791-1864, born VA Small, Sarah, 1810-1896, born KY Smallwood, Sarah, 1853-1865, born TN Smith, Betsy, Eldress, 1813-1897, born KY Smith, David, 1782-1863, born VA Smith, Polly, 1799-1839, born VA Smith, Samuel, 1801-1890, born VA Smith, Susan, 1811-1887, born KY Smith, Thomas, 1810-1861, born VA Smith, William, 1755-18924, born VA Smithson, Cynthia, 1860-1872, born KY [shown age 22] Smithson, John Ewing, 1850-1868, born KY Spears, Nancy, 1830-1848, born TN Steele, Frances, 1744-1825, born NY. Also shown Fannie Steel on additional list. Steele, Nancy, 1805-1810, born KY. Handwritten on another list as dying 18011. Stewart, John, died 1843. Stewart, Peter, died 1892, born TN To be concluded next week. Sandi (c) Copyright 6 February 2003, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin, 205 Clements Ave., Glasgow, KY 42141 (270) 651-9114 Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

TIP #426 - SHAKER DEATHS AT SOUTH UNION, PART 2 Continuation of deaths at South Union in Logan Co KY. Eads, Abraham, 1752-1812, born VA Eads, Bartlett, died 1819, born VA Eads, Charles, 1754-1833, born VA Eads, Harvey L, 1807-1892, born KY Eads, Samuel G, 1778-1862, born VA Eades, Robinson, Elder, 1805-1873 Eades, Sallie, 1782-1859, born VA Eades, Sarah, 1757-1814, born VA Eastin, Walker, died 1892. Edmonds, John, 1852-1868, born TN Edwards, Mary, 1807-1892, born VA Edwards, Paulina, 1834-1875, born VA Edwards, Rebecca, 1818-1898, born VA Edwards, William, 1797-1854, born Wales Elyoe, Thoms, died 1874. Eskew, Robert, born TN, died 1806, between 60-70 yrs old. Estis, Betsy, 1765-1810, born MD. Spelled Estes on another list. Ferrell, Mary S, 1846-1904, born TN Fisher, Annie, 1777-1862, born OH Fisher, Charity, 1800-1822, born TN Fitzpatrick, Michael,, 1884, born Ireland Ford, Lula, 1863-1883, born TN Foreman, Electa J, 1806-1854, born VA Franklin, Daniel, 1835-1838, born KY. Franklin, Maria, 181?-1841, born KY. Another lists shows name as Franklins. Franklin, Saphrona, 1839-1858, born KY Freehart, Bettie, 1774-1852, born VA. Also spelled Betty on another list. Freehart, Hannah, 1804-1894, born KY Frezell, Rebecca, 1817-1857, born KY Gerock, Jacob, 1805-1901, born Germany Gerry, Elbridge, 1833-1897, born KY Gidcumb, Almeda, 1857-1877, born KY Gill, Cynthia, 1800-1824, born IN Gill, Harrrriet, 1804-1882, born IN Glover, Elisabeth, 1781-1838, born NC. Also spelled Elizabeth on another list. Goldwin, Mollie, died 1895, born Ireland Golly, Mary, 1751-1816. Goodhope, Annie, 1778-1853, born NJ. Another list shows Anna Goodhope, 1772-1853. Goodhope, Rachel, 1800-1861, born OH Goodrich, Mollie, Eldress, born NY, 1779-1835, died South Union. Gordon, Amelia, 1721-1821, born VA (100 yrs old) Gordon, Jane, 1788-1860, born KY Gray, Betsy, 1791-1846, born KY Gray, Jennie, 1796-1814, born KY Gray, Sarah, 1801-1854, born KY Gray, Thankful, 1785-1827, born KY. Shown Grey on additional list. Greer, Arthur, 1892, infant. Greer, Jessie, 1892-1823 [sic], age 1 year, born KY. Hand corrected to 1893. Ham, Jency, 1790-1813, born KY Ham, Margaret, 1790-1833, born NC Ham, Telitha, 1807-1827, born KY Hamilton, Elisabeth, 1840-1885, born KY Hammond, Thomas, 1787-1866, born CT Hancock, John, 1765-1844, born NC Harrison, Keturah, 1800-1864, born SC Harrison, Peninah, 1798-1859, born SC Harvey, Nancy, 1818-1824, born KY Helson, Charles, 1820-1891, born KY Henson, Malinda, 1805-1815, born KY Hilton, Elvarine, 18l8-1903, born KY Hilton, Rhoda, 1823-1878, born KY Himma, Mary, 1845-1852, born Arkansas Hodge, Henrietta, 1822-1845, born KY Holman, Chester, 1840-1892, born NY Hooper, Annie, 1780-1830, born VA. Another list shows Anna, born 1782. Hooper, Dorcas, 1802-1878, born KY Hooper, Phillip, 1778-1828 Hopper, Paradine, 1840-1858, born KY Horn, William, 1871, born TN. Houston, Jency N, 1808-1828, born IN. On another list showed died 1826. Houston, Mary Jane, 1782-1853, born MD Houston, Matthew N, 1799-1868, born KY Houston, Nancy T, 1801-1872, born KY Houston, Prudence, 1804-1873, born KY Houston, Robert, 1768-1863, born VA Howard, Benjamin, 1871-1883, born IN Howell, William, 1791-1823, born KY Hughes, William, 1819-1894, born VA Hunt, Martha, 1829-1869, born TN Ingram, Annie, died 1910, age 72. [assumed, handwritten 19010] Ingram, Jane, 1855-1868, born KY Jaynes, Caroline, 1820-1903, born KY Jaynes, Eliza, 1831-1854, born KY. Another list shows 1831-1852. Jenkins, Betsy, 1799-1867, born VA Jenkins, Olive, 1821-1864, born IN Johns, Mary, 1809-1868 Johns, Nancy, 1794-1814, born VA Johns, Patterson, 1804-1863, born KY Johns, Polly, 1762-1842, born VA Johns, Robert, 1795-1863, born KY Johns, Uban Ewing, 1802-1878, born KY Johns, William, 1755-1827, born in VA Johnson, Charles, 1830-1897, born Ireland Johnson, Charles, 1833-1898, born Ireland Jolly, Mary, 171-1861. Jones, Polly, 1783-1877, born NC Judkins, Mary, 1754-1816. Judkins, Molly, Black, no other information. Lacey, Fannie, 1802-1879, born VA Lacy, John, 1766-1845, born PA Lacy, Martha A, 1810-1822, born VA Land, Silas, died 1902. Lauless, Elisabeth, 1868-1900, born KY Lawless, Frank, 1886-1907, born KY Leach, Charlotte, 1801-1892, born PA Leath, Polly M, 1782-1853, born AL. Another list shows 1852 as dod. Ligier, William, 1791-1853, born NC Lowry, Sarah, 17899-1829, born VA. Spelled Lowery on additional list. Macabee, Juliette, died 1820. Another list shows 1819. Mack, Isaac, died 1811 Mack, Malinda, 1805-1814. Mack, Matilda, 1804-1812, born KY Mack, Rachel, 1804-1814, born KY Mallory, Mary, 1830-1870, born KY. Shown black on another list and last name as Malory. Marks, Sallie, 1827-1858, born KY. Another list shows her dying 1878. Mars, Rose, died 1814. On another list, 1811 is marked in the deceased column, 1811 in the birth Column, then crossed out in birth column. Martin, Margaret, 1868-1903, born KY Martin, Margery, 1802-1872, born KY Martin, Patience, 1769-1859, born NC Martin, William, died 1811 Mecome, Malinda, 1807-1814, black. Mecome, Polly, 1785-1837, born VA Mecome, Rachel, 1811-1814. On another list shown 1805-1814, Black. Mecome, Rebecca, 1811-1814, born VA Mecome, Rebecca Sr, 1791-1816, born VA Meigs, Eleanor, 1786-1870, born PA Meigs, Jane, 1805-1817, born IN Meigs, John, 1777-1864, born PA Menifee, Louisa, 1824-1802 [sic], age 76, born KY Merrifield, John, 1787-1866, born KY Merrifield, Priscilla, 1785-1826, born KY. Another handwritten list shows dob as 1756. Miles, Theresa, 1812-1872, born TN Miles, Zachariah, 1812-1891, born KY, died FL Miller, Cassey, 1797-1832, born OH. Also spelled Cassie on another list. Miller, John, died 1824, born IN Miller, John Sr, d 1814. Miller, Teresa, died 1872. Miller, Volumbia, 1799-1854, born OH Mitchell, Annie, 1867-01903, born TN Moore, Jesse, 1755-1815, born PA Moore, Lucy, 1782-1814, born VA Moore, Nancy E, Eldress, 1807-1889, born KY Muckaby, Juliet, 1819-1822, born TN. Myers, William, 1881-1890, born KY To be continued. Copyright 30 January 2003, Sandra K. Gorin. All rights reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

TIP #426 - SHAKER DEATHS AT SOUTH UNION, PART 2 Eads, Abraham, 1752-1812, born VA Eads, Bartlett, died 1819, born VA Eads, Charles, 1754-1833, born VA Eads, Harvey L, 1807-1892, born KY Eads, Samuel G, 1778-1862, born VA Eades, Robinson, Elder, 1805-1873 Eades, Sallie, 1782-1859, born VA Eades, Sarah, 1757-1814, born VA Eastin, Walker, died 1892. Edmonds, John, 1852-1868, born TN Edwards, Mary, 1807-1892, born VA Edwards, Paulina, 1834-1875, born VA Edwards, Rebecca, 1818-1898, born VA Edwards, William, 1797-1854, born Wales Elyoe, Thoms, died 1874. Eskew, Robert, born TN, died 1806, between 60-70 yrs old. Estis, Betsy, 1765-1810, born MD. Spelled Estes on another list. Ferrell, Mary S, 1846-1904, born TN Fisher, Annie, 1777-1862, born OH Fisher, Charity, 1800-1822, born TN Fitzpatrick, Michael,, 1884, born Ireland Ford, Lula, 1863-1883, born TN Foreman, Electa J, 1806-1854, born VA Franklin, Daniel, 1835-1838, born KY. Franklin, Maria, 181?-1841, born KY. Another lists shows name as Franklins. Franklin, Saphrona, 1839-1858, born KY Freehart, Bettie, 1774-1852, born VA. Also spelled Betty on another list. Freehart, Hannah, 1804-1894, born KY Frezell, Rebecca, 1817-1857, born KY Gerock, Jacob, 1805-1901, born Germany Gerry, Elbridge, 1833-1897, born KY Gidcumb, Almeda, 1857-1877, born KY Gill, Cynthia, 1800-1824, born IN Gill, Harrrriet, 1804-1882, born IN Glover, Elisabeth, 1781-1838, born NC. Also spelled Elizabeth on another list. Goldwin, Mollie, died 1895, born Ireland Golly, Mary, 1751-1816. Goodhope, Annie, 1778-1853, born NJ. Another list shows Anna Goodhope, 1772-1853. Goodhope, Rachel, 1800-1861, born OH Goodrich, Mollie, Eldress, born NY, 1779-1835, died South Union. Gordon, Amelia, 1721-1821, born VA (100 yrs old) Gordon, Jane, 1788-1860, born KY Gray, Betsy, 1791-1846, born KY Gray, Jennie, 1796-1814, born KY Gray, Sarah, 1801-1854, born KY Gray, Thankful, 1785-1827, born KY. Shown Grey on additional list. Greer, Arthur, 1892, infant. Greer, Jessie, 1892-1823 [sic], age 1 year, born KY. Hand corrected to 1893. Ham, Jency, 1790-1813, born KY Ham, Margaret, 1790-1833, born NC Ham, Telitha, 1807-1827, born KY Hamilton, Elisabeth, 1840-1885, born KY Hammond, Thomas, 1787-1866, born CT Hancock, John, 1765-1844, born NC Harrison, Keturah, 1800-1864, born SC Harrison, Peninah, 1798-1859, born SC Harvey, Nancy, 1818-1824, born KY Helson, Charles, 1820-1891, born KY Henson, Malinda, 1805-1815, born KY Hilton, Elvarine, 18l8-1903, born KY Hilton, Rhoda, 1823-1878, born KY Himma, Mary, 1845-1852, born Arkansas Hodge, Henrietta, 1822-1845, born KY Holman, Chester, 1840-1892, born NY Hooper, Annie, 1780-1830, born VA. Another list shows Anna, born 1782. Hooper, Dorcas, 1802-1878, born KY Hooper, Phillip, 1778-1828 Hopper, Paradine, 1840-1858, born KY Horn, William, 1871, born TN. Houston, Jency N, 1808-1828, born IN. On another list showed died 1826. Houston, Mary Jane, 1782-1853, born MD Houston, Matthew N, 1799-1868, born KY Houston, Nancy T, 1801-1872, born KY Houston, Prudence, 1804-1873, born KY Houston, Robert, 1768-1863, born VA Howard, Benjamin, 1871-1883, born IN Howell, William, 1791-1823, born KY Hughes, William, 1819-1894, born VA Hunt, Martha, 1829-1869, born TN Ingram, Annie, died 1910, age 72. [assumed, handwritten 19010] Ingram, Jane, 1855-1868, born KY Jaynes, Caroline, 1820-1903, born KY Jaynes, Eliza, 1831-1854, born KY. Another list shows 1831-1852. Jenkins, Betsy, 1799-1867, born VA Jenkins, Olive, 1821-1864, born IN Johns, Mary, 1809-1868 Johns, Nancy, 1794-1814, born VA Johns, Patterson, 1804-1863, born KY Johns, Polly, 1762-1842, born VA Johns, Robert, 1795-1863, born KY Johns, Uban Ewing, 1802-1878, born KY Johns, William, 1755-1827, born in VA Johnson, Charles, 1830-1897, born Ireland Johnson, Charles, 1833-1898, born Ireland Jolly, Mary, 171-1861. Jones, Polly, 1783-1877, born NC Judkins, Mary, 1754-1816. Judkins, Molly, Black, no other information. Lacey, Fannie, 1802-1879, born VA Lacy, John, 1766-1845, born PA Lacy, Martha A, 1810-1822, born VA Land, Silas, died 1902. Lauless, Elisabeth, 1868-1900, born KY Lawless, Frank, 1886-1907, born KY Leach, Charlotte, 1801-1892, born PA Leath, Polly M, 1782-1853, born AL. Another list shows 1852 as dod. Ligier, William, 1791-1853, born NC Lowry, Sarah, 17899-1829, born VA. Spelled Lowery on additional list. Macabee, Juliette, died 1820. Another list shows 1819. Mack, Isaac, died 1811 Mack, Malinda, 1805-1814. Mack, Matilda, 1804-1812, born KY Mack, Rachel, 1804-1814, born KY Mallory, Mary, 1830-1870, born KY. Shown black on another list and last name as Malory. Marks, Sallie, 1827-1858, born KY. Another list shows her dying 1878. Mars, Rose, died 1814. On another list, 1811 is marked in the deceased column, 1811 in the birth Column, then crossed out in birth column. Martin, Margaret, 1868-1903, born KY Martin, Margery, 1802-1872, born KY Martin, Patience, 1769-1859, born NC Martin, William, died 1811 Mecome, Malinda, 1807-1814, black. Mecome, Polly, 1785-1837, born VA Mecome, Rachel, 1811-1814. On another list shown 1805-1814, Black. Mecome, Rebecca, 1811-1814, born VA Mecome, Rebecca Sr, 1791-1816, born VA Meigs, Eleanor, 1786-1870, born PA Meigs, Jane, 1805-1817, born IN Meigs, John, 1777-1864, born PA Menifee, Louisa, 1824-1802 [sic], age 76, born KY Merrifield, John, 1787-1866, born KY Merrifield, Priscilla, 1785-1826, born KY. Another handwritten list shows dob as 1756. Miles, Theresa, 1812-1872, born TN Miles, Zachariah, 1812-1891, born KY, died FL Miller, Cassey, 1797-1832, born OH. Also spelled Cassie on another list. Miller, John, died 1824, born IN Miller, John Sr, d 1814. Miller, Teresa, died 1872. Miller, Volumbia, 1799-1854, born OH Mitchell, Annie, 1867-01903, born TN Moore, Jesse, 1755-1815, born PA Moore, Lucy, 1782-1814, born VA Moore, Nancy E, Eldress, 1807-1889, born KY Muckaby, Juliet, 1819-1822, born TN. Myers, William, 1881-1890, born KY To be continued. Copyright 23 January 2003, Sandra K. Gorin. All rights reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

There were specific rules pertaining to Shaker funerals, with the regulations printed by Elder Oliver Hampton of the Union Village, Ohio, in 1877. It is assumed that all other Shaker communities in Kentucky followed the same procedures. Elder Hampton noted that the burial grounds were almost hidden, and that one would never realize it was a cemetery. The land was simply leveled off and then planted in typical forest trees common to the area. Not a head or foot stone marked the grave. The deceased was washed and wrapped in a shroud, and when appropriate, placed in a coffin and ready for viewers. After everyone had viewed the remains, a "solemn hymn" was sung and then all were seated. An elder addressed the meeting that was followed by a short discourse from anyone who felt the need to speak. The merits of the individual were extolled, and the individual was recommended to the Heavenly Home. After all speakers were finished a second hymn was sung and a last look at the deceased made. Special orders entitled "Orders Concerning the Dead" were part of the Millennial Laws and included certain restrictions. They stated that when the spirit is departing and the person is breathing the last, everyone should kneel in prayer. Within the hour, the corpse was to be laid out, dressed in shirt and winding sheet, a handkerchief and a muffler if necessary; females were buried with a cap and collar. It was the responsibility the only the Deacons and Deaconesses to layout and dress the deceased; the Elders conducted the service. No child under the age of 12 was allowed to attend the funeral unless it was someone from the family with which they lived. Special permission had to be obtained from the Elders. The same age requirement applied to the funeral procession to the cemetery. Western Kentucky University Kentucky Museum, Manuscript Division, in Bowling Green, KY is in the possession of a Necropolis, showing the known burials at South Union. I am not aware of such a list for Pleasant Hill although one might exist. The cemetery at South Union in Logan County has been destroyed but was divided into spaces for the Friends and for the visitors. The following names are shown as buried in the now extinct cemetery. I will include only the years of birth and death in this transcription, but any special notation will be shown. Note that the men and women's lists were separate in keeping with the teachings of the Shakers. However, I am merging the names for easier look-up and possible family placement. Notice the large number of small children who died. Adams, Caroline, 1834-1864, born OH Adams, Nancy, 1871-1897, born KY Adams, Nora, 1876-1901, born KY Agnew, Marietta, 1818-1879, born OH Austine, Rosaline, 1859-1869, born KY Bagwell, Sallie A, 1833-1833 [shown 42 yrs old), born KY. Another entry showing her first name as Sally, 1833-1873 Bailey, Sarah, 1828-1874, born KY Banta, John, died 1825. Barker, Denisa, 1843-1851, born KY Barnett, Annie, 1806-1815, born KY Barnett, Carey, 1799-1830, born KY Barnett, David, 1796-1853, born KY Barnett, Franklin, died 1825 - child. Barnett, Hannah, 1761-1830, born KY. Another list shows dob as 1752. Barnett, Rachel, 1761-1811, born VA. Spelled Barnet on another list. Barnett, Susan, 1811-1815, born KY Barrett, Eucustus [female], 1841-18870, born TN. Bartlett, Mary, 1747-1837, born NC. Spelled Bartlette on another list. Bedell, Hortency, 1795-1872, born OH. Another list shows first name as Hortence. Berrihill, Bettie, 1790-1872, born NC Berrihill, Josephus, 1823-1847, born KY Blakey, Cyrus, 1823-1906, born KY Blakey, Lucy, 1803-1884, born VA Blakey, Polly, 1799-1887, born KY Blundon, Robert, died 1839. Boils, Rebecca, 1800-1835, born IN Booker, Annie, 1814-1892, born VA Booker, Harvey L, 1844-1891, born MS Booker, Lucille, died 1918. Booker, William, died 1911, age 70. Bowman, Dennis, died 1849. Boyd, Amanda, 1851-1883, born KY Boys [sic], Alford, died 1910, age 70. Breedlove, Harriet, 1818-1904, born KY Breedlove, Virginia, 1843-1909, born KY Bromley, Lucinda M, 1818-1889, born TN Brooks, Gordon, died 1868. Buchanan, Samuel, 1831-1890, born NC Burer, Frederic, 1828-1901, born Germany Callaway, Matilda, 1795-1895, born VA Calloway, Caleb, 1761-1829, born VA Calloway, John Constant, 1799-1831, born VA Campbell, Dana, 1801-1875, born KY. Another lists shows her as an Eldress. Carey, Frances, died 1914, age 81 Carey, Naomi, 1853-1885, born KY, died FL Carr, James, died 1918. Carrow, Lucretia S, 1791-1851, born VA Cassau, Vallery (male), 1831-1845, born France. Cheaney, Alberta (male), 1881-1882, born KY Cherry, Ella, 1855-1890, born TN Chisolm, Absolom, 1760-1843, born MD Choat, Eleanor, 1783-1842, born MD. Another list shows first name as Elenora, died 1843. Clark, Lucy, died 1914, age 86. Clark, Nancy, 1833-1902, born KY Cole, John, died 1826, born KY Cole, William, 1835-1855, born IN Cornwell, Amanda, 1823-1863, born KY Couchou, Augutus, 1800-1852, born France Couchou, Peter, 1762-1842, born France Couchou, Theresa, 1782-1852, born France Cowan, Betsy, 1807-1838, born KY. Another list shown 1839. Cowan, Jane, died 1909, age 80. Cowan, Louraine, 1763-1839, born VA Cowan, Polly, 1827-1843, born KY Daniel, Tirzahy [female], 1809-1815, born KY Darby, Annie, 1724-1824, born NC [100 yrs old] Davis, Hezekiah [shown female], 1758-1814, born MD. On another list spelled Keziah. Davis, Jennie, died 1814, child. Davis, Peggy, 1808-1815, born KY Davis, Saloma, 1804-1883, born KY Dillon, Edmund, 1767-1830, born NC Dillon, Jency, 1796-1872, born NC Dillon, Judith, 1803-1896, born KY Dillon, Nancy, 1774-1837, born NC Dillon, Peggy, 1801-1815, born NC Dillon, Senata, 1810-1815, born KY Downing, Elisabeth, Eldress, 1828-1903, born KY Dreyfus, Abraham, 1830-1897, born Germany Dunn, Elizabeth, 1754-1814, born VA Dunn, Mercy, 1774-1848, born MD To be continued next week. (c) Copyright 16 January 2003, Sandra K.Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

TIP #424 - THE SHAKERS - PART 1 In previous posts I have covered many of the denominations that have embraced Kentucky. The Shakers, also known as the Society of Believers, had an interesting history in the state. A group of 18th century English Quakers earned this unusual title when many of them were taken with a different life-style and mode of worship. Mother Ann Lee, after suffering a disastrous and cold marriage, divorced her husband and said that she had begun seeing visions of the Divine. She shared these visions and began a style of worship known as the Shakers because of their worship style including shaking while rapturously dancing. Her visions became the basis of the Shaker doctrines - a direct communication between Christ and his people. She drew upon celibacy in the goal of perfection and rejected any Calvinistic teachings of predestination and election. If the followers would but reject the world and any carnal living, they had a chance of being part of the resurrection of life. Mother Lee told her followers that the Millennium began the day she had her first vision and believers who followed her teachings were part of the Millennium. She appears to have believed that she was the female form of Christ's return to earth. After persecution in England, Mother Lee and her band of believers came to the shores of America in 1774. By the 1830's there were Shaker movements in nineteen communities in the New England area and as far as New York to Ohio, Indiana and then Kentucky. Their beliefs included common ownership of property, shared workloads, and separation of the sexes into different facilities. Property was given to the Shaker community but still held in the title of the original owner. If the owner desired to leave the community, they were allowed to and everything was returned to them. Families came together but no physical contact was allowed between them, or the children. Nurses reared the children and tended them in illness, the parents were not involved. Divorces only occurred if one of the Shakers desired it, otherwise, the marriages continued but no contact could be made privately between the spouses. The State of Kentucky added a special provision for Shakers who wished to divorce. If the couple had to meet, it was only with chaperones. All were considered part of a family which ranged from fifty to 150 individuals who lived like brothers and sisters. Slaves were allowed to be part of the community and on paper, still belonged to their previous owners; however, they worked and lived separately. Each family unit was led by two elders and two eldresses who acted as parents. They were responsible for guiding their "family" spiritually and saw that there were no infractions. An infraction normally resulted in public confession before the rest of the family with the other members crying out "Woe", "Woe" and periods of repentance and prayer. Strict reports were maintained which were turned into the head organization and each elder and eldress wanted to turn in a sterling report. The families built spartan homes, more like an apartment complex with separate quarters for the men and women, with separate staircases separating the sections. The elders or eldresses took their responsibilities seriously and checked frequently that the men and women were in bed at the appropriate times and not sneaking out to meet spouse or boyfriend. The communities were to be self-sustaining. Members were assigned particular chores for a period of time, then alternated. The women sewed, did the laundry, cooked, served, worked the vegetable gardens. The men built grist mills, worked the fields (on donated land given by the members), raised the livestock. Visitors were encouraged and the Shakers sold their goods to have the money to continue. Schools were held for the children with teachers brought in from other Shaker communities: sometimes a non-Shaker was allowed to teach but was not allowed to teach anything that would go against the doctrines of the Shakers. Foreign languages were forbidden so as not to put too many thoughts into the heads of the young people. Primarily they were taught reading, writing, poetry and how to "do figures." The ladies, crowed 15-20 to a room, had only spartan life-styles. Their uniforms all matched, much like the Quaker attire, but they were allowed to have them different colors (if they could make the dye to color the dress). Little white caps had to be worn by all, no jewelry was allowed. Typically, a Shaker day began at 4 am in the summer and 5 am in the winter. Prayer beside their beds was done first, then the Brothers (men) went about their farm chores and the Sisters cleaned. They made everyone's bed, open and closed windows, and prepared the morning meals. All the "family" ate together with the men at one end and the women on the other, the meal eaten in total silence after kneeling by the chairs for prayer. After breakfast the normal chores were commenced. Noon meals had to be prepared, weaving and sewing, canning, making up seed packets. The men went to work in the fields, shops and mills. After the evening meal, more chores to be done until evening services of music and dancing. Then off to their rooms by 9 to rest for the next day. The main religious service started at 1 pm Sundays. All the families gathered together at the meeting house. They marched into the building in pairs, separate doorways for each sex. They sat on long wooden benches and the two sexes faced each other. An elder led the service which would including singing, dancing, whirling and speaking in tongues. Visitors were welcome at these services as an inducement for them to become a part of the Shaker community. Families often came and went in the community; sometimes families would join in the winter and leave in the spring, these being families that didn't have enough money or supplies to last through the winter This was a safe place for them to go and be fed and clothed for the winter with no intention of joining the Shakers. By 1800, there were about 1000 members throughout the United States. By 1850, they had nearly 5,000 members. By the turn of the century, membership was down to about 1,000 again and society after society sold out or members had fled or died. Without any children being born due to the laws against co-habitation, the Shakers are now extinct. Shaker communities in Kentucky included: Pleasant Hill. Missionaries Issachar H Bates, Benjamin S Youngs and John Meacham came from New York on January 1, 1805. By December 1806 they had founded Pleasant Hill with 44 members. Their facilities were built on the land of Elisha Thomas in Mercer County, one of their earliest converts. They lived there until1808 and started purchasing adjoining land on a knoll which they named Pleasant Hill. They had a sawmill, gristmill, oil mill and fulling mill and did much farming. A stone meeting house was built in 1810. The "family" here was known as the "Mill Family." The more spiritually mature among them lived as the Centre family. This was added to with another dwelling house known as the "West" family which housed the more elderly among them. The "East Family" was for the young and energetic members. The "North Lot and West Lot" were for the novices where they were taught by the older Believers. Being a productive area of the state, many crops were grown here for use by the members and for sale including tobacco, wheat, rye, corn, flax, tobacco and hemp. They had extensive fruit orchards and vegetable gardens. Livestock flourished here, they also sold butter and cheese. At its peak, Pleasant Hill housed over 500. They ended up with over 4,000 acres of land, all fenced with rock and plank fences. More than 250 buildings were erected - barns, shops, laundry, tannery, water pumping and supply station, and gristmill. The local architect was Micajah Burnett. Pleasant Hill began to slowly dissolve in the 1830's before the Civil War. They were unable to entice adult members, and by the Civil War time, the members were dwindling. Shakers, like the Quakers, were pacificists. They did feed thousands of meals to the military troops, Union and Rebels. The troops took their wagons and horses, and guerilla bands robbed them blind. By 1910 there were only about a dozen Shakers left at Pleasant Hill. The last one to live there was Sister Mary Settles, who was a beloved teacher. She died in 1923. In 1961, a non-profit organization was formed to restore, protect and interpret the Pleasant Hill Shakers. Earl D. Wallace and his group raised money and purchased the lands and refurbished the buildings. James L. Cogar was the first president of the Pleasant Hill organization. Now, this site draws over 280,000 visitors a year and demonstrations are given on weaving, broom-making, candle dipping, and quilting. South Union. This village was located at South Union, Kentucky, about 12 miles southwest of Bowling Green in Logan Co. It was established or gathered in 1807. This was the smaller than Pleasant Hill and had about 350 members at its peak. They had 6,000 acres and about 200 buildings were built during its history. The Centre family contained 40 rooms and was the administrative headquarters. They had meeting houses, barns, shops, mills and the Shaker Tavern. They sold seeds, brooms, bonnets, preserves, cheesecloth, wool, carpets and chair tapes. From hundreds of mulberry trees came silk for kerchiefs and handkerchiefs. Due to its closeness to the Green River, South Union was able to ship its goods to New Orleans. One accomplishment of the group was the talent of cattle breeding. In 1822 they purchased their first Durham bull (Comet), and their merino sheep and Berkshire hogs were in great demand. Unlike Pleasant Hill, here the blacks lived in separate quarters primarily because of the pro-slavery views in the neighborhood. South Union also suffered from the Civil War but they held on until 1922. At this time all the land and buildings, livestock and equipment were sold. The members who remained went back into the world they feared. Like Pleasant Hill, some of the buildings have been restored, partly owned now by the Benedictine fathers. To be continued next week with deaths and burials at South Union. Sources: Thomas D Clark and Gerald F Ham, Pleasant Hill and Its Shakers, Pleasant Hill, Ky, 1968. Julia Neal, The Kentucky Shakers, Lexington, KY, 1977. Janice Holt Giles, The Believers, University of Kentucky Press. (c) Copyright 9 Jan 2003, Sandra K.Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

TIP #423 - AHOY MATEY! The romance of the open seas and swashbuckling tales of daring-do have excited the hearts of many young men throughout history. But the call of the sea was not limited to the heroes of the past; Kentucky boys and mean fell this tugstrings of their souls too. Alas, they were many miles from the Atlantic Ocean, but to the man with sailing in his heart, he found something a little closer. River transportation, it is said, helped develop Kentucky more than the one-lane roads between major cities or the railroad. Kentucky has some fine navigable rivers - The Big Sandy, the Licking, the Kentucky, the Green, the Cumberland, the Tennessee and the Ohio. Produce which had been driven overland for many years began moving on the rivers. The start was modest: the canoe, the pirogue, the rafts, flatboats, barges and keelboats. A special breed of men steered these boats, strong, often violent and determined. I have just finished reading an excelled book by the late Janice Holt Giles entitled Run Me a River. Mrs. Giles was a gifted author of novels based on Kentucky, drawing on real people and real events and adding her own fictitious characters. If you enjoy reading about early Kentucky, please check out her 24 some novels, now being reprinted by the University of Kentucky. One can't put the books down. The flatboat were the backbone of inland water navigation. They were made totally of wood, flat bottomed and could only go downstream. They were rapidly built, and when reaching their destination, were often left behind with the crew walking back the entire route with the lumber from the boat remaining in New Orleans and sold to be used for building cabins and stores as lumber was scarce there. People nicknamed the boats "Kentucky Boats", so prized they were, and they were also called Arks, broadhorns or Arkansas, Louisiana, tobacco and family boats. They were anywhere from 12 to 25 feet wide and from 20 to 60 feet long. A small cabin, built like a box, housed family or crew. It was steered with a 30-45 foot oar known as a gouger, and 2-4 long side oars called side horns or sweeps. They were not the safest boat in the world - any debris could swing into them, they were vulnerable in tides and floods. Individuals who took passage on the flatboats were often exposed to other dangers - inexperienced pilots, Indians, pirates and much illness. Many articles were shipping, most safely, including glass, animals, millstones, salt, hemp, tobacco, corn, fruit, whiskey and much more. In the 1820's the steamboat took away the majority of the business of the flatboats but they were still used as late as the Civil War. Keelboats were found in the late 18th and early 19th centuries to haul cargo along the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. They had a carvel-built hull, pointed on both ends with a keel running the length of the bottom. This made the boat easier to steer and it could travel upstream too. All keelboats were basically the same shape but sizes varied. Regular keelboats were about 40 feet long and 7-9 feet wide. Larger keelboats were known as barges and could be up to 100 feet long and 20 feet wide. The Packet was the third style which was a passenger boat rather than a cargo ship. The latter normally was about 120 feet long and had separate cabins, toilet facilities and other features for human passengers. All had a single cabin on the deck for the crew and cargo. They were sometimes seen with sails or they could be rowed or poled. Poling was a hard job. The men stood on running boards along the sides of the boat (8 to 16 men at a time), with long poles going to the bottom of the river. They literally pushed the keelboat upstream. The keelboats also lost out to steam power but were still being used as late as 1840. Steam navigation was the answer to the riverman's prayers and culminated in a voyage of the New Orleans in 1811 and the Enterprise in Louisville in 1814, that opened wide the doors for river transportation. Steamboats were the invention that revolutionized river transportation as well as ocean-going vessels. It became a rapid way, during that time, to transport people, animals and goods. It made quite a picture on the western rivers at its debut in 1811, belching smoke and fire at about the same time as the New Madrid Earthquake was rattling and comets were circling the heavens. The steamboat was strong, having deep hulls and powered by heavy low-pressure engines that couldn't go too far up the smaller tributary streams and found difficult in navigating the Ohio. River channels had to be deepened. State, county, city and private corporations started building dams and locks on the Licking, Kentucky, Green and Barren Rivers. The steamboats used in western waters was modified to handle the rivers - longer, wider, hull bottoms flattened and keels shrunk. This made it possible to run in shallower waters. High-pressure engines were added, although some improvements caused problems of making the boat more prone to explosion and they were fuel guzzlers. In 1856, a 120-ton Isaac Shelby steamed the Kentucky River which drew eleven inches of water; and a mere three years later a steam boat on the Green River carrying 10 tons of freight drew only eight inches. The main deck contained the boilers and engines along with the cargo. Richer passengers had cabins on the second (boiler) deck. A cabin called the Texas sat atop the cabin roof, above that was the pilothouse. The smokestacks were built tall creating more draft and helped keep sparks off the cabin roof. Wood and coal were burned. Stern-wheelers came into their own after the Civil War. The Cincinnati and the U S Mail Line were both long-lasting lines. Various boats and captains offered different types of service; some picked up cargo at each ferry stop and delivered it for individuals (bringing them goods back on their return trip), and there was great competition between the various lines - some independently owned, some owned by businesses. The wealthy enjoyed the thought of a scenic trip on the river - it was much better than bouncing along in a buggy or stagecoach. Over the years the cabins became fancier and more niceties were added to induce the passenger to ride the steamboat. The age of the steamboat also made and broke Kentucky cities. Cities which lie along a major waterway thrived - Paducah, Covington, Newport, Henderson, Owensboro and Louisville. The only difficulty at the latter was the Falls of the Ohio. Crewmen were known as roustabouts - a sometimes surly, argumentative breed unto themselves; many Blacks served as roustabouts, enjoying the adventure and freedom of the waters. Many roustabouts were the average hard-working young man who was providing for his family while enjoying the adventures just around the bend. They worked hard and earned every cent they made. Henry Shreve owned the Washington and was highly profitable. Steamboats reached the peak of their usage during the 1850's when the railroad was making inroads into their business. High water, low waters, ice floes ... none of these impeded the railroad. Some boats caught fire and exploded, some were crushed by ice ... but the pilots of these steamboats led an adventuresome life. I have wondered why one seldom finds river pilot, roustabout or other titles on the census records with any frequency. Perhaps it is because in the area I research, there was not as many so occupied. But, it is also possible that they were never here when the census was being taken and were polling their way down the Green River or other river. How exciting a life it was! See also: Louis C Hunter, Steamboats on the Western Rivers, Cambridge, Mass, 1949 and many web sites with excellent photos and drawings of some of the old steamboats. Next week, the Shakers. (c) Copyright 2 January 2003, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

Many times in thinking of the occupations of our ancestors, we forget the cattle industry. According to Thomas D. Clark in Agrarian Kentucky (1977) "Wherever two blades of grass grow in Kentucky, there are cattle." It is stated that domestic animals were in Harrodsburg and Boonesboro by at least the mid 1770's. The land was a fertile land for crops for the animals - forests, canebrakes, tall grasses and all were excellent grazing lands. There was an abundance of clear, fresh water and a lot of wide-open spaces. As noted in the old County Order Books, the pioneers came in before the Justices of the Peace and registered their "brands". This was done primarily as the men let the cattle roam freely and sometimes one or more would wander too far. If someone found the livestock and couldn't identify it, he would bring it to the courthouse and the clerk would look through the books to see who had that brand. The cow or pig would be put in a pen outside the courthouse and ads posted. I assume, but am not sure, that the owner would have to pay a fine to collect his livestock. As soon as the Indian threats started dying down in Kentucky in the 1780's, the settlers started rolling in and with them their cattle. Purebred cattle were raised here by Matthew Patton and his sons who had come from Virginia. He owned some famous bulls named Mars, Pluto and Venus which provided the bloodline for the shorthorn cattle industry in Kentucky. Then began the surge to improve the bloodlines, introduce new stock and creating more pastureland. Thanks to the Wilderness Road and the Cumberland Gap, Kentucky had access to many markets including Charleston, South Carolina; Richmond, VA, Baltimore, MD, Philadelphia, PA and Boston, Massachusetts. Cattle drovers became a new occupation for Kentucky, those responsible for driving the herds to market. Cattle were bought and sold along the way and the drovers purchased corn for their feeding. Cattle drives such as these were frequent by 1800. The cattle drive, or more accurately, the trail drive, was an exciting event and a dangerous one at that. The first livestock that was driven overland to the east were hogs, beginning before 1800. Then came cattle, horses and mules. The noisiest was likely the turkey dries! The livestock ate along the way from the pasture land, acorns and beech nuts (Paul C. Henlein, Cattle Kingdom in the Ohio Valley, 1783-1860, Lexington, KY, 1959). According to records, over 10,000 head of cattle, hogs and sheep were driven over the trail between 1815-1820. The starting point for many of the drives was at Winchester or Mt. Sterling where it progressed through the Cumberland Gap or Pound Gap. Young men were hired along the way to assist and drovers took their own sons with them. Mr. Henlein noted that the records from this time were not preserved and leaves a large gap in our colorful history The southern markets for Kentucky cattle opened up after 1814 when the Creek Indians were defeated. This allowed drives to Mississippi and Alabama. Roads were being built at a hurried pace which allowed herding them to Louisville, Nashville and New Orleans. Later Huntsville, AL was opened up and Mobile, AL. When the steamboat industry began to flourish, many cattle owners were able to ship the cattle on the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers to even larger markets. The financial crisis of 1819, recently discussed, created another shift in Kentucky economy. Farmers leaned towards cattle instead of cotton and other crops whose markets had been impacted. The original Patton cattle held prominence for many years and in 1817, Lewis Sanders entered the market. He lived in Fayette County and he shipped Bakewell longhorns, Holderness, Durham reds, and Westmorelands into the central part of the state. All of these were English breeds. In addition to the central part of Kentucky, the Applachian region was involved in cattle breeding. Breathitt, Floyd, Perry, Harland and Pike Counties out-did Bourbon, Fayette and Woodford Counties. There was also cattle raising found in the Pennyroyal section of the state. By the late 1850's, the railroad was coming into it's own, 78 miles crossed Kentucky then. The Lexington and Southern, Louisville & Nashville and the Mobile and Ohio Railroads all eagerly sought the cattle shipping trade and soon Louisville and Cincinnati were cattle hubs. The Civil War almost destroyed the cattle market, however. The armies of both sides slaughtered cattle for food; the railroad tracks were blown up, dams were blown up or blocked to keep the steamships from transporting anything (and many taken over by the armies), fences and barns were destroyed and burned. The Kentucky cattle industry was also hurt deeply by competition from ranchers west of the Mississippi and a bankruptcy of many southern customers. And, to further destroy the market, large droves of Texas cattle passed through Kentucky on their way to Chicago markets. They ate from the pastures and left behind disease, ticks, and parasites which our cattle were not immune too. Shortly many of the Kentucky cattle began dying out. Other breeds were being introduced and western breeders preferred Herefords; limiting Kentucky's shorthorn market. By the end of the 1800's, the cattle drive was almost a thing of the past with the railroad taking over the long and arduous chore. The Kentucky State Legislature finally came to the aid of its cattle farmers and established the Kentucky Bureau of Agriculture, Horticulture and Statistics. Since then, the Kentucky cattle producers have seen many ups and down. In 1940, according to Clark, 1.25 million head were raised and 3.75 million in 1975. Sources: Kentucky Department of Agriculture publications, Thomas D. Clark. (c) Copyright 26 Dec 2002, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

TIP # 421 KENTUCKY SNOWSTORM As I look out the window there is a little bit of snow remains on the ground, left over from a storm late last week. More is predicted, but most of Kentucky doesn't suffer from a lot of the big snows of the past. While reading the old newspapers, there seems there used to be a lot more snow than there is today. I love snow - but now, older than I was ... only on Christmas eve and Christmas Day! But while watching the weather reports from around other parts of the United States, I began thinking of how the early settlers coped with the snow. We see reports of people going for over a week without power in North Carolina, and of traffic snarled on slick roads. What did the pioneers do? Go back in your mind to Christmas 1792. Kentucky was a fledgling state - the Commonwealth of Kentucky - oh, that sounded so wonderful to the early pioneers. They had staked out their land, built some sort of a cabin, fought off the Indian attacks, and brought their families from Virginia, the Carolinas, Pennsylvania; all to this wonderful state called the Kentucky. The state was changing ever so slowly from being the land of blood to the land of peace. Rich soil, beautiful streams, every sort of wildlife imaginable fired the passion in the souls of those early brave men, women and children. The crops of spring and summer had outdone themselves in production. The soft breezes, the sound of the coyote in the distance, the magnitude of the stars overhead; all held promise of a glorious life. As the whispering leaves began to change into their fall wardrobes of gold, red and brown, the husband knew that the days were getting shorter and that he would have to lay in a supply of firewood, meat and provisions for the coming winter months. As evenings began to come earlier, he hurried his pace even more. Chopping wood which seemed like it would take an eternity until his shoulders and back ached so he could no longer lift the axe over his head. He finished the storage area for the crops, normally built into a hillside or in a sheltered place if possible, with the door opening in so the snow piles would not keep him from getting to the food their family would need. Potatoes, beans, preserves, hams, beef, anything to tide them over. Next he had to check on the livestock if he had been fortunate enough to have a small herd of cattle, pigs, chickens, geese along with his horses and oxen, dogs and cats. He asked himself if he had harvested enough hay to last the winter - and he remembered the hours spent in the open fields with a sythe, swinging it back and forth in the hot sun. Oh, to have some of that warmth now! The hay had been piled in high stacks, row after row in the animal shelter and he checked to see that there was room for all the livestock and provisions to keep them alive through the long winter months. Water. He'd have to rely on the spring down the hill for that, the spring shouldn't freeze over but he'd had to make trip after trip up and down that hill to furnish enough water for his family as well as his animals. Inside the cabin, the wife was working furiously at getting preparations made too. She made extra of everything and found little cubby holes to store food stuffs in. Her fingers were becoming calloused - she had helped swing that axe too, and had been busy at the spinning wheel trying to get warmer winter clothes for the children. They normally went barefoot but now they needed shoes for the winter. Before the days became too short, they would walk or ride to the mercantile, a 10 mile journey perhaps. If they didn't have the money to buy the remaining goods they needed, they would barter or run a charge account. The wife carefully looked over the shelves knowing how much she could spend to the penny. Sugar, salt, perhaps a little molasses, a patent medicine if she didn't know how to make her own medicine. Hmmm... just enough for a spool of thread and some jeans material. Fresh fruit - how wonderful that sounded, but the cost of just one apple would take the rest of her money; it had been shipped for many miles and the cost driven up with each mile. Maybe she could afford 4 apples for a Christmas treat. Then, in the middle of the night, the snows came. The winds were so strong that the father could barely push against it to get outside to care for the animals in the morning. Everything was white, everything looked alike as he tried to find his way to the barn. Water, they needed water. As he slipped and slid to the spring, he might make the awful discovery that the spring had indeed frozen. Chopping away at ice, he climbed and fell until he reached the barn again - trip after trip. Then the family. The children were so excited, not noticing the cold like the parents did. Cheerfully sticking red noses out the door, they wanted to play, but the father knew that they could not go out in weather like this. The window, only one in the cabin, had been covered with old cloth, they hadn't gotten this window glass that some people were raving about. The winds blew so hard that the mother had to stand by the window and hold it down. She was rushing back and forth to keep the fire going and told the father that they must have more logs for the fire. The baby's crib was moved closer to the fire, she was so young and couldn't take this cold. They had shoved their own straw mattress over as close as they could without letting it catch on fire from an ember from the fireplace. And the snows came. Day after day without reprieve. The livestock was suffering; he'd found a couple of the chickens frozen in the corner the day before. They had stopped laying eggs totally. Carefully, he gathered up what geese and chickens he could, trip after trip, and brought them into the warmth of the cabin - if warmth is what it could be called. He made a little nest in the corner for them and the fowl settled in contentedly. But he couldn't lose his horses; he needed them to ride. And the few cows were getting scrawnier and mooed almost constantly - he could hear them above the howling winds. The calf was gone by next morning, frozen as it lay next to it's starving mother. "Lord," he prayed, "we're not going to make it if the snows don't stop, please stop the snows." By morning, the sun was glistening on the snow, piled in places as high as the roof of the cabin. Sunshine! A little dripping could be heard from the roof as the icicles relaxed and started thawing. A moo was heard from the barn, but it was not the plaintive crying of previous days. It was a restless mooing of a cow who had been cooped up way too long. Day by day, the snows decreased on the ground and the little gurgling of the spring could be heard between the delighted giggles of the children who had rushed outside to play in the snow. They had made it, the firewood had held, the food supplies were still plentiful. But as the mother and father stood in the doorway they knew that this was only December. December 25th and they shared those precious apples. Merry Christmas friends! Sandi (c) Copyright Sandra K. Gorin, 19 December 2002, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

TIP #420 - THE FORTY THIEVES After the collapse of many of the banks and the Ohio River trade, Kentucky was deep into an economic depression by 1818. Kentucky was one of the states hit the hardest. Again, most of the problems came from the banking industry itself by its licensing forty under-capitalized private banks. These banks were known as the "Forty Thieves." The only truly stable banks, that weren't in that good a shape was the Bank of Kentucky and the Second Bank of the United States. The latter had branches in Louisville and Lexington, KY. These two banks began calling in all the notes and the Forty Thieves closed their doors. Suddenly, money just disappeared in Kentucky. Farmers and business owners had to barter to stay in business. One couldn't obtain credit anywhere - no matter how financially stable the individual was. It was impossible to buy the things needed to live on; seeds, tools, nothing was available. Mercantiles closed shortly after the banks, factories closed in the bigger cities and the average citizen sat in his cabin or small home and just wondered how long they could make out. It was then that citizens began to rebel. Committees were formed, meetings were called and they demanded legislative intervention now! The Frankfort Resolutions were written in 1819 that demanded a three-year debt delay and attempted to push the legislators to step in and do something. Relief parties were formed in Kentucky, Ohio, Missouri and Tennessee and other states in dire straits. There sprung up anti-relief parties right along side of them. Oral fights continued between the two sides and within the sides on why, how and if something should be done. Senator Joseph Bledsoe led the Relief party in the beginning, urging a return to the Jeffersonian republicanism. In 1820 James Davis and others advocated creating a public bank to be called the Commonwealth Bank of Kentucky. In 1821-22, the Relief party was claiming victory and the majorities needed for both houses. Gov. John Adair and Lt. Governor William T Barry supported them and they ruled the House and Senate. Many journalists in the Kentucky papers rallied to the cause including Francis Preston Blair Sr and Amos Kendall. The Commonwealth Bank of Kentucky began business in May of 1821. But, almost immediately the Kentucky Court of Appeals along with the 7th Circuit Court for the District of Kentucky stated that most of Kentucky's debtor relief system was found unconstitutional. It was only the abolition of the debtor's prisons that finally made it into law. By 1824, with the battles still raging, the "New Court of Appeals" was erected and the Old Court abolished. The financial crisis ended with this step and a renewed prosperity in the state. When elections were held 1824-1825, the Relief Party - now called the New Court Party collapsed. Governor Joseph Desha who supported the Relief party was left alone and either some of the earlier pro-relief supporters such as Robert McAfee and Samuel Davis, began to speak more and more as anti-reliefers. For further information see: Arndt Stickles, The Critical Court Struggle in Kentucky, Bloomington, IN, 1929. And the Kentucky Encyclopedia, The Relief Party. Next week: My annual Christmas story. (c) Copyright 12 Dec 2002, Sandra K.Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

TIP #419 - THE PANIC OF 1819 Life had been good. Of course, there was still a million things to get done around the cabin (or the plantation as many loved to call their homestead). They'd gotten the timbers cleared back and with an old workhorse or an ox, had plowed enough land to put in the crops. Seeds carried in tied packets of cloth from Virginia, Pennsylvania - or from wherever the settler had come- had been lovingly dropped into the fertile soil. The cows were giving good milk; a few sheep wandered around the make-shift pen. The man had purchased additional land, more seed grain, a rifle to replace the one he'd lost in the nearby creek. And all this was done on credit. Sound familiar? He had the family in church once a month; they met over in the woods about ½ mile past his place. He'd gotten some good neighbors, the nearest family was 10 miles away and seemed to be pretty good folks. But something was changing. The county had slowly been slipping into an economic depression which had been building after the War of 1812. Foreign trade had been re-established then and foreign competition was dropping the demand for American products; especially when war materials were no longer needed. Crops had been bucking the tide though since Europe had been undergoing a drought and there were many crop failures there. Kentucky, along with other Ohio Valley states had been making a profit by sending crops and provisions to the West Indies plantations. But, by 1818 crop prices dropped drastically based on legislature changes and the trade restrictions being lifted. A drastic flaw was found ... the banking industry. A second bank of the United States had been chartered in 1816 and branches were allowed across the then nation. Americans still didn't trust banks too much but it was felt that these banks would be accepted. By law, since they were a depository of public funds, they were required to redeem their notes "in specie" on demand. But politics had played its role and pressured the banks for leniency in accepting remittances in notes of local banks. The local banks in the country, were going bankrupt - totally insolvent. It was said that "widespread corruption in the capital development and management of the branch banks further weakened the system." Foreign trade became totally unfavorable, payments were due on the debt abroad. Thus in 1818, the parent bank of the United States ordered its branches to discontinue its polity of interchanging notes between the branches. The bulk of the payments were from the eastern coast due to land revenues and mercantile businesses, the pressure to accumulate reserves was most severe on the banks in the West (Kentucky included) and South. Many businesses failed, unemployment rose, property values decreased dramatically. The U S Congress and the State Legislatures were faced with some hard decisions. Laws were passed that authorized a stay in debt collection, reassessments were done of mortgaged property and many other measures were taken. It turned into a political upheaval even though Kentucky had adopted the laws also. This turmoil was known as the beginning of the Old Court-New Court controversy. It would take until the middle 1820's for stability to regain its foothold. The Old-Court New-Court controversy put Kentucky in the middle of one of the worst struggles - the Relief Crisis. In this Relief Crisis, proponents of debtor relief and of a public bank (known as the Bank of the Commonwealth) fought with advocates of good-faith contracts. The Kentucky Court of Appeals, in 1823, moved to reorganize the court of appeals. Legislators took strong stands on both sides - including cases involving Blairs Williams and Lapsley vs Brashear (to invalidate the 1820 stay law known as the replevy law). Others such as John Rowan, William T Barry and Ben Hardin, George Robertson and Wickliffe argued and fought. The debates went on through the 1825 session. I will not go into great detail here, but it was a desperate time of bank failures, settlers faced with losing their property, mortgaging every thing they had to someone who as financially better off ... not a pleasant time in the history of Kentucky. I'll discuss the Relief Crisis next tip. See also: Critical Court Struggle in Kentucky 1819-1929 by Arndt Stickles, Blooming, IN,1929. The panic of 1819: Reactions and Policies, New York, 1962. Christopher Mayer Panic of 1819 and 2002: http://www.mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1000 Panic of 1819: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h277.html Second Bank of the US: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h256.html (c) Copyright 5 December 2002, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

I hope you enjoyed your Thanksgiving Day with your family! Sandi According to statistics, Kentucky had a population of only 73,000 in 1792 when it reached statehood. By 1820, this had grown to over 500,000 settlers. What did these earliest settlers do to occupy their time when they weren't building cabins, clearing land, fighting Indians and raising children? When we think of frontiersmen, we think of the wild and wooly west; but in early statehood, Kentucky was the wild and wooly west! The men and women were strong, courageous, hard working and ever so jealous of their new-found freedom. They had time finally to worship, to play, and to engage in other activities. Although the frontiersman was not without his faith in God, he at first didn't take much time and thought to churches as we know them now. They were blunt in their speech, many did drink and fight for their beliefs. To the cultured Virginians and other "east coasters", Kentuckians appeared coarse and sometimes downright vulgar. Visitors couldn't get used to the chawin tobaccy that was seen and those stinky spitoons. Tobacco spitting contests were well known in the local pub. Followed tobacco, drinking brought disgust to many observing the Kentucky way of life. Parson Elijah Craig was said to had made his first pot of mash whiskey in Bourbon County. When the people got to doing some serious thinking about church, it was not what we would picture as church today. Church was held in the woods for a long time, no grand edifice graced the landscape. As soon as the country was free of the threat of Indian attack, the people rushed from the crowded and filthy forts and started building their own cabins. Church during this time period had to be held outdoors; buildings would come later when the cabins were done. Religious services were often wild and chaotic! Each man bought not only his wife, but many crying babies, and their dogs. Dogs were popular, each family might own up to five. According to F. D. Srygley in "Seventy Years in Dixie" (Nashville, 1893, p. 66) he noted that his congregation one day consisted of "forty-five babies and seventy-five dogs, with only sixty adults to police the mob." The Methodists and the Baptists always engaged in heated arguments on which denomination was correct. Many times in the services, sinners repented and then displayed what we would call unusual behavior. They would bark, roll, yell, bark at trees (where the devil was hiding), jerk and twist. Even the "calmest" of outdoor services was very informal, and very long. Sermons might last for hour after hour with shouts of "Hallelujah" and "Amen" echoing throughout the woods. But when the settlers finally got their priorities straight and got back into the habit of attending services, Kentucky became to feel more like home. Weddings were always looked forward too. There were no long engagements normally, no engagement rings, no planning of honeymoons. Marriages occurred sometimes almost on the spur of the moment. When one takes from 20-100 people crowded into a fort with all its filth, noise and confusion, there were a shortage of eligible young ladies. The single men all slept in a "house" together with the actual houses (or apartments as we would think of them) saved for the married couples with children. Several families often shared one room. When a young single girl, even down to age 14, came to the fort, all the single men courted her unmercifully. Beauty was not highest on the list of requirements in a woman though I'm sure it helped. The head of the fort could legally marry a couple and sometimes engagements lasted all of one day before they were standing in front of the head man. Normally all it took was him looking at her seeing if she was strong enough to do work (in the fields as well as at home), or looked like she could have a pasle of babies; she looking at him to see if he looked like he would be a providing man. He would approach her, list his good points and her agreeing. After tying the knot, he would get his belongings, if he had any, they'd move into another house, likely with another family or families and no privacy and begin their married life. The wedding ceremony was short, the frolicking abundant, and yes, the drinking often heavy. Potluck dinners were often served and the dancing continued for hours. It depended upon the family of the bride if her family was there. Some weddings I am sure were a little calmer. If there was no wedding to go to, it wasn't Sunday - what else could one do? Well, there was always the funeral. Services were much different than today of course. Since embalming was unknown, the burial followed shortly after the death. But the funeral service might not happen for months. It has been said that this was because the minister wasn't available, the weather was too bad, but sometimes because a dying husband wanted to be sure that the grieving widow waited a decent time before remarrying! When the funeral was delayed, when it occurred, it was more of a gala affair. One family member tried to "out-grieve" another to show the greatest respect. The widow or widower often held a picture of their lately beloved (after the invention of the camera); the minister could preach for hours. He might do several funerals in a day or so. People gathered around the grave on "bleachers". But, other things might occur also. This was a good time when all the men folk were present and horse trading could transpire or attempts to find seeds, pelts, salt, etc., right in the midst of the sermon. The minister may or may not have known the deceased so was in a quandry as to what to say. He had to be very careful as to what he said so as not to turn the mourners against him! Of course, there was always the friendly fisticuffs. Frontiersmen were known to raise their fists over the simplest of circumstances. And the fists were used, and teeth and feet; ears and noses were sometimes bitten off. They fought until they had no strength left or one of the parties conceded. Most times, the pugilists went home friends ... just something to pass the time! Hunting and marksmanship were another pastime of the men folk. Much bragging went on about how clean a shot had been made at a bear, deer, squirrel or any edible animal. Some old Kentucky traditions said that only a shot in the left eye should count. Court meeting days were always looked forward to. It was not just a day to bring cases before the justices, but it was a family outing day. While the poor justices were trying to be heard over the affray outside, children played, neighbors visited, wares and foods were sold, games were played, horse races were run, fiddlers played and whiskey was sold. Betting on the outcome of the cases was also fair game among the men. If the results of the case resulted in a hanging soon, this was the entertainment of the year! The justices, judges, sheriff's and constables had to have a strong voice to be heard above all that was going on outside. It is said that here in Barren County, Kentucky one of the first clerks had a voice so strong, he could summon another justice 2 miles out in the county by just yelling for him. And then there was always election time. These were quite an event. The elections might span 2-3 days and resulted in a lot of arrests for drunkenness and betting on the election. Votes were bought and sold, candidates have been known to fight in the street, and, as today a lot of promises made. It is said that a politician running for office in Monroe County, KY heard that a Mrs. Chillian Carter had just given birth to triplets. Not to be bested by his opponent in congratulations, he introduced a bill authorizing the county court to deed Mrs. Carter "one thousand acres of vacant and unappropriated land lying in the state of Tennessee." [Thomas Clark, Rampaging Frontier, p. 136-137]. I wonder what Tennessee thought of that? Despite all the revelry, the brashness of the Kentuckian, he survived. Little by little, churches were built, families were established, businesses opened, elections became more controlled, weddings calmed down, funerals became more and more of what we know today ... but in the heart of a Kentuckian is a fierce pride and a willingness to stand up and be counted. See also "Revelry and Religion In Frontier Kentucky, James I Robertson, Jr. The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society, Vol 79, No. 4, Autumn 1981. (c) Copyright 29 November 2002, all rights reserved. sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html

I always basically knew what the Transylvania Company was but I have been reading a lot of old Kentucky history and historical novels and have a little better grasp on what transpired that could have effected the entire destiny of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. There was a Proclamation of 1763 which started everything. The French had been defeated by the British in the French and Indian War which ran 1755-1763. Then came the Treaty of Paris, signed 10 Feb 1963 which ceded the French possessions of Canada and the land east of the Mississippi River (excluding New Orleans) to the British. The Indians had sided with the British all this time and now felt they had been sold out by the British. Seven Indian tribes joined together (possibly more) in 1763 under the leadership of the Ottawa chief Pontiac in an attempt to defend their lands. Under Pontiac, battles were fought against any white man - soldiers, traders and most definitely the new settlers to the area. King George III of England reacted by issuing a proclamation on 7 Oct 1763 with the help of Lord Shelburne, president of the Board of Trade. This proclamation prohibited land grants in the area south of the Hudson's Bay Company, west of the Appalachian Mountains and north of the thirty-first parallel. This included lands beyond the heads of any of the rivers that fell into the Atlantic Ocean from the west and northwest. Any purchase of land from the Indians became illegal and the settlers were ordered to leave immediately. Virginia (which would have included Kentucky at that time) resisted. It stated that the land between the mountains and the Mississippi River had been already given them by the King's predecessors. They also believed that the French had no legal right at all to cede the land to the British in the first place. Virginians firmly believed that Britain would soon become the King's royal dominion and that he was trying to protect the lucrative fur trade. But the settlers came. Enter one Richard Henderson. He was a noted lawyer originally from Virginia, and since he had the finances, organized a land company to settle the area prohibited by the above. He planned to settle the entire area bounded by the Cumberland, Ohio and Kentucky Rivers. He set out, seeking every and all opportunity for land settlements and he surrounded himself with some important people. Daniel Boone, Henry Skaggs and Richard Calloway were noted explorers. He hired them to set out and scout the wilderness that was to become Kentucky. Boone was known as a secret agent as he knew the lands well. Boone had began his scouting for Henderson in 1733 or later. Henderson finished up his term of office as on the North Carolina Supreme Court and devoted all of his time on the acquisition of land. In August of 1774 he, accompanied by Thomas Hart, William Johnston, John Williams, John Luttrell and Nathaniel Hart established the Louisa Company from the former company known as the Henderson and Company. The new company set as its goal the securing of the Cherokee Indian's land titles south of the Ohio and west of the Kanawha River. In the fall of 1744 Henderson and Hart met with the Cherokee and started the negotiations. Even before reaching the agreement, Henderson started advertising in Virginia and North Carolina newspapers to attract settlers to the area. In March of 1775 the company reorganized again and became the Transylvania Company; signing that same month the Treaty at Sycamore Shoals on the Watagua River in now Tennessee with the Cherokee tribe. Cherokee chiefs at the conference included Okonistoto, Attakullakulla and Savonooko. They negotiated the purchase 17-20 million acres lying between the Ohio, Kentucky and Cumberland Rivers in exchange for 10,000 pounds of sterling goods. The treaty was also known as the Treat of Watagua and indirectly influenced the political development of Kentucky. It was the downfall of the Transylvania Company. Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, declared that this had violated Virginia's territorial boundaries. It had breached the Proclamation of 1763 as it related to the expansion of Virginia's western lands. It had violated the Treaty of Fort Stanwix between the British and the Six Nations of Indians which granted land to the King of England; and it had broken the Virginia Statute of 1705 that barred private citizens from buying Indian land. So Virginia consolidated control over the territory by dividing Fincastle County into Kentucky, Montgomery and Washington counties. The Kentucky County representatives were represented in the General Assembly and thus the land was placed under the control of the colonial government. But before the decision of the Governor of Virginia, Henderson had been busy. He sent Boone and about thirty axemen in March of 1775 to open up the Wilderness Road. They established a fort and settlement named Boonesborough. The first Transylvania Convention met in May 1775 and elected representatives from Harrodsburg, Boiling Springs, St Asaph and six from Boonesborough. They formed a system of stockholders, passed nine laws on the behavior of the people, devised punishment for offenses, dealt with Sabbath-breaking, swearing, fees for the officials, improving horse breeding and how to preserve game. James Harrod along with the Governor of North Carolina also opposed the Transylvania Company and the holding of this convention. Harrod and many others had already settled in Kentucky and would be forced to relinquish their land claims and pay monies to Henderson's company. It was through the petitions of George Rogers Clark at the Virginia Convention that truly was the beginning of the end for the Transylvania Company. Clark, representing Harrodsburg asked the legislature to take on the responsibility for the western territory and to make Kentucky a political subdivision of Virginia. With the help of Virginia Governor Patrick Henry, the petition succeeded. On December 17, 1776, the legislature created Kentucky County. It compensated Henderson with 200,000 acres in the region that now lies in Henderson County. But the land would, in 1792, become the Commonwealth of Kentucky. For further information see: Treaty of Sycamore Shoals transcription: http://www.tngenweb.org/cessions/17750317.html Treaties, lands, history: http://www.tngenweb.org/cessions/colonial2.html Biography of Richard Henderson: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ky/county/henderson/RHendersonBio.htm James Harrod - Harrodsburg including the cabins of some of the residents: http://www.state.ky.us/agencies/parks/i75frames/ftharrd2-body.htm A little on the life of George Rogers Clark: http://www.cismall.com/clark.html Six-Nations Tribes: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Olympus/3808/people.html Sycamore Shoals: http://www.state.tn.us/environment/parks/sycamore/history.htm Richard Calloway and Calloway County: http://www.explorekentuckylake.com/calloway/history/murrayhistory.htm Patrick Henry's speech: http://libertyonline.hypermall.com/henry-liberty.html (c) Copyright 21 Nov 2002, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved, sgorin@glasgow-ky.com Col. Sandi Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/ GORIN worldconnect website: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/~sgorin SCKY resource links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html