TIP #509 - HELP FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN RESEARCHERS Many tips back, I covered the difficulties involved in doing research on African American ancestry. Thankfully, year by year and often inch by inch, more records are becoming available offering hope to what once seemed like an impossible task. In this review, I'd like to give some pointers on where to look for data, both off and on line. The difficulties? Obviously the change of surnames. As a slave was sold from person to person, they normally took the last name of the current owner, if they used a surname at all. Unless one can find who all the owners were, this puts up a big brick wall. Secondly, lack of records kept by the white owners. In many families, the owners did keep good records, many times in their family Bibles. But others did not. But let's take a stab of records we can look at in printed form, and then move to the internet. 1 - Vital Statistics. In Kentucky, records called vital statistics were kept for certain years between 1852-1910 before birth and death records were kept. This are invaluable if your ancestor was born during the years kept. Information shown includes the name of the owner, the name of the child, many times the name of the mother, date of birth, whether black or mulatto, sex, living or dead. Many counties have these in printed form; the microfilm is available from the Kentucky Department of Archives and Libraries. 2 - White wills. Many times it is possible to trace a slave through the wills of the white owner. Slaves were very important to the owner of course and their values were figured in the estate value. Strong young men brought the most money since they could work harder; young healthy women were also appraised highly for their productive ability. It is a terrible shame but there is often a glimmer of hope when a will makes specific provisions for the slaves. Many owners freed their slaves immediately; many divided up the slaves during family members with orders that families should not be broken apart. In the majority of wills the slave's names and sometimes ages were given. The closer to the 1870 census one gets, the easier it is to find them later. Many stayed with their former owners or on property which he had provided for them in the will. Some former owners made provisions for the slaves to be taken to where they could be free. But of course, to some, slaves were just property to be bought, sold, or rented out. In many wills I have read, it is heartening when the owner made special provisions for the older slaves. Statements such as "they have served our family well, they are now unable to help themselves, they are to be provided for and cared for as one of the family." 3 - African American wills. Many freed slaves or those who were already free, did make their own wills. Normally the expressions was used "a free man of colour." 4 - Deeds. As in #3 above, many free African Americans deeded land. Sometimes the land had been deeded to them by their former owner, many times, they bought and sold on their own. Although there is not a log of genealogical information in a deed, it might show the wife's name, give a location where the land was located, or some clue as to their lives. 5 - White and African American church minute books. As noted in the previous tip, one can find a wealth of information in church records. Slaves were allowed membership in the white churches before emancipation and their names are recorded in the minute books, many of which have been transcribed. They might be shown as Mary belonging to Mrs. Jones .... but if they were still members there after emancipation, you can then pick them up in the African American churches which started immediately. 6 - Cemetery transcriptions and obituaries. Many counties, hopefully a majority, have published cemetery books and included the African American burial grounds. This will give you the name and dates of those buried there and you can find family groupings. If you can find an obituary or a funeral home record on the individual, you will have all the relatives, possibly the cause of death, age, place of birth, etc. 7 - Newspapers. If you live in the town of your ancestors, and the old newspapers are still available, pull up a chair and start reading. Depending on the town, some newspapers will go back a great distance, many will not be available until after the Civil War. 8 - Church Associational Minutes. Going back to church records, many denominations have a form of "associational" meeting annually and publish a booklet including information on the churches in attendance, the "messengers" who attended from that church, deaths during the year and many times biographies and photographs of the members. Many of these have been preserved and with some detective work, you might be able to find copies of this at the church they attended. Now, let's move to the computer world. In the beginning, there were no African American records to be found on the internet. Today, it is an ever-expanding field. Some Kentucky sources would include: 1 - my favorite site is found at: http://www.rootsweb.com/~kyafamer/ and is entitled Kentucky African American Griots. A griot was the African story teller, the individual of each tribe which was responsible for preserving the history of, genealogies of and tales of their tribe. Two wonderful ladies have established this new site which is growing by leaps and bounds, just teaming with African American source records for Kentucky. I have been so thankful to send them materials on south central Kentucky and they are always looking for more information. Their site is broken down into counties with varying information for each county including: births, deaths, church records and histories, biographies, census records, photographs, cemetery records, deeds, wills, Bible records, etc. There are many counties for which they do not as yet have any information and if you have anything you can provide, it would be appreciated. Their contact email addresses are shown on the pages as well as a biography on them; I can recommend both gals as sincere, devoted researchers who are trying to be modern day griots. 2 - Kentucky African American Message Board (rootsweb): http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec?htx=board&r=rw&p=topics.ethnic.afam.ky 3 - http://lists.rootsweb.com/index/other/Ethnic-African/KY-AfricaAmer.html (Kentucky African American Mailing list - rootsweb). 4 - http://lists.rootsweb.com/index/usa/KY/misc.html#KY-SLAVES (Kentucky Slaves Mailing list - rootsweb) 5 - http://lists.rootsweb.com/index/usa/KY/misc.html#KY-FREEDMEN (Kentucky Freedmen Mailing list - rootsweb) There are many more links shown on the Griots page - slave narratives from Kentucky, the underground railroad, African Americans in the military; a full day's reading plus. I hope this will motivate our African American listers to keep trying. The end results are wonderful even if the way is hard. And - in closing: What if you can't find all you want to on your ancestors? Then don't get discouraged! Start out by recording your own family records. Talk to your parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles. Write down their memories, stories they have heard told from their ancestors. Oral tradition is wonderful! Maybe there is an exaggeration here or there, or a memory that is not quite perfect. But it is THEIR story, their memories. Save them. Encourage your children to become interested in their family tree. Most churches have Martin Luther King Day services including history of some of the people in your community or church. Start photo albums, clip out newspaper articles. Let history begin with you. The coming generations will bless you for your caring. (c) Copyright 30 Sept 2004, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #508 - ANSWERS TO POP QUIZ How did you do? Are you an experienced genealogist or do you need to keep a dictionary in front of you like most of us do? Here are the answers. 1. A kimmel was a round wooden bucket used for salting beef and pork. 2. A jade is a worn out horse. 3. Sand was used by many early pioneers to cover the dirt floors. 4. Talesmen were often called to fill out the jury. 5. Goose house was a term used for a small temporary prison. 6. A gore is an irregular piece of land left over after other surveys have been made 7. A name carved at the bottom of a tombstone with sc beside it indicated the sculpturist 8. Scald foot was a painful condition of people who walked through mud and water. 9. Curdled milk didn't taste too good but was called slip down. 10. Sherry vallies 11. Black Mariah. 12. Scrofula 13. Some of the wife's own property was involved in the sale, likely willed to her by her father. 14. People had to pay taxes on closets as they were considered another room. 15. As long as she remained single she was "natural." 16. It means absolutely nothing. Many urban myths say the position meant something, it didn't 17. A paper town was one that had been drawn up on paper but never came into existence. 18. Summer kitchen or wash house. 19. Headsman 20. Death-bed baptism 21. Grantee index books. 22. Duck - someone was dumping out a bucket of slop. 23. On credit. 24. Old Style - using the old calendar. 25. Ordinary 26. A larding stick poked holes in poultry while cooking 27. You would go to a circus to see a kuntiput - he was the clown! 28. Two businesses under one roof were joint stores - one was many times a lodge. 29. Independent planter 30. Ignoramus 31. Householder 32. Holographic 33. Habeus Corpus 34. Galloping 35. Buck 36. Fip 37. Epilepsy 38. Broadside 39. Football coach 40. Diapers 41. Heavy stick to beat clothes - preceded the wash board 42. This is an old English term which meant that when a prisoner was sentenced to die, all of his property rights are forfeited. He cannot inherit property, he couldn't sue any one. 43. Stray, normally cows or horses 44. An old spelling for mystery meaning an occupation to be learned 45. Stray's pen 46. A string or rope stretched over a table with newspapers hanging down over the string. Another string was fastened to this and when people ate, the lady of the household pulled up and down on the string to shoo away the flies. 47. Cordoroy roads 48. Self-marriage: Repeated vows between bride and groom with no clergy. Implied marriage - no documents can be found to prove the marriage but implied by other documents such as wills and deeds. Woods/bridge marriage: normally held when parents objected. Married in the woods or on a bridge with bride coming from one end, the groom the other and meeting the clergy in the middle. 49. Dividing the lands between heirs. 50. A fingerboard painter painted signs to go on buildings such as "Joe's Mercantile" or signs shaped like a finger pointing to a town or business (Dry Gulch 5 miles) Scoring: 40-50 correct You are a master of genealogical trivia 30-40 correct You are almost ready to pass into the Family Tree High School 20-30 correct You need to repeat Genealogy 101 10-20 correct Welcome to the new world of genealogy; you need a good dictionary of old terms 0-10 correct Have you considered another day job? I hope you have enjoyed these. (c) Copyright 23 Sept 2004, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #507 - A POP QUIZ Before going on to researching in Kentucky , I think it's time for me to test your knowledge in a wide range of categories. These are things that you can run into - terms, items, definitions of objects and events that might throw you for a loop. I will post the questions this week with the answers next week. I wish you well! This will take you all week possibly so get your thinking caps on! 1 - Not many pioneers would be found without a kimmel. What did they use it for? 2 - When applying for a pension for services during the Revolutionary War, depositions were taken by the County Clerk of the applicant who had to show cause why he needed the pension. If the old soldier stated that he just owned a run-down cabin, had sickly children and a jade, what would a jade be? 3 - When pioneers could not afford to put in a wooden floor in their cabins and didn't want to walk on dirt, they often used this and created fancy designs. What did they use? 4 - We all know how many men sit on a jury. But what happened when the courts couldn't find enough qualified to serve? They drew from the audience and these individuals were called what? (I'm not looking for alternates - a much older term). 5 - What was the old term for a small temporary prison and (2) what is a latter nickname for the same thing? 6 - In looking at old plat maps, one might find many gores. What are you looking at? 7 - If you are transcribing inscriptions from an old tombstone and see a name on the bottom or on the backside followed by the abbreviation sc, how is this individual related to the deceased and what does the sc stand for? 8 - Early pioneers, scouts, surveyors, soldiers and others often got a horrendously painful condition of the feet. What was this called in the 18th century (not the current or latter-day term) and what caused it? 9 - If your mother told you to finish your slip down and your stomach churned at the thought of it, what would she want you to finish? 10 -What was the term used for a pair of heavy outer pants worn for horseback journeys? 11 - What was the name given to a stagecoach-like wagon used to transport lunatics to insane asylums or prisoners from jail to the penitentiary? Can you describe what it looked like? 12 - Tuberculosis of the glands, joints and bones was known by a name not heard much in current times. What was it called? 13 - In reading the old Kentucky deeds, one will notice many times that the "wife was examined separate and apart from her husband" as to whether she agreed will the sale of land or property. We know that this indicated that she was being asked if she was selling this land of her own free will and not being forced into it by her husband. But, it also tells us something else quite important. What was it? 14 - In many parts of the country, especially in the southern states, there were seldom found closets in homes and clothes were stored in trunks. Other than lack of space in the smaller homes, what else kept our ancestors from hanging their clothes in a nice tidy closet? 15 - A term is used in many old wills in which the late spouse gave to his wife certain things "during her natural life". What did this indicate? 16 - Have you ever really looked at the bronze statues of soldiers on horseback that are found in many parks and throughout the country honoring military heroes or great leaders? There are three types found - one with the front feet of the horse in the air - one with one front foot of the horse in the air and the last with all four feet of the horse on the ground. What was the significance of the horse's position in relation to its rider. 17 - What is the definition of a paper town? 18 - We all have heard the term "out house" which normally referred to an outside privy or latrine. But in the old deeds and other documents that term meant something else. Give me at least one example of what would be called an out house and one example of what it would not mean [besides latrine/privy]. 19 - What was the title of the man whose responsibility it was to carry out an execution? The same title was given to a leader or a chief or the commander of a whaling boat 20 - Who would have been half-baptized? 21 - What book in the County Clerk's Office would you check to find a list of buyers of land so you could find a deed? 22 - If you heard someone yell "gardydoo" loudly, what was about ready to happen and what should you do? 23 - There was an old expression "on tick". What did this refer to? 24 - In many old records you will see the abbreviation O.S. What does this stand for? 25 - What is the term that you have seen used many times in my order book posts used to describe a tavern/inn or other place of lodging that sold alcohol, but also served food and had a place for boarding livestock? 26 - What was a lardering stick used for? 27 - Where would you go to see a kuntiput? 28 - In earlier settlement times buildings were often erected that were known as joint stores? What were they? 29 - What was the term used to described a person who owned land and farmed it without outside help from slaves but only by his family? 30 - What is the term used when less that twelve members of a grand jury agreed on a subject causing the case to be be dismissed and the accused free? I am not looking for a tie verdict or a hung jury. Another older term was used which would also describes an individual of questionable ability. 31 - What was a person called who lived on property he did not own as seen on old tax records? I am not seeking the words tenant, sharecropper or squatter. 32 - What was the name given to a will that was believed to have been written by a person entirely in his own handwriting? 33 - This was the Latin term for an order written by a court to a person demanding that he bring into court another person who is detained by the first person. What is the term which is still used today? 34 - What was the term used by physicians to describe a disease that was progressing more rapidly than normal? This will be found in many old death records. 35 - Our American currency is divided into various denominations. And, with the passage of time, each denomination has acquired a "nickname". What denomination is commonly known today by something that was traded in the early settlement days and what was traded? 36 - We've likely all heard the expression, two bits, four bits, six bits, a dollar. Coins used to be clipped into bits with each piece of the coin worth a certain value. What was the term for half of a bit or 1/16th of a coin? 37 - In older times, a person was often said to be suffering from falling-sickness. What is the modern term for this condition? 38 - Not to be confused with a ship or firing guns from a ship, this was a type of newspaper which was placed in prominent places so everyone could read it. It was almost a gossip rag and dealt more with fights, crimes and deaths, sometimes the more gruesome the better. What was it called? 39 - What was the term for a wooden coach that was shaped like a watermelon that was slung on several through-braces, drawn by four horses and carried 6-9 passengers? Today this term is used for a man who tells other men what to do on a sports field. The answer is a two-word one and I need both parts. 40 - If you sent your husband to the mercantile for some hippins, would would he be purchasing? 41 - What was a battling stick? 42 - What did corruption of blood" meant. 43 - What was an estray? 44 - What was meant by a mistery in old indentures? 45 - What was a pinfold? 46 - What was a fly scarer? 47 - What were roads called in the early day to cover up swampy areas where the road washed out. 48 - What are the definitions to the following three types of marriages: a - Self-marriage b - Implied marriage c - Woods or bridge marriage 49 - What is a deed of division: and finally - 50 - What was a fingerboard painter? Good look - write down you answers and I'll post the answers next week! Don't send me your answers please! Sandi (c) Copyright 16 Sept 2004, Sandra K. Gorin

TIP #506 - FASHIONS REFLECTED SOCIETY 1930-1940 Today I'm concluding the series on the wardrobes of America reflecting what was going on in the world. That means the male members of the list can start reading again! This week we're looking at the decade 1930-1940. World events again came to the forefront during this decade. Many of you will remember the fateful day of October 24, 1929, just two months before the beginning of this decade resonated throughout America. When all was considered safe and secure again - the Great Depression struck with great fury. Those of our readers who are too young surely have read of the Great Depression or have had stories told you. It was a dark, fearful time as fortunes were lost, lives shattered. Thus the fashions of this time frame reflected the mood of the country. Women went back to sewing many of their owns clothes; clothes manufacturers advertised thrift and hoped their companies would hold together. Patches were in again and the women tried to stretch the family wardrobe. For those who could still afford "store-bought" clothes, fashions changed. Gone was the masculine look of women's clothes and feminine was in again. The hemlines dropped down to the ankle as if the short skirts of the past decade were shameful. Necklines however took a daring dip; shoulders became square. Remember again the movie stars of that time frame on the late night movies; padded shoulders giving a squared off look were everywhere. The waistline came back to where it belonged and skirts became fuller with many pleats. Scalloped edge collars or those with ruffles were very popular. Why did Americans pattern after the movie stars? They needed to escape into the make-believe world of the films to forget the reality of their lives. To the average woman who could afford to go to the local movie house, these grand ladies represented the perfect fashion. Women wanted to emulate them, and many dreamed of how they would look if they could just afford such a lovely outfit. Other dresses offered trains at the back, flowers were seen on the shoulders or near the neckline. And this was a time when fur coats were definitely in fashion. They were worn for all occasions, at all times of the day or night. A lady in milk, sable or chinchilla felt so fashionable! With all the new emphasis on the feminine attire, the only exception was in the more sporting clothes. These would definitely be considered masculine in appearance with suits, slacks and leather jackets. Beret hats were sported cockily on the woman's tresses and if you didn't like the beret, the pill box hat (made so famous later by Jackie Kennedy) wide brimmed hats were quite acceptable. For my lady's tiny feet, the rounded toe shoe was fashionable; most with thick heels. You could buy pumps and "flats" and the ankle strapped shoe was popular (and this held over until my school days!). To complete the outfit, one must have a large beaded bag or a mesh bag.. Ok, what about men's clothing? Normally in thinking of clothing styles, the poor men were given second page coverage! This is still obvious today with wedding coverage; there are columns on what the bride and her attendants wore; the poor groom and his attendants were also present! But during the 1930's men decided to revolt a little on their own! Clark Gable took off his shirt in a daring movie, and there was no undershirt! So men, after thinking it over carefully, decided that they would do away with their undershirts too and look more "manly". Outer shirts came in large plains and the single-breasted jacket completed the upper torso look. The latter didn't last too long, double-breasted suits were back in vogue later in this decade. The decade ended with yet another war in 1939 and everything slowed down in the fashion world once again. Once again, Americans had to focus on the war effort instead of the latest offering from the fashion magazines. I hope that you have enjoyed this little side-trip to genealogy and will make you take a look at those old pictures one more time - this time studying the clothes they wore. (c) Copyright 9 September 2004, Sandra K. Gorin

TIP #505 - FASHIONS REFLECTED SOCIETY 1920-1930 What happened from 1920 to 1930 that made an impact on the types of clothing worn by American citizens? America and Kentuckians as well went through a tremendous change during this time frame. Times were changing, America was getting older and bolder and the influence was felt everywhere. One of the major events was the era of Prohibition. This led to speak-easy's - the introduction of a new type of music called jazz which led to radio and live performances. This was an era of experimentation in culture which reached millions as the sighs were heard that the great war was over, things were going to be ok. People tried to get their minds off the horrors of World War I and the noticeable absence of young men ... killed during the war. Those teenagers and young adults who had survived this terrible era felt energized - a total freedom finally. The jazz age rushed in, influenced it is said by the African American tempos. New heroes and heroines were thrown on the front pages of the newspapers and replaced in the minds of many the military heroes of the past such as Washington and Lincoln. Movie stars now made the news and their clothing, mannerisms and life styles led the "awakening". Rudolf Valentino was making many a young ladies heart swoon; women emulated the looks of Clara Bow. After working forever it seemed in the production lines, women were glad to start looking feminine again! Entire new industries were born of this time, geared to the fair lady who suddenly was quite interested in how she looked. Cosmetics flourished, hairstyles went wild and glamour was sought. Did the average housewife in Kentucky feel a part of this new daring age? Perhaps those in the larger cities it was more obvious where the ladies had more leisure time seemingly, but I would imagine that the farm women also dreamed of being beautiful as they glanced through the local newspapers. The mercantiles, now called department stores and clothing stores began carrying more fashionable up-to-date dresses and suits along with the farm clothing. For the women who could afford them, magazines for women emerged; the best known as Vogue, The Queen and Harper's Bazaar. Vogue had been around since 1892 but didn't come into it's own until the 20's. What woman wouldn't be tempted to day dream through the pages of these classy magazines if they were available - even while whipping up supper for her husband and trying to corral a large family of children who were most content in running around barefoot? What did the modern woman of the 1920's and 1930's wear? Suits for women were all the rage; the skirts were long and full and had belts at the waist of the jacket. Waists were not fitted, but loose for comfort. The bodices of dresses and suits were worn with a baggy look. As the years progressed, the waistline dropped lower, approximately between the natural waist and the hips. In 1924, the waist had dropped totally to the hips. By 1925 a new term was heard in the fashion world - the "shift". It had no waistline at all. And by the late 1920's, the dresses had straight bodices and collars. There were often tucks at the bottom of the bodice and pleated skirts with the hems about an inch below the knee. By 1928, whereas the waist had dropped before, now the hems started rising. Buttons were important on women's clothing. The zipper wasn't used until later in this decade (it used to be known as a locker.) Flapper-style dresses were all the rage and they close fitting, fastened with hooks and eyes, buttons and snaps. Most of the dresses, suits and skirts were cotton and wool. Silk was still too expensive even though, in 1891, an artificial silk was made in France. Production in America began in 1910; and by 1924 this material was called rayon. Since silk was so expensive and American women had discovered hosiery, many were made of rayon instead. Women were truly adventurous during this time frame and were spreading their wings. Why they could vote, smoke, wear make-up and even the vocabularies of many changed to including those words usually reserved for the menfolk. Something of the innocence of womanhood was being lost along the way as women took the first steps toward more independence. The skirts kept getting shorter as all of a sudden it was the "in" thing to show off one's knees. Some younger women rolled down their stockings and painted rouge on their kneecaps to emphasize what they considered their beautiful legs. Shoes had to change too, foot attire was needed to enable dancing the wild dances of the era. The Charleston could send a shoe flying across the room! Thus, low heels and closed toes were most accepted. Some chose a cutaway shoe with t-straps which might be highly decorated. Colors were in for shoes, black was out. All right, what about the men? Did they keep their senses during this era of flamboyancy? Very little is said of men's fashions during this time; they must have kept their heads! Two-toned spectators were popular which fit in well with the ever-popular knickers. Men of this area could be classified as "conservative." Their trousers were still wide - up to 24 inches wide during this time. For the more sporty look, knickers and "plus fours" were acceptable; buckled 4 inches below the knee. Summer wear for the men included the lighter colors with the colors darkening for the fall and winter months. Animal fur was used to decorate and keep the gentleman warm in winter. And yes, if you note some of your ancestor's photographs during this time, another fashion among the younger men came into vogue. Have you seen a picture of your great-grandfather wearing a raccoon coat? I guess they deserved a little "wildness" in their wardrobe once in awhile as they sat back and watched the girls and women go "beserk" (well, it must have appeared so!) in their wardrobes, hairstyles and makeup. Next week, I'll end up this series with 1930-1940. I choose to quit here as fashions since that time are more easily studied - plus - we're getting too close to my decade and I just can't let anyone see what our generation wore! (c) Copyright 2 Sept 2004, Sandra K. Gorin Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #504 - FASHIONS REFLECTED SOCIETY 1910-1920 In a former tip, I tried to help us muddle through some of the clothing styles of various decades so we could hopefully date some of the photographs we all have stuck away with no identification. I was just given a tin type by my mother which belonged to her grandmother. No identification, no memory of who it was - a beautiful and serene woman sitting in a straight backed chair, holding a Bible and in an ornate case. In checking with a friend who is quite good in dating photographs, he dated it pre-Civil War, approximately 1850. That helped ... now, if I knew who she was! I am also awaiting pictures of 3 wedding gowns from a museum in Woodford Co IL. One of them belongs to one of our Gorin gals who married in 1846. But, during a renovation at the museum, all the names and donor cards were lost. I only caught a glimpse of a photograph of the gown about 10 years ago and have to try to determine for them, and for me, which was belonged to our family. This week, I'd like to take a little different approach and see how the world reflected the wardrobes of our 20th century ancestors. As much as I hate to admit it, this is the 21st century so I am now history! With each decade, there was a change in people's wardrobes that in some ways reflected what was going on in the world around them. I'm starting with 1910-1920 as there was a dramatic shift in the world at this time. 1910-1920. Several major events occurred during this decade. Up until 1914, Americans felt rather secure. All was well with the world, Americans were prospering and giving little thought to the past wars we had gone through; the Revolutionary War was just a memory and the Civil War veterans had settled back into their lives, many with permanent injuries and illnesses related to the war. But in 1914, the world changed and soon America could change forever. World War I rumblings at first might not affected people in the Ohio Valley, but the headlines wouldn't go away. Soon, local papers began carrying more and more reports of atrocities and all too soon America itself would be thrust into yet another war, this one fought not on our soil but in areas barely known except in the geography books. Then other changes made their presence known - Women's Sufferage - the beginning of Prohibition - the flu epidemic of 1918 - the sinking of the Titanic. It was a decade of change, uncertainty, fear, promise and changing clothing styles. Women started breaking free of the corseted look of earlier times; they felt freer. Skirts reminded one of Middle Eastern "harem" skirts. Some skirts were so tightly fitting and narrow that women were said to have put rope around their legs under the dress to keep them from taking too big a step and splitting the skirt! Color in clothing came into vogue instead of the basic black and white outfits of earlier times. Boots and shoes were often jeweled and not the plain shoes of the past. As the war continued, another change was forced upon the women. Most of their men were off to war and the women had to work outside of the home. They needed practical clothes too; comfortable shoes for standing along the assembly lines; clothes that were comfortable and easy to work in. This was likely the first time that the hemlines started to creep up. It was difficult to stand for a long period of time around equipment with bulky, frilly dresses full of lace and buttons and swooshing across the floor. So women's dresses became more masculine in appearance as they were called on to do a man's job. Even the shoes took on what would now be called a unisex look, many going back to older time with laces going up high on the leg to give support to the lady's legs. During the war times, even the social gatherings were less "dress up" and people wore more "casual" clothes to the fanciest of affairs. As soon as the war ended and the menfolk who were fortunate enough to have survived came home; Americans all over again started looking at more fashionable attire. Many women turned in the assembly line for changing diapers again; some chose to remain in what was once the man's world. But, at the same time, the casual wear had grown in popularity and companies began producing sporting clothing in great numbers. Shoes known as Keds, made the scene in 1917 and people loved them. Manufactured by U S Rubber the soles, much like the moccasin, made no noise and people could "sneak" around in them. Looking at the man's wardrobe, if not a military uniform, it was fashionable to wear a one, two or three button cutaway frock coat or a double breasted jacket known as "straight-lined" or "sack" Slacks were wide at the ankle, normally about 22 inches! If a gent wanted to look really in vogue, he was always seen with a cane in public, even when it was not needed. We have all seen pictures, I am sure, of the hero in the movies of that time frame with his fancy and highly decorated cane that he often twirled around. Even in the movies with the famous male dancers of those time and newer, the cane was a stable. And men would not be seen without their hat that had to coordinate with their suit. Bowler hats, homburg hats (a little less formal) or a boater (a straw hat) for non-formal wear. The women liked the latter also. No man was well dressed unless he had a high collar and a bow tie! Boys and younger men who had not reached the pinnacle of society dressed in three piece suits which consisted of coat, vest and knee pants. The hem of the pants met at the top of their socks. What if you didn't live in high society? What if you were just an average man and woman working on the farm in Kentucky and your idea of a social evening was a singing at church, a circus passing through town or sitting on the front porch sipping lemonade? Then you wore what was comfortable, cleaned and often patched, homemade sometimes still from the town mercantile, or ordered from some far away place like Louisville or Nashville. More comfortable than the pioneer days but not in vogue for a night out on the town in the big city. Next week - 1920-1930. (c) Copyright 26 Aug 2004, Sandra K. Gorin. All rights reserved. Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #503 I'M STILL LOOKING In past research tips, I have given you some ideas of where else to look for information on your family and I thought I would revisit this. I was reminded of this by an article in Ancestry.com dated 1/1/99 called "Searchin' Serials: Using Periodicals in Genealogical Research by Curt B. Witcher. I don't know about you, but when I first became involved in my family tree quest, I subscribed to lots of periodicals and joined a lot of historical/genealogical societies. Finally, the budget gave out and little by little, I had to let some drop to stay only with the publications or societies that seemed to provide the most information. With the advent of the internet, much of the information I paid dearly for is now available and I am most thankful! Many of the indexes of various societies are now on line and one can scan through them to see if your illusive Jacob Jumpincandlestick appears. More and more historical societies have their own web site now and list the publications they have for sale once you have determined that good old Jacob might be shown there. Let's look at historical and genealogical society quarterlies. I am the editor of our local quarterly and my first goal is NAMES, NAMES, NAMES. I search documents, county records, encourage contributions from contributors and try to look in the obscure places to find as many people as I can that might not appear all that often in print. If you are a member of a historical or genealogical society and have information on family from there, please contribute some of the information to the society. Believe me, they really will appreciate it! My greatest accomplishment in the past 15 years was attempting to help a lady find an obscure name in Barren Co. We knew he was here; he had a child married here. But then, poof! No more mention. Until I was browsing in the court house attic and found a little notation in the county clerk's memo book. There was this illusive ancestor being fined 3 cents for swearing three times in front of the judges! If a quarterly is to be a good quarterly that will help its membership, it needs to reach out for sometimes the most obscure, the records that will hopefully confirm that a person was there on a certain date doing a certain thing and hopefully mentioning his wife, children, grand-children, all about his parentage and every war they ever fought in (just dreaming!) A quarterly will normally over the course of time show deeds, wills, family trees, photos, school records, maps, Bible records, tax records, church records - a wonderful place to look. If you can't afford to join all the societies where your foot loose and fancy free ancestors were, check with your library to see if they are subscribers; or with your local historical society to check if they receive issues. If many people from your place of residence came from a specific area in KY, encourage them to exchange quarterlies with those locals societies. Do you ignore the historical publications and look only at the genealogical ones? You might be missing a lot. Many societies are a combination and their publications likely also will contain records such as photo histories of the counties (there's Uncle Bobo in the back row!), maps of the area that show where churches, cemeteries and people lived; restoration projects and historical surveys of old homes ... please don't overlook them. Here is Glasgow we have a wonderful organizations called the South Central Kentucky Cultural Center. Well - that doesn't sound genealogical does it? Ah yes, it is. Not only is it a museum with wondrous displays (including donations from family estates); but it has a large library of genealogical books and files which also includes our society's holdings including exchange quarterlies from societies all over the United States. On-line publications are a tremendous source for the researcher. The Rootsweb Review which many of you receive every Thursday contains a wealth of information and tips. It also lists new web sites, query lists, publications and tips. The Ancestry Daily News has links to maps, newspapers that are now on file, tips, classes, and much more information. Eastman's Online Genealogy is a tremendous well of information written in an easy-to-read informative style. All of these are free. Other publications are on-line or have indexes to their issues. There are also the special interest publications, running the gamut from the Revolutionary War, Civil War, ethnic books, historical biographies ... that list is exhaustive. Well, that all sounds good, but how do I find all these publications? 1 - check with your library 2 - check the PERSI list (Peroidical Source Index), Allen County Public Library 3 - check the local historical or genealogical society Listed below are some websites cited above that might be of help to you: Ancestry Daily News: E-mail mailto:ANCESTRY_DAILY_NEWS-L-request@rootsweb.com Rootsweb Review: http://newsletters.rootsweb.com/ George Eastman's Online Genealogy: http://www.eogn.com/home/ (you can check this weekly, power packed articles. There is also a plus edition for a fee if you so desire. Allen County Public Library: http://mt-spurr.acpl.lib.in.us/genealogy/ (c) Copyright 19 Aug 2004, Sandra K. Gorin Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #502 - DID YOUR ANCESTORS KNOW - PART 4 - 1797-1807 1797 : John Quincy Adams' (Sr.) won America's first contested presidential election. The first washing machine was patented by Nathaniel Briggs of NH. The "United States" launched - the first American Navy Ship. Old Ironsides was launched in Boston's Harbor, a 44-gun, 204-foot US Navy Frigate. 2/3rds of the wooden buildings in Savannah, GA destroyed by fire. Thomas Jefferson served as president of the American Philosophical Society. 1798: A brawl occurred in the House of Representatives in Philadelphia; Matthew Lyon of VT had spit on the face of Roger Griswold of CT. The first naval surgeon of the US Navy appointed - Dr George Balfour. The territory of Mississippi organized. British soldiers killed about 500 Irish insurgents at the Battle of Tar. The US Alien Act passed which allowed the President to deport dangerous aliens. The US Marine Corps organized and the US Marine Band. US Public Health Service formed. Napoleon captured Cairo, Egypt. David Wilkinson patented a nut and bolt machine in RI. A bank robbery occurred in Philadelphia's Carpenter's Hall - the first big bank robbery in the US. 1799: Eliakim Spooner received a patent for a seeding machine in VT. The first US printed ballots authorized in PA. US weights and measures standardized by Congress. Austria declared war on France. NY state abolished slavery. Patrick Henry died. Napoleon Bonaparte incorporated Italy into his empire. The parent bank of Chase Manhattan known as the Bank of Manhattan Company opened in NYC. George Washington died at age 67. He had been bled by his physicians to prevent pneumonia after suffering from a sore throat. He was buried at Mount Vernon. The supposed last blue antelope (blaawboch) was kiled by a hunter in South Africa. Approximately 70 ships were lost in the Scottish Firth of Tay. Pope Pius VI died. 1800: Population of the US shown as 5,308,438 with a Black population of 1,002,037. The Queen Charlotte caught fire and approximately 700 passengers died. The Northwest Territory was divided into two parts by Congress. The western part to be known as the Indiana Territory and the eastern section the Northwest Territory. President and Mrs. John Adams moved into the completed White House. Louisiana was ceded to France by Spain. A slave named Gabriel led a slave revolt in VA and was hung. Washington DC established as the US capital. Widow Martha Washington freed all her slaves. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr tied in their presidential bid in electoral votes. After 36 ballots in the House of Representatives, Jefferson won. Jefferson won on his promise to get rid of all federal taxes. A room in the capital set aside for the Supreme Court. Worcestershire sauce appeared ca this time. World population estimated at 800 million. Demonstration of the electric pile or battery made by Alessandro Volta. Robert Fulton tested a model of his torpedo-armed submarine. Johnny Appleseed (John Chapman) began planting orchards across western PA, OH and IN. Heavy flooding in CA turned the Central valley area into a 700 mile long lake. The kaleidoscope invented by David Brewster in Scotland. 100 square miles of the San Francisco Bay area marshland charted by David Kerr. Sir David Salisbury, an English dietician recommended a diet of ground steak for anemia, TB and hardening of the arteries. Thus the term "Salisbury steak." 1801: Brigham Young, Mormon leader born in VT. Benedict Arnold died in London. In Bourbon Co KY, the 9-day revival began at the Cane Ridge Presbyterian Church by Rev. Barton W. Stone. KY banned dueling. First edition of the NY Evening Post published. Fairmont Water Works harnesses steam power to provide water for Philadelphia 1802: Congress passed an act for the establishment of a library within the U S Capitol. John Beckley of VA named first Librarian of Congress. The banjo clock was patented by Simon Willard. The US Army Corps of Engineers established for a second time. Spain reopened the New Orleans port to American merchants. Washington DC incorporated as a city; the President appointed the mayor and a council. Great Britain declared war on Napoleon's France. West Point founded. Capt. Meriwether Lewis left Pittsburg to meet Capt. William Clark and begin the expedition to the Pacific Ocean. 1803: Monroe and Livingston left for Paris planning on buying New Orleans; they ended buying Louisiana. A PA man, Moses Coats, patented an apple parer. Germany united into 60 states made up of 1800 sovereign states. Ohio became the 17th state. The reaping machine was patented by John Hawkins and Richard French. The first public library opened in CT. Lewis and Clark began their expedition, going down the Ohio River. The US Mint struck its last silver dollars until 1934. 1804: Congress ordered the Indians east of the Mississippi to Louisiana to move. The Louisiana Purchase divided into the Territory of the Orleans and the District of Louisiana. Thousands of whites murdered in Haiti. Lewis and Clark expedition left St. Louis. Napoleon Bonaparte proclaimed Emperor by the French Senate. By June, the Lewis and Clark Expedition reaches the mouth of the Kansas River. Aaron Burr fatally wounded Alexander Hamilton in a duel in NJ. Thomas Jefferson re-elected President with George Clinton his vice-president (who died in office in 1812). Fort Dearborn built on the Chicago River in what is now down-town Chicago. 1805: The Michigan Territory created. Sacajawea, a 16-year old Shoshonie who guided Lewis and Clark gave birth to a son; Meriweather Lewis acted as the midwife. The Louisiana-Missouri Territory formed. Virginia law requiring free slaves to leave the state. In May, Lewis and Clark first saw the Rocky Mountains. Bonaparte crowed king of Italy. By November they had reached the Pacific Ocean. 1806: Bavaria became a kingdom. Lewis and Clark found a blue whale in Oregon. James Madison Raldolph, grandson of Thomas Jefferson was the first to be born in the Whitehouse. In May Lewis and Clark start for home. Apple cider was patented by Isaac Quintard. Lewis and Clark arrived back in St Louis by September. Ralph Wedgewood patents carbon paper. Pike's Peak is discovered. Mixed drinks called cocktails first referred to in a US magazine. Aaron Burr (Jefferson's first vice president) implicated in a reputed plot among the northeastern Federalists seeking to break up the union if they had 4 more years of Republican rule. A shoemaker's union formed in Philadelphia. The first candy company began in Salem, Massachusetts, called Ye Old Pepper Companie. Andrew Jackson killed Charles Dickinson in a duel over a horse bet. Benjamin Thompson invents a coffee pot with a metal sieve to strain away the grounds. 1807: Aaron Burr arrested in AL. He was later tried and acquitted. Soft drinks, flavored by fruit first sold in Philadelphia by Townsend Speakman. The "North River Steam Boat", known more commonly as the Clermont began it's trip up the Hudson River in NY. The U S Congressional Cemetery, located near Capital Hill, established. (c) Copyright 12 Aug 2004, Sandra K. Gorin Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #501 - THEIR BOOTS WERE MADE FOR WALKING In fleshing out our ancestors and how they lived, we look at many views of their lives, occupations, modes of transportation, occupations and churches. Let's look a little lower down today and see how they got from here to there by "shank's pony". Here are some styles of older times. ARTILLERY DRIVER'S BOOT: Civil War - 1872 and beyond. The only boots issued by the government during the Civil War. They were authorized in 1851 for artillery drivers only and during the War, the government began issuing them to cavalry troops. This boot continued as a cavalry boot until 1872. Cuff lining, 12 inch high, half mid sole, full outer sole, pegged and nailed. CAVALRY BOOTS: The most common footwear was the standard-issue cavalry boot. It came to just below the knees, had squared toes, and a fairly low, flat heel. The leg or throat of the boot is fairly large so that uniform trousers can be inserted or "stuffed" in the boot tops without difficulty. Metal heel plates are standard, as they are with brogans. CHILD'S RED MOROCCO & BLACK LEATHER SHOES. These shoes date between 1830 and 1860; made of red morocco in the back half and soft black leather in the front. They fastened with a flat round brass button, normally stamped with a floral design. The tops were edged by ribbon and lined with linen. No left or right show. CHILD'S SHOES. Shoes in the 1850's were normally made by the local cobbler. There again was no left and right shoe, most had four holes for laces, came with linen linings. CHILD'S SHOES WITH COPPER TOE-CAPS. These shoes date to the 1860's. They were high topped leather shoes, again, no left or right shoe, interchangeable. They were unlined and had no tongue. They had copper toe-caps. CHILD'S SHOES WITH BRASS TOE-CAPS. Similar to the shoes above and during the same time frame. They normally had six holes for lacing on each side of the opening with white metal grommets in each hole. They came lined and unlined. CIVILIAN 10" or 16" STOVEPIPE BOOTS. Used from the Civil War on for many years. They were designed to be wore under the pants. COWBOY BOOTS: American cowboy boots have changed greatly over the years. The cowboy originally wore whatever was available which included moccasins, shoes, farmer boots, cavalry boots. In 1878 in TX a bootmaker named H J Justin designed a boot with a slender toe that wouldn't hook up in the stirrup, had a steel-shank arch to make riding easier and an unusual shaped heel which allowed for bracing against a rope. By 1880 this was the standard. (See http://www.awod.com/gallery/probono/cwchas/boot.html) FANCY TOPS: Many people in the early and mid 1800's referred to wearing "Fancy top boots" I couldn't find an actual definition of what these were and asked researcher Bill Utterback who provided the following: "Fancy tops can probably have more than one definition, but I believe that they 19th century version of this refers to boots that had a folded over section of leather at the top of each one that was often highly tooled and ornamental. I'm attaching an image of a pair of these that came from some collection I saw at one time. (C:\EUDORA.1\Attach\FancyTopBoots.jpg) FEDERAL SHOES: Issued in 1864-1865. It is a full double soled shoe. The midsole is sewn to the upper and insole and the outsole is sewn to the midsole. It is available in black or russet and either smooth side or rough side out. GENTLEMEN'S "FANCY: SHOES. Made between 1890 - 1910, men's fancy shoes were high style. They were made of a high-gloss black patent leather on the lower portion and woven black wool for the upper half. GENTLEMAN'S LEATHER MULES dated in the 1830's to 1860's. They were hand-made with hand carved oak soles and an inch high heel set to the back of the shoe. The leather uppers had a ½ inch wide strip of patent leather sewn down the center of the instep and a patent leather tip on square toes. A ¼ inch wide strip of linen ran across the toe. The sole was wooden. LADY'S LEATHER SHOES. From 1820-1830, a lady's shoe might be a soft leather slipper with an embossed pattern. The soles were flat and the toes were narrow and squared. No left or right show, lined with linen and tied with silk ribbons. LADY'S SHOES WITH BOWS. Bows were in between 1830-1840. The shoes were made of leather and had a silk bow on the front of each shoe. They were lined in lined and were held on with elastic cords. LADY'S LEATHER SHOES, no bows. These were also worn by the ladies between 1830-1840. They were very delicate leather shoes, there was no left or right shoe. Again, they were lined in fine linen. RANDOLPH RIDING BOOT. Late 1700's - 1880s . This was a two piece riding boot. The front is one piece with no top panel or "grift". The leather is soaked in oil and hand worked or "jacked" to soften, then stretched over a crimping block to create the turn. The bottom is a half mid-sole and a full outsole. STITCH DOWNS: "Stitch downs" refers to how the boot is constructed. There is a double line of stitching on top of the sole which is how the sole is attached to the boot. It was all hand work. After decent glues were available in the 19th century, the soles began to be glued to the boot in a sort of slot made in the sole, which is basically the way boots are made today. Stitch downs are actually still available, if a person wants to special order them and pay about $400-$500 a pair for them. (Courtesy Bill Utterback) VICTORIAN LEATHER OR CANVAS BOOTS: Date to the late 1800's/early 1900's. They were a combination of canvas and leather - the heel, toe and front side of the boot is leather and the remainder is canvas. The boots lace up the front and measure approximately 11". The inside of these boots were lined in a patterned material. The boots have a 2 1/2" spool heel. But, many of the average pioneers wore either moccasins or most likely went barefoot. (c) Copyright 5 Aug 2004, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved. Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #500 - DID YOUR ANCESTORS KNOW - 1786 - 1796 PART 3 1786: Davy Crockett born. Sacagawea (also Sacajawea), American explorer born ca this year. The US Congress adopted the silver dollar and decimal system of money. George Washington called for the abolition of slavery. Daniel Shay led a rebellion in Massachusetts to protest the seizure of property for the non-payment of debt. 1787: William Herschel discovered Titania and Oberon, moons of Uranus. Karl Ferdinand von Grafe born helped create modern plastic surgery. Philadelphia's Free African Society formed. Delegates began meting in Philadelphia for a convention to draw up the U.S. Constitution. Congress, under the Articles of Confederation, enacted the Northwest Ordinance, which established rules for governing the Northwest Territory, for admitting new states to the Union and limiting the expansion of slavery. The Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. The US Constitution was submitted to states for ratification. The first of the Federalist Papers, 77 essays calling for ratification of the U.S. Constitution, published in a New York newspaper. They were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay . Alexander Hamilton became the first US Treasury secretary. The electoral college established at the Constitutional Convention with representatives to be chosen the states. A private mint struck the first penny. It was 100% copper and known as the Fugio cent. The first left and right shoes were made. 1788: Pennsylvania Quakers emancipated their slaves. Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patented the steamboat. Nearly the entire city of New Orleans, Louisiana, was destroyed by fire. 856 buildings were burned. The Congress authorized the first national election, and declared New York City the temporary national capital. The Convention decreed that the first federal election would be held on the first Wednesday in February of the following year. Maryland voted to cede a 100-square-mile area for the seat of the national government; about two-thirds of the area became the District of Columbia. King George III suffered a mental breakdown. 1789: First U.S. presidential election was held. Americans voted for electors who, a month later, chose George Washington to be the nation's first president. Georgetown University was established by Jesuits in present-day Washington, D.C., as the 1st US Catholic college. PA stopped banning theatrical performances. US Post Office was established. President-elect Washington and his wife moved into the first executive mansion, the Franklin House, in New York. He is the only president who never resided in the White House. Fletcher Christian lead a mutiny on the Bounty. The US passed the first tariff including and other items at 15%. Thomas Jefferson became the first head of the U.S. Department of Foreign Affairs. Congress established the Department of Foreign Affairs (became the Department of State). U.S. War Department was established. Treasury Department, headed by Alexander Hamilton, was created in New York City. US took out its first loan when it borrowed from the Bank of North America The US debt had reached $77 million when Washington became president Thomas Jefferson was appointed America's first Secretary of State The U.S. War Department established a regular U.S. army with several hundred men. Nov 26th named to be the First Thanksgiving Day by George Washington. Bourbon whiskey, distilled from corn, was made by Elijah Craig in Bourbon, Ky. Church of England Episcopal Church became the Protestant Episcopal Church of the USA. Uranium was discovered and named after the planet Uranus. 1790: John Wesley was preaching. First U S patent issued to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that "roves and spins cotton." President Washington delivered the 1st "State of the Union" address. The first petition to Congress for emancipation of the slaves by the Society of Friends. Congress authorized the first U.S. census. The shoelace was invented. Revenue Marine Service which became the US Coast Guard, was created. U.S. patent system was established. Benjamin Franklin died in Philadelphia at age 84. Territory South of River Ohio created by Congress. US copyright law was enacted. District of Columbia was established as the seat of the United States government. Chrysanthemums introduced into England from China. US government issued $80 million in bonds to cover Revolutionary War debts. US census categorized men as "free white person, all other free persons except Indians, and slaves." Haleakala Volcano on Maui erupted. 1791: Thomas Paine published "The Rights of Men". Calvin Phillips, shortest known adult male born, was 2 feet 2 inches. Congress established the U.S. Mint. 1st Internal Revenue Act taxed distilled spirits and carriages. Vermont was admitted as the 14th state, first additional state after the original 13. John Stone of Concord, Mass, patented a pile driver. Captain Hopley Yeaton of New Hampshire became the first commissioned officer of the U.S. Navy. Samuel F.B. Morse, inventor, was born in Boston. The Bill of Rights took effect following ratification by Virginia. 1792: NYC creates the first 1-way street. Congress passed the Coinage Act authorizing the establishment of the U.S. Mint. It established the US dollar defined in fixed weights of gold and silver. State chartered banks to issue paper money convertible to gold or silver coins to ease business transactions. U.S. authorized $10 Eagle, $5 half-Eagle & 2.50 quarter-Eagle gold coins & silver dollar, dollar, quarter, dime & half-dime. US established military draft. Toilet that flushed itself at regular intervals was patented. Kentucky became the 15th state of the union. Columbus Day was 1st celebrated in the US. The "Old Farmer's Almanac" was 1st published. Ccornerstone of the executive mansion, the White House, was laid during a ceremony in the District of Columbia. George Washington was re-elected president; John Adams was re-elected vice president. Henry Laurens was the first individual cremated in the US. Charles Babbage, inventory of the calculating machine born. An edition of the Bible was first printed in New York. "Dismes", known now as dimes first produced along with half-dismes or nickels. Crown jewels of France were stolen which included a 67 carat Blue Diamond. 1793: The cotton gin was invented. Construction begins on the U S Capitol. Louis XVI executed. Gas lighting was developed in Scotland. 1st U S manned balloon flight carrying Frenchmen Jean Pierre Blanchard on a flight between Philadelphia and Woodbury NJ. Ralph Hogsdon of NY patented oiled silk. A Japanese volcano named Unsen erupted and killed about 53,000 people.Ricketts, the first US circus opened and Pres. Washington attended. The first U S Roman Catholic priest ordained, Father Stephen Theodore Badin. John Hancock died. German Reformed Church was established in the US by Calvinist Puritans. 1st US half-cent and on cent coins were minted. Yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia. 1794: Measure adding two stars and two stripes to the American flag, following the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the union by President Washington. First successful cesarean Section operation performed by Dr Jessee Bennett of VA on his own wife. Richard Allen founded AME church. The "cold-header" machine (rivet) patented by Josiah Pierson. Congress authorized creation of U S Navy. A Neutrality act passed by Congress that banned Americans from serving in the armed forces of foreign countries. The graham cracked was developed by Sylvester Graham. U S Whiskey Rebellion began. Honolulu Harbor was discovered. 1795: 11th Amendment to US Constitution was ratified. First American silver dollar was minted. A defeated Indian coalition met with Gen. Anthony Wayne in a treaty council at Greenville, Ohio. Pinckney's Treaty between Spain and US signed, which established a southern boundary of US and giving Americans right to send goods down Mississippi. The first adhesive postage stamp creator, Rowland Hill, born. Alexander Hamilton had a brief affair with a Mrs. Reynolds. After being blackmailed by her husband and the affair being made public two years later, Hamilton then publicly admitted his indiscretion. Jim Beam Whiskey founded. To be continued. Note that there is a variance often in the dates, I have shown the first occurence. (c) 29 July 2004, Sandra K. Gorin Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #499 OF SADDLE BAGS, RETICULES, CARPET BAGS AND TRUNKS In taking a week break from historical events, I thought you might enjoy the following. Bill Utterback, our well-known and most knowledgeable researcher who is the list manager for the Jackson Purchase area list, has been posting articles written by Gordon Wilson called "Fidelity Folks". Mr. Wilson wrote of saddle bags, reticules and carpet bags and got me thinking of various types of containers used in the past to stow our precious goods. I'd like to take a look at some of these storage containers. Before I begin however, if you fellows on the list complain that your wife is packing too many suitcases to go on a short vacation .... would you have been in trouble back in the olden days! Saddle bags: Quoting from Gordon Wilson: " The best known kind were capacious and roundish, lying across the saddle and capable of holding clothes, bottles of sundry kinds, hymn books, et al." We've all watched our western movies and are familiar with the saddle bag thrown across the back of a horse, mule or donkey. They were also known as saddle pockets. Many different types of people used saddlebags: 1 - Circuit riding preachers stowed their Bible, hymnal (when available) and sermon notes 2 - Travelers in general. This might include families visiting far away kin folk, men traveling to the county seat to transact business. Sheriffs delivering subpoenas, surveyors to keep their maps and surveys. 3- Physicians. Doctors used to make house calls, remember? They needed a saddle bag of sometimes special design to hold all their medicines and medical tools of the times. 4 - Mail carriers including the Pony Express Today, if you use a search engine, the majority of sites deal only with motorcycle saddlebags! History repeats itself. Reticules were normally thought of as lady's handbags. They were made of net or were a string purse. Many of this style can still be found today called by more modern terms. Later on it was made of fabric but in many old photographs, you will see a lady with her netted purse closed by a drawstring. Some of the fancier reticules were beaded and had a linen lining; many had fringes. During the 1860's in some areas of the country, the reticule could be made of tanned leather with a leather draw string. Sometimes the liner of the reticule gave shape to it , a cardboard type lining. Some reticules could be decorated on the outside to make it unique to the owner; painted flowers or designs. They came in all sizes, much like our purses of today. Carpetbags were larger and many things could be stored in them. It stretched farther and was sturdier. Sometimes it was said that carpetbaggers carried all their belongings in this bag. The term took on a derogatory term after the Civil War when many "carpetbaggers went south to make his gains during the reconstruction period." Carpet bags were however not made of carpet. The U S Patent Office in 1850 issued a patent for an automatic carpet weaving machine. Likely carpetbagger manufacturers found this quite intriguing! They were sturdy, bulky and came in all sizes and patterns. Many famous people used carpet bags including Abraham Lincoln who likely carried all his papers in it, down to the movie nanny Mary Poppins, which held all sorts of magical things! It is thought that carpetbags dated back to early Egyptian times with designers creating beautiful bags of fine woven tapestry. And, as history repeats itself, smaller versions of the carpetbag are back in style in modern purses. Trunks. There were many types of trunks used for a myriad of uses in the older times. The earliest trunks made in America were rather primitive and dated back to the late 1600s. They were made of various woods and covered with hides such as deer, horse or cowhide. In the 1700s the hide covered trunks continued and became a little more ornamented with handmade brass tacks, forged iron locks and handles and leather trim. These were made in flat top and rounded top styles. In the late 1700s and early 1800s round trunks became popular. Looking at them from the end they appear round, with a small flat base. They were covered in leather and hide and usually ornamented with brass tacks. They were lined with a printed paper or often old newspapers. They sometimes were made with a small brass handle on top and were made in many sizes. By the end of the 1840's and into the 1850's, trunks covered with leather became quite popular. They had large iron bands and brass studs or button. They were nicknamed "gold rush trunks" because the golden studs reminded people of golden nuggets. During the mid 1800's, people were moving all over the place and more and more trunks were needed. Railroad travel also increased the demands and a trunk maker during that time could make a good living. Styles and sizes ranged from small to large; flat and round topped or those called "half trunks". The latter became the rage after Jenny Lind toured America and had this style of trunk. They are now more commonly known as Jenny Lind trunks; had several iron bands around them, large studs, and the trunk is curved at the center. There were brass bound Jenny Lind trunks which were quite popular into the 1870 timeframe. Some had fancy stud designs, large brass locks. There were even trunks made for the children to carry their dolls. This style of trunk were later referred to as stagecoach trunks as people wended their way west. The Saratoga Trunk became popular in the 1870's and was named for Saratoga Springs NY where the well-to-do traveled to use the spas and see the horse races. They were very large, had a domed lid with extremely fancy trim in leather or metal. The round top trunks were also known as humpbacked, camelback, monitor top and barrel topped trunks. The Steamer Trunk evolved in the late 1800's and was primarily designed for steamship travel. It was a low trunk, flat on the top. Larger trunks were made for clothes and shoes and these were called wardrobe trunks that had hangers and drawers. The latter were also known as Bureau or Dresser trunks. There were small trucks, square shaped for the ladies' hats plus other special purpose trunks for carrying papers (the interiors resembled a desk which had fold down front sections). Miscellaneous trunks: Where there was a need, a trunk manufacturer solved the problem. With the growing popularity of circuses, special trunks were designed for props with hidden compartments. Door-to-door salesmen needed trunks to carry their tinker goods. Musicians needed trunks to store their violins, brass instruments and music. If you have interest in old storage containers, purses and bags, I would recommend a search on the internet. There are many beautiful photographs of both original pieces and reproductions. I am indebted to thidoldtrunk.com for a breakdown of the categories of trunks. As a personal aside. Several years ago I learned of a trunk here in Glasgow KY where I live that was sold at a yard sale. I tried for years to track it down to no avail. It was an old trunk from Virginia that belonged to John Gorin, the founder of Glasgow. It was described as being lined with old newspapers from Fairfax Co VA and also had a hair lining in the lid. On the top, in brass studs, was the name Gorin. If you ever see it passing by, write me! Notes: See also: thisoldtrunk.com for pictures of many of the trunks described and a fuller description. "Fidelity Folks", was written by Dr. A. Gordon Wilson. Fidelity was better known as New Concord in Calloway County, where Dr. Wilson was born and grew to adulthood in the 1888 - 1910 time frame. He was the son of a well known physician in that area, Dr. Marquis Pillow Wilson. My thanks to Bill Utterback for publishing excerpts from this book! (c) copyright 22 July 2004, Sandra K. Gorin Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #499 - DID YOUR ANCESTORS KNOW? WORLD EVENTS 1776 - 1786 A continuation of the previous tip. Also, as a correction to last week's post. George Washington was born in 1732 and married Martha in 1759. I doubled checked my source and they had it wrong and I blindly followed! My apologies! Since this is the time frame of the American Revolution, I cannot show all the battles but am picking some of them. 1776: Declaration of Independence signed. First US Revolutionary flag was displayed. Americans began firing at British troops in Boston. Abigail Adams, wife of John Adams wrote a letter to him stating that women were "ready to forment a rebellion if the new Declaration of Independence failed to guarantee their rights." King George's statue was pulled down in New York City. The Hurricane of Independence killed 4,170 people as it raged from North Carolina to Nova Scotia. The first British submarine named the Turtle attempted to bring gunpowder to the troops in New York but surfaced before the charge was planted. Nathan Hale volunteered to be a spy. New York City burned down in the "great fire." Nathan Hale hung. British invaded New Jersey. Washington and troops cross the Delaware River. George Rogers Clark charged to seize the Northwest Territory. The $2.00 bill issued by the Continental Congress. 1777: New York became an independent state. The first advertisement for ice cream ran in a New York paper. Marquis de Lafayette from France arrived in America to help the American cause. Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes as the national Flag. Vermont abolished slavery. The country of France declared bankruptcy. The US Congress had to flee from advancing British troops and went to PA. George Washington's troops in Valley Forge. 1778: France recognized America's independence. The first Thanksgiving Day celebrated because of Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga. The circular saw was invented. About 2,000 soldiers died this year and next at Valley Forge because of the weather. Vermont declared itself a county unto itself, elected its own President, coined its own money and had its own postal system. Rhode Island authorized slaves to fight in the war. Oliver Pollock, a New Orleans businessman started using the $ sign to represent money. American soldiers reach Philadelphia and the British withdrew. The Liberty Bell returned to Philadelphia. Mollie Pitcher carried water to the troops in Monmouth, NJ. (Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley) and supposedly took her husband's place when he was overcome with heat. Shawnees attacked Boonesboro in KY. Capt. Cook in Alaska. Iroquois Indians massacred 40 inhabitants of Cherry Valley NY. British capture Savannah GA. 1779: General Anthony Wayne captured Stoney Point NY from the British. Spain declared war on England in support of America. John Paul Jones captured the British man-of-war, Serapis. Thomas Jefferson is wartime governor of Virginia. 1780: Charleston fell to the British. An eerie darkness enveloped much of the New England area and up into Canada for an afternoon, no explanation was ever found. Benedict Arnold joined the British. Battle of Kings Mountain waged with slaughter of loyalists. 20-30,000 killed in a hurricane in the Caribbean. Battle of Rugeley's Mill in SC, Colonel William Washington fashioned a cannon out of a carved log and fooled the Loyalists so that they surrendered to a wooden cannon! These came to be known as "Quaker Guns." John Paul Jones ship, the "Continental Ship of War" was captured by the British at the fall of Charleston and added to the Royal Army. A giant dinosaur head found in the Netherlands. The Winward and Leeward Islands hit by a hurricane which killed between 20-22,000 people. A communal grave at the cemetery called the Cemetery of the Innocents, located in Paris, cracked open and spilled the contents into the cellars of nearby homes and was immediately closed. Sheep were imported into Ireland from Scotland for the first time. 1781: The planet Uranus was discovered by astronomer William Herschel. William Collings sold his wife to Thomas Schooler for the price of $2.00 and threw in her bed, her clothing and a half dozen bowls of gross. (Charles Town, SC). Lord Cornwallis occupied Yorktown. George Washington moves his troops there. Los Angeles CA founded by Mexican Provincial Governor Felipe de Neve. The siege of Yorktown begins with 9,000 Americans and 7,000 French troops. Lord Cornwallis surrenders. John Quincy Adams is the American ambassador to Russia. 1782: The first US Commercial Bank, The Bank of North America opens in Philadelphia. Netherlands recognizes the United States. Congress adopts the Great Seal and names the eagle as the national bird. George Washington creates the Purple Heart. John Hanson of Maryland named the "President of the United States in Congress Assembled" by the Congress. The Revolutionary War ended by the signing of a peace treaty in Paris by the United States and Britain. The first English Bible in America printed. Unitarian movement established. Lexington KY established as the first commercial and cultural center west of the Alleghenies. Martha Jefferson, wife of Thomas, died. 1783: Sweden recognizes the United States. The Pennsylvania Evening Post, the first American daily newspaper published. Last British troops sailed home from NY. The first unmanned hot air balloon launched by the Montgolfier brothers in France. Another hot air balloon sent aloft in Versailles France containing sheep, a rooster and a duck. Benjamin Hanks invents a self-winding clock. Virginia emancipates all slaves who fought during the Revolutionary War. The Continental Congress dissolved and Washington delivers his farewell address. Annapolis, MD became the capitol of the United States in November until June 1974. Washington resigns his military commission. Import of African slaves banned. Noah Webster's Spelling Book published. 1784: The threshing machine was invented. Benjamin Franklin unhappy with the choice of the eagle as the national bird; he wanted the turkey. John Wesley chartered the Methodist Church. Holland law forbade the wearing of orange clothes. The first Russian settlement in Alaska on Kodak Island by Grigori Shelekhov. Tennessee declares itself an independent state and named it Franklin. Rejected a year later. The state of Maryland granted citizenship to Lafayette and his descendants for his assistance during the war. John Filson, a school master, wrote the tales of Daniel Boone as told to him by Boone. Benjamin Franklin, an ambassador to France during this time, came up with the idea of manipulating the hours of the business day so that shops could open earlier and close earlier while it was still daylight. 1785: The first hot air balloon flight made across the English Channel. The Chippewa, Deleware, Ottawa and Wyandot Indians signed a peace treaty at Fort McIntosh (in now Ohio). Thomas Jefferson appointed Ambassador to France, replacing Benjamin Franklin. Joseph Bramah of Britain patented a beer pump handle. Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals. First aviation deaths to two Frenchmen in a hot air balloon. Church of England organized in New England. John Hancock elected President of the Continental Congress for second time. Congress decided that our country's monetary system would be based on a silver coin called a "dollar", similar to a French coin. Not minted until 1794. Eye paintings became the fad in England when Prince George mentioned that he liked his wife's right eye and gave her a painting of it. The American Continental Congress Land Grant of 1785 set aside land for schools. Land was divided into 640 acre sections, selling it for $1.00 an acre. To be continued (c) Copyright 15 July 2004, Sandra K. Gorin Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #498 - DID YOUR FAMILY KNOW? - HISTORICAL EVENTS FROM 1725-1770 One of the things I enjoy doing while working on the family tree is to add in little notes about what was going on in the world during their lifetime. News took longer to reach the people in older days and it might be months before families knew what was going on in the world while they were working on their farms, running the shops and raising the family. When I put a family chronicle together, I add notes here and there of things that were happening beyond the boundary of their own little world. Listed below are some ideas for your family history. There are hundreds more I could chose from, these are just the ones I picked. If there is enough interest, I may also got back further in time to the discovery of America up to 1725. 1725: Peter I "the Great" died 1727: Sir Isaac Newton died. King George II crowned in England 1729: North Carolina became a royal colony 1731: George Washington and Martha Dandridge married. Benjamin Franklin opened the first US Library 1732: George Washington born. Poor Richard's Almanac published by Benjamin Franklin. Royal Charter issued for Georgia 1733: First Society of Freemasons opened in Boston 1734: Daniel Boone born 1735: Paul Revere born 1738: Bottle opener created. Methodist Church established 1742: Bridge became a popular card game. First indoor swimming pool opened in London. Benjamin Franklin invented the Franklin stove 1743: The first elevator was installed. Thomas Jefferson born. Ketchup - spelled kitchup - used in English recipe's for the first time 1748: The ruins of Pompeii were found. The United Lutheran Church established in America 1749: King George II granted charter to the Ohio Company to settle the Ohio Valley 1750: Benjamin Franklin flies his kite. The US population shown as 18 million 1751: The first performing monkey seen in NYC. First American hospital opened in PA 1752: Betsy Ross, first flag designer, born. The Liberty Bell arrived in Philadelphia. George Rogers Clark born 1753: Smallpox hits America and kills many; over 38% of people in Boston infected. Governor George Washington leads expedition to the Ohio Valley to warn French against expansion. 1754: The first cartoon in American papers published in Benjamin Franklin's paper. Mollie Pitcher, heroine of the Revolutionary War born 1755: General Edward Braddock arrives from England to command British forces and to lead the Virginia troops against the French in the Ohio Valley. Britain breaks off diplomatic relations with the French over troubles in the New World. Earthquake in Lisbon Spain kills 50,000. The French and Indian Wars begin in America 1756: First St Patrick's Day Celebration held in NYC 1758: The first mustard made in America sold in Philadelphia. The New Jersey legislature formed the first Indian reservation. British captured Fort Duquesne (later known as Pittsburgh) 1759: Pope Clement XIII allowed the Bible to be translated into various languages 1760: The great fire of Boston destroyed 349 buildings. Fort Loudon TN surrendered to the Cherokee Indians. First Jewish prayer books printed in America. The book called "The Life and Adventures of a Cat" about a cat named Tom published, from this time on male cats called Toms - had previously been known as rams. English began settling in Maine. A Belgium man invented roller skates by replacing the blades of ice skates with wheels. 1761: First life insurance policy issued in Philadelphia. King George III crowned in England 1762: Peter III of Russia murdered; his wife Catherine II grabbed the throne. Britain captures Cuba. Spain acquired Louisiana 1763: The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian Wars; France gave up its territories in the US except New Orleans and a few islands. Indian Chief Pontiac began battle at what would become Detroit. George III of Great Britain signed proclamation closing lands west and north of the Alleghenies for white settlement. Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon began surveying the Mason Dixon line between PA and MD. British proclaimed a law forbidding Americans from moving farther west to avoid difficulties with the Indians 1764: St Louis MO founded as a French trading post. James Otis in Boston protested "taxation without representation" and urged colonies to unite in opposing England in taxation. John Adams and Abigail Smith married 1765: England began the Stamp Act tax to raise more money from the colonies. Delegates from the colonies meet in NY to determine what to do. The Daughters of Liberty formed as the first society for working women in America to boycott British goods. Eberhard, the inventor of pencils, started putting erasers on them 1766: The Stamp Act ruled unconstitutional in Virginia - Britain repealed the act this year. The first fire escape produced - a wicker basket on a pulley and chain. Woffendale, a dentist from England came to America as its first dentist. 1767: Andrew Jackson born in SC. Daniel Boone comes to present day KY for the first time 1768: First US Chamber of Commerce founded in NYC. Russian-Ottoman War begins 1769: Watt developed the first steam engine. Ottawa Chief Pontiac murdered by an Indian in Cahokia IL. Napoleon Bonaparte born in Corsica. John Harris built the first spinet piano in America. Dartmouth College founded in NH 1770: Captain James Cook continues his explorations - sails to Australia and New South Wales. Marie Antoinette marries the future King of France - King Louie XVI. William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition born. The Shaker movement originates in London. William Addis invents the toothbrush 1771: E I Dupont, chemist, born. Father Junipero Serra founded the Mission San Antonio de Padura in CA. By this time England had dumped over 50,000 of their convicts on American Shores. Father Toribio Basterrechea of Mexico sent before the Inquisition and sentenced to 4 month's fasting and penance for performing a wedding ceremony between 2 dogs. 1772: The Tea Act passed in London, taxing all tea in the colonies. First naval attack of the Revolutionary War in Providence RI when the HMS Gaspe was burned and the Captain Murdered. A medical license required for all physicians in NJ. First school house west of the Alleghenies started by a Moravian couple. Shoelaces created in England 1773: First public museum opened in Charleston SC. Another tea act passed in England. Boston Tea party 1774: Andrew Becker demonstrated the first diving suit. Second Boston Tea Party. The Shakers arrive in New York, forced to leave under persecution from London. The Coercive Acts law passed in England to punish Americans for their anti-British sentiment. First Continental Congress met in Virginia. The conjunction of the moon, Mercury, Venus and Jupiter in the same constellation caused panic in Europe. The Quartering Act passed forcing American colonists to allow British soldiers in their home re-enacted. Rhode Island forbids importation of slaves. Joseph Priestly discovers oxygen which he calls "dephlogisticated air". Meriwether Lewis born. The first Continental Congress of Philadelphia met in secret. About 400 colonists attack Ft William & Mary in NH. John Chapman, known as Johnny Appleseed, born. 1775: Though unknown by many, the flush toilet was invented. Massachusetts colonists vote to buy military equipment for 15,000 men. Patrick Henry gives his "Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death Speech". The first American society for the abolition of slavery formed by Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush in Philadelphia. Paul Revere made his famous ride. British troops besiege Boston. Second Continental Congress named George Washington as supreme commander. North Carolina declares its independence. The United Colonies changed its name to the United States. U S ship Unity captures the British ship Margaretta in the first naval battle. U S Army founded. George Washington named as the head of the Continental Army. Battle of Bunker Hill near Boston - 1,000 casualities for the British, 400-600 for the Americans. Continental Congress established a postal system with Benjamin Franklin as the first postmaster. King George III refused an offer of peace with the colonies. Slaves and free blacks barred from fighting. Continental Army authorized a U S Navy - first ship, a schooner, named Hannah. Lord Dunmore agreed to free all the Slaves in England who fought against the Americans. Sir James Jay invented invisible Ink. George Washington in December authorized free Blacks to fight. 400,000 Presbyterians in America, the third largest; Congregationalists the 2nd largest and Anglicans the largest. Tucson AZ founded as a Spanish presidio. The 7th Virginia Volunteers the first to fight in the War of Independence. Daniel Boone heads through the Cumberland Pass in KY. Over 5,000 blacks are fighting between now and 1781. To be continued next week. (c) 8 July 2004, Sandra K. Gorin, All rights reserved. Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #496 BETHEL COLLEGE IN LOGAN CO KY Today I would like to take a look at Bethel College found in Logan Co. The following information is thanks to Mr. Coffman, as cited at the end of the article. The school began as Bethel High School 3 Jan 1854 with 25 students. Rev. Benjamin Turner Blewitt was the principal and faculty members included George L. Hayes, Spencer C Long, Frederick B Downs, A Maasberg, H H Skinner and Colby A Smith. The school was authorized originally by the Bethel Association of Baptist Churches in Hopkinsville KY in 1849. On the 6th of March 1856, the school was chartered as a college and opened for its first session in September 1856. B. T. Blewitt became president of the college and continued until 1861. The school closed then for two years due to the Civil War. In 1863, Bethel College re-opened with George Hunt, President. From 1921 through the school's closing in 1933 it was a junior college and became co-educational in 1928. The school never housed more than 200-300 students and its students came not only from Kentucky but from Tennessee, Mississippi and Texas among others. The Students Army Training Corps (and later the Reserve Officers Training Corps) was stationed at the college from 1918-1921. Presidents of the college included: Benjamin T. Blewitt 1856-1861; George Hunt, 1863-1864; J. W. Ruse, 18864-1868; Noah K. Davis, 1868-1973; Leslie Waggener, 1873-1883; James H. Fuqua (Chairman of the Faculty), 1883-1887; William S. Ryland, 1887-1898; E. S. Alderman, 1898-1902; James H. Fuqua (Chairman of the Faculty), 1902-1903; William Henry Harrison, 1903-1907; James D. Garner, 1907-1909; Floran D. Perkins, 1909-1913; H. G. Brownell, 1913-1917; R. H. Tandy, 1917-1918; George Franklin Dasher, 1918-1924; William C. James, 1924-1928; O. W. Yaes, 1928-1931 and Frank M. Masters,1931-1933. Faculty members over the years included: Augustus Maasberg, James H. Fuqua, Charles P. Shields, J. R. Eaton, Professor Ferguson, E. N. Dicken, T. W. Tobey, Leslie Waggener, Noah K. Davis, Phil A. Poynter, J. D. Coleman, R. E. Binford, Aaron F. Williams, B.J. Dunn, Professor Marshall, J. H. Coblin, G. F. Bagby, J. H. Gray, G. O. Schub, H. H. Skinner, C. D. Lawrence, W. S. Parker, C. M. Furman, E. E. DeCou, T. B. Downes, H. H. Lumis, N. Robinson, E. M. Murch, J. W. Rust, T. E. Hart, C. J. Norwood, W. S. Ryland, J.L. Beeson, W. B. Wilson, J. L.Dagg, J. K. Garnett, W. J. McGlothlin, Samuel Baker, B. T. Blewitt, S. M. Provence, W. W. Gardner, J. H. Damm, J. L. Lake, J. P. Fruit, W. E. Fararar, H.L. Trimble, Sidney E. Bradshaw, F. D. Perkins, Charles Massie Long, John C. C. Dunford, D.L.Holmes, E. M. Murphy, Professor Hubbard, Charles Anderson, W. G. Welborn, O. W. Yates, Chesterfield Turner, George F.Dasher, F.L.Hardy, W. P. Meroney, Professor Von Eschen, James William Taylor, Henry Clay Taylor, R. A. Jones, P. A. Moore, J. A. Garrett, A. B. Hollinsworth, D. J. Wright, H. L. Green, Ralph B. Finney, Mrs. Mary A. Tanner, W. M. Baker, C. L. Pell, L. A. Saners, J. V. Cook, T. C. McGee, W. W. Landrum, F. E. Steinhauser, Homer Felts. Graduates of the college: 1857: Thomas Corwin Mulligan, Charles Patrick Shields 1858: Robert Emmett Atkinson, Clayton Francis Becker, Henry Clay Ewing, James Henry Fuqua, Virgil Alonzo Garnett, John William Gillum, Chesterfield Wilcox Harper, Lyman McComb, George William Owens, David Crawford Walker, Needham Lewis Whitfield, Robert Christian Whitfield. 1860: Leslie Waggener, John Boisseau Williams, Presley Leland Morehad 1861: William A. Arnold, James Ambrose Bourne, John H. Caldwell, Thomas R. Erwin, Samuel Jechonias Lowry 1865: Sylvanus Todd Lowry, Frank W. Stone 1866: Thomas S. Gardner, Ernest J. Norton 1868: James Samuel Johnson, Gabriel L. Slaughter, James Ross Waggener 1870: William Monterey Burr, Richardson E. Johns, Vernon K. Witt 1871: Madison E. Aldderson, Bolling James Dunn, William A. Forbes, Richard Dawson Peay 1872: Wilbur Fisk Barclay, John Leadley Dagg, Jonathan N Luce, Benjamin Franklin Page 1874: James William Clark, Dudley Fletcher Howell 1875:Edward Curtis Faulkner, John Thomas Jenkins, Daniel Chase McGregor, William Andrew Peay Jesse Thomas Shannon, John Milo Walters 1876: John Tyler Christian, John Hamilton Coblin, Thomas Mitchell Jackson, Alfred Franklin Pearson, James Coleman Vick, Ananias Madison Williams 1877: Samuel L Frogge,Charles Compton Hill, Charles Robert Stevens 1878: Charles Phelps Fruit, John King Garnett, William Oscar Haynes, William Wirt Lacy, John Jay Shepard 1879: Isaac Netwon Bishop, William Robert Briscoe, Frank Lovelace, Thomas Eberle Tiller 1800: Frederick Hugh Bagby, Stephen Mack Barger, Hugh Barclay Caldwell, John Fielding Clardy, William Theophilus Cox, William Bassett Dobbs, Samuel Frauenthal 1881: William Scott Doyel, John O Rust, Robert Young Thomas 1882:John W McCulloch, Charles Bryan Weller 1883: James DeWilton Hopewell, Robert Lee Jordan, Frank Eugene Lewis, Steven Gano Long, James Edward Rizer 1884: Harry Ashby Bagby, William D. Butler, Orlando Rhea Byrne, John Mebane Burnett, Thomas Dudley Evans. 1885: Jerome Rollin Baer, William Rice Burr, Jesse Lobban Coles, Thomas Atwell Frazer, Eben Gray Vick 1886: John N Flowers, Walter Eugene Leigh, Herman Morris, Perry Bird Miller, Eli Jackson Matlock, James N Robinson, Selden Y Trimble 1887: Gilbert Dobbs, William Edward Garth, Henry Leland Trimble, Thomas Malcom White 1888: Eugene Philip Conn, Charles Edward Dicken, William F Flowers, Jonathan Samuel Hooker, Nimrod Long 1889: Robert N Barrett, Benjamin Lee Kelly, Samuel W McComb, William Joseph McGlothlin, Minor Morton, George Prentice Thomas 1890: Philip Cook Andrews, Weston Bruner, Benjamin A Copas, Sugg Henry Fort, John Davis Jordan, Ellis Jasper Maddox, Harvey Boyce Taylor 1891: Sidney Ernest Bradshaw, Walter Miles Browning, James Henry Fuguaa, Jr, Edward Samuels Low, Henry Miller, William Champion Pierce, John Bass Shelton, Orioin Turbin Sutton 1892: Leon DeBernard Blythe, Andrew Jackson Brewer, Marion Castner Browder, John Simon Cheek, Walton Thompson Conn, Theodore N Compton, Dudley Jeffries McComb, Edward Tyler Moberly, James Duff G Morton, Gayle Moseley, David Rhodin Murphey, Wesley Vick Perry, Robert K Ryland, Alferd A Taylor, Calvin Jackson Webb, Hal Benjamin Whitaker 1893: Saxe Dabney Averitt, Claude S Bradshaw, Samuel James Buquo, Richard W Davis, John W T Givens, Posey Beeler Grant, William J Lanier, Robert Newton Lloyd, Henry P McElrath, Jams C Mobley, Horace N Spooner 1894: Walter H. Brengle, George J Burnett, Henry Wirt Edwards, Ferdinand M Humphries, William Bell Kendall, Isaac Lee Levy, John W Mahan, Eugene M Murphey, William G Welborn 1895: William Adams, William Walter Agney, E Burrow, Homer Felts, Zorobabel Ferrell, William James Garnett, Henry Alexis Hopkins, William Robert Long, Robert Ferguson McCuddy, Perty Taylor, Thomas David Watkins. 1896: John Bryan Benton, Augustus Bogard, Dan Henry Breedlove, Arthur Newton Couch, Joseph Gish Donaldson, Charles Vernon Edwards, James Samuel Flowers, Jr, Walter Everett Gotcher, Joseph Richard Grogan, Benjamin Franklin Hampton, Rufus Erasmus Holder, James Andrew Howell, Arthur D.Knott, Edwgar Dowden Maddox, Richard Beauchamp Marshall, Alfred Thomas Newman, Ulysses Abraham Ransom, Owen Rice, Thomas Joyce Ryland, James Leland Tabb. After 1897, the list is incomplete. 1908: John Henry Moore, Hal Walters Moseley, Richard Hubert Perry 1910: Edward Feland Coffman, Claude Judson Hunt, Eugene Morrison Nourse 1911: William Neal Beauchamp, Jack Dalton Bronaugh, John Verser Conner Jr, George Edwin Gough, George Andrew Johnson, John Edwin Katterjohn 1919: J. C. Pitt, B H Duncan, James T Lewis, John Price 1920: George Thomas Clark Jr, Harry M Crain Jr. Source: The Story of Logan County by Edward Coffman, 1962 with thanks. (c) Copyright Sandra K. Gorin (format), 1 July 2004. Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #495 - STATE CENSUSES AND SCHOOL CENSUSES I have been asked ever so many times about different types of census. Individuals are looking for the 1790 and 1800 census, state censuses or any off-year censuses. I'm hoping that this short tip might be of help to you. As most of you know, federal and state censuses are not opened up to the general public for many years. The latest federal census to be released was the 1930. State census takers asked different questions than the federal census takers and are a tremendous help. Now for the bad news. Kentucky has never taken a state census. There is also no 1790 and 1800 census in KY and when you see a census book for those years, it is not a real census. It is merely a reconstruction of the tax records for those years which lists only the male head of household, if he owned land and the classification of same along with the acreage, the number of white males over 21, over 16, slaves, horses, carriages, billiards tables and businesses. Although a great help to place your ancestor in a particular area for that year, that's all there is. The other big loss is the burning of the 1890 federal census which I have covered in a previous tip. A lot happened between 1880 and 1900! States that did have state censuses include Colorado (1885), Florida (1885, 1895), Iowa (same), Kansas (same), Nebraska (1885), New Jersey (1885,1895), New Mexico (1885), New York (1892), North Dakota (1885), Rhode Island (1885), South Dakota (1885, 1895), and Wisconsin (same). Out of all of the above, only the following state censuses have been opened to the public: Florida (1935, 1945), Iowa (1925), Kansas (1925), New York (1925), North Dakota (1925), Rhode Island (1925, 1935) and South Dakota (1925, 1935, 1945). The only other census available in Kentucky that does help (outside of the agricultural censuses and disabled censuses discussed in previous tips) is the school census. But, these are difficult to find and were only taken for a few years. The General Assembly required school censuses to be taken in 1888 and into the early 1900's. These may include the name, parents, residence, age and birth dates for those attending a public school. They are only found in the local Board of Education in the town where they lived. If they attended a city school, one would look in the city Board of Education; if they lived in the county, one would check with the county Board of Education. They also might not be open for public viewing! Here in Barren County, I found a large number of these school census records, but they were accidentally filed at the County Clerk's Office. I know that some of the records locally can be viewed, however, I have not gone there to see what can be released. The forms I located showed basically what was listed above: the parent's or guardian's name, the child(ren)'s name, their age, the name of the school and the teacher and the total number of students of each sex. A few school records are available at the Kentucky State Archives, Department of Libraries and Archives, 300 Coffee Tree Road, P O Box 57, Frankfort KY 40602 and the Kentucky Historical Society, P O Box H, Frankfort KY 40602-2109. (c) Copyright 24 June 2004, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #494 WHERE I SEARCH This week, I am going to share with you my list of links. I'm always on the look-out for areas of interest for Kentucky researching, as well as for other states. Here are some of my favorites (and there are many more!) that hopefully will be of help to you too! Ancestry.com http://www.ancestry.com Ancestry.com Map Center http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/reference/maps/main.asp Contains hundreds of maps of specialized areas, counties, church travels, etc. Animated Atlas: http://www.animatedatlas.com/index.html Birth Calculator: http://longislandgenealogy.com/birth.html Bureau of Land Management General Land Office Records: http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/ Land records issued between 1820-1908. Cyndi's List: http://www.cyndislist.com/ Dallas County TX Archives: http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/reference/maps/main.asp With so many Kentuckians heading off to Texas, this site contains a lot of helpful information. Family History Library: http://www.familysearch.org/ GenCircles: http://www.gencircles.com/ Guide to Kentucky Researching: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/board/rw/localities.northam.usa.states.ken tucky.tips/ Archives of this list. Illinois Records: http://www.sos.state.il.us/departments/archives/databases.html A large amount of Illinois marriage, death and court records including many KY families who went to the "Ellenois Territory." Kentucky Biographies: http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/board/rw/localities.northam.usa.states.ken tucky.bios/ Kentucky Birth Records 1911-2001: http://www.vitalsearch-ca.com/gen/ky/_vitals/kybirthm.htm Includes the original KY biographies plus several thousand additions. Kentucky Cemetery Records: http://catalog.kyhistory.org/help/Cem_Database_Intro.htm Kentucky Census Maps and Records: http://www.segenealogy.com/kentucky/ky_maps.htm Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives: http://www.kdla.ky.gov/ Kentucky Genweb: http://www.kygenweb.net/ To much information to list~ Kentucky Genweb Special Collections: http://www.rootsweb.com/~kygenweb/ Kentucky Marriage Records by rootsweb: http://vitals.rootsweb.com/ky/marriage/search.cgi Kentucky Research Guides: http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Search/rg/guide/Kentucky20.asp#doctop Kentucky Secretary of State Maps: http://www.kysos.com/land/wtrm/wtrmmaps.asp Kentucky Vital Records Project: http://www.rootsweb.com/~kygenweb/kvrp/ National Archives: http://www.archives.gov/ Rootsweb Mailings Lists (over 28,000) http://lists.rootsweb.com/ Rootsweb Surname Lists: http://rsl.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/rslsql.cgi Search for your surnames through thousands of postings to rootsweb lists Social Security Death Records: http://ssdi.genealogy.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/ssdi.cgi USGenweb Census forms: http://www.us-census.org/research/tools.htm World Connect Surname Search: http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/ I know more exist that might be your favorites. You may send me your other sites at my own address and I will add them to the list and publish at a later date. (c) Copyright 17 June 2004, Sandra K. Gorin, All Rights Reserved Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP#494 - WOMEN'S RIGHTS IN VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY Kentucky formed many of its laws and opinions based on Virginia as is well known. And, as in Virginia, women were originally denied full legal status. Women couldn't execute a will nor could they be involved in any legal contract without her husband's permission. Once a woman married, all of her property came under the control of her new husband. And of course, women couldn't vote. Let's take a little closer look. A woman's marital status was the basis of many of her legal status and her privileges. While single, she was referred to as a feme sole. As such she had the same legal rights as a man. But alas, when she married, everything changed. Whereas when she was single she could enter into contracts, was allowed to sue, could dispose of her property any way she wanted to, could make wills. But at marriage, she became a feme covert and the rules of the game changed. Her husband now controlled every legal matter as it concerned the wife. If hubby wanted to sell her property, clothes, jewelry, livestock, etc. - he could and she would have no say in it. If she inherited property from her family - he had control over it and could sell or keep it. Back in Virginia, the House of Burgess made an attempt to protect the women's rights a little better. They discussed her property rights and an act was passed that a man must obtain his wife's written permission in order to sell or transfer her property, primarily land. Thus came the practice of "examining privately, apart from her husband, by the justices, anything dealing with the selling of her property. She had to agree to the sale without undue pressure by her husband. One can find this clause in almost every deed in early Kentucky. This can be a definite clue that some of her land was involved in the sale! If this clause appeared at the end of the deed, it would indicate that some or all of the property being sold was hers, not his. If the clause did not appear, his land was being sold. Provision was made in Virginia also that if she was disabled or ill and unable to come in at the recording of the deed, a justice had to go to here and interrogate her there. The next law in Virginia that made a dramatic change was passed in 1748. It handled an old 1662 Virginia law that ordered that if a man died intestate, the widow received a third of his estate. The 1748 law specified the wife's dower interest in different types of property in addition to land. This guaranteed her a life interest of one-third of not only the land but slaves and personal property. She was allowed now to contest the will and if she did, the justices would appoint a commission to divide the estate to be sure that she got her third. Where there is a will there is a way however, and although men could no longer dispose of his wife's property without her written permission, he often found a way around the law. The law didn't say he couldn't USE the property. The law still allowed him to pocket any rents received from renting out the land. At the wife's death the husband automatically controlled the land and if they had children, he became a tenant for life. At his death, the land would go to the children. He was also allowed to appoint guardians for his children and he could apprentice them out to learn a trade while his wife was still alive. I am sure there were times when children were apprenticed out by fathers who had a lot of children under foot with his wife, the mother, protesting loudly but powerless to do anything about it! (See Speth and Hirsch, 1983 for various discussions on the above.) What about divorce? It happened then as it does now but the rules of the game were a little different. In Virginia it as quite difficult to get a divorce. It was hard to arrange the details and was financially difficult. It was also thought of as the English ancestors did - only allowable by a church court. Since Virginia had no ecclesiastical courts, and it left Virginians in a difficult situation. Occasionally, in Virginia, a county court would grant divorces but were reluctant to do so on religious reasons. They granted them only in extreme cases which involved unusual circumstances. In 1827, after Kentucky had already reached statehood, the Virginia General Assembly authorized the superior courts to grant divorced from "bed and board" only in the circumstances of cruelty, adultery or bodily harm. The wife had to give up any claims on her husband and he gave up rights to her property. However - the ex husband and wife were not allowed to remarry. The only exception to this was in the matter of bigamy and idiocy or impotency at the time of marriage - these individuals were granted a complete divorce which allowed remarriage. (Lebsock 1984). Virginia women did not always follow the law. By Virginia law when a man died intestate, the eldest son was to receive the largest bulk of the estate. Then an equal share of his property was divided among the children whether male or female. The widow received her third and at her death what remained went back to the eldest son. But in many wills in the early to mid 1700's in Virginia, it can be found that different provisions were made. Wives were often named as the executors, and often remarried shortly after the death of their spouse. Daughters were allowed to inherit from their father also. From about 1850 on Virginia allowed women rather than their husbands to own and control personal and real property they had inherited. Now we come to Kentucky. In the earliest days property laws reference women were "especially repressive". All personal property, rents and profits from the property went automatically to the husband. (Stanton, 1867). In 1838, the Kentucky General Assembly allowed a separate estate for women, including married women. It became legal for bank stock and other stocks to be transferred to a woman for her own use. The property could not be transferred, could not be liable to vest in her husband, and it was not subject to his debts. She could dispose of her property in her will if she was single, or with her husband's consent if married. By 1846 another act was passed to protect the property rights of married women. By this law, the husband did not acquire an interest in his wife's real estate, chattels or slaves which she owned at the time of their marriage (or acquired later). But, the husband was still allowed to rent out his wife's property for a period of not more than three years and to hire out the slaves for not more than one year. (Stanton 1867). In 1866 another law was passed which improved the lives of married women a little more; she was allowed to act as a feme sole under certain conditions. If her husband abandoned her, or absented himself from the home, if he moved to another state or was confined to prison for more than a year, she could act as a feme sole. By 1894, women were allowed to have a separate estate, were freed from the debts, liabilities or control of her husband. They could buy and sell property, make contracts, bring law suits, and could be sued. Divorces in Kentucky was pretty well the same as in most states at the time. In 1809 the Kentucky General Assembly stated that a man could obtain a divorce from his wife if she left his bed and board for three years, if she moved in with another man or if she was found guilty of a felony. The wife could be granted a divorce if her abandoned her for two years, if he was found guilty of adultery, was convicted of a felony, or where his treatment to her was "so cruel, barbarous and inhuman as actually to endanger her life. (Littel 1822). The division of the property relied on whose fault the divorce was. In 1820, Circuit Courts were empowered to grant divorces on the grounds shown in the 1809 law. (This was always allowed by the Circuit Court but clarified at this time.). Divorce later was granted for cruel and inhuman treatment "as to indicate a settled aversion to the spouse which would destroy permanently one's peace and happiness". (Sears 1989). You will find this term used in almost all the divorces found in Kentucky, the lawyer used the exact terms as the law stated to be sure to "do it right." In 1894 a new Kentucky statute was passed which provided for divorce to the wife in cases of abandonment for one year, habitual drunkenness for not less than one year, cruel beating or injury, attempt at injury or probably danger to her life. Husbands were allowed divorces for abandonment for one year, habitual drunkenness for not less than one year, adultery by the wife of such lewd, lascivious behavior on her part as proves her to be unchaste without actual proof of an act of adultery. (Barbour and Carroll, 1894). Under these laws, the offending party could not remarry as long as the previous spouse lived. (Littell and Swigers 1822). By 1873, they could remarry but only one divorce was permitted to any person except when the person was found not at fault for the divorce. (Bullock and Johnson, 1873). The divorce restored the wife's right to the possession of her land immediately. Divorce records are found in the Circuit Court records, and early divorces are also recorded in the Acts of Kentucky as late as 1850. The inheritance laws were similar to Virginia. The woman inherited her 1/3rd dower for life if there was no will. If there was no other living relatives, she inherited the entire estate. She could make her own will if she had a separate estate received by gift or inheritance. The husband received his wife's entire estate if there were children. If there were no children, he inherited no real property but all the personal property. Kentucky was the only state that did not permit a married woman to will property that would otherwise descend to her husband's heirs. (Stanton 1867). She could only make a will to devise her own separate estate property. In 1894 a statute was enacted that allowed a married woman of sound mind and over age 21 to dispose of her estate by her last will and testament. Widows could make wills and often did. Some widow chose to relinquish the dower after the death of her spouse and lived in the household of one of her children (normally the oldest son or daughter). Women in Kentucky could also transfer property. A man didn't need his wife's signature when he bought property, but her consent was required when he disposed of any property (note Virginia law above). Finally, in early Virginia and Kentucky law, the marriage bond could not be arranged by the bride or her mother (Conrad 1988). A male relative of the bride and groom would then obtain the marriage license from the County Clerk based on the bond that had been executed. The bond was normally posted by the groom and a male kinsman of the bride-to-be, most often her brother. Pre-nuptial arrangement were know, though only the wealthiest seemed to have used this. While the woman was still a feme sole, a widow could enter into a contract with the prospective groom to protect her property. These agreements, as early as 1842, did not bar a decree for alimony in case of divorce. (Loughborough 1842). I am totally indebted to Roseann Reinemuth Hogan for all her work on this topic and presented in her marvelous book "Kentucky Ancestry", A Guide to Genealogical and Historical Research. If you do not have a copy of Roseann's book, please find a copy! It is published by Ancestry, P O Box 476, Salt Lake City UT 84110, (c) 1992. Roseann was extremely helpful to me when I first established KYRESEARCH many years ago and allowed me to draw upon her work in this publication. I am thankful for all the work she has done. (c) Copyright 10 June 2004, Sandra K.Gorin, All Rights Reserved. Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html Sandi's Puzzlers: http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/gorin/puz.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #483 - THE ENGLISH INFLUENCE For this tip, I'm going back to England because many of the occupations, social status and immigration classifications go right back to England and worked their way along the east coast of America and might explain many things in Kentucky. When America was being settled, the settlers following English tradition and rules. England encouraged the colonists, which she considered "hers" to produce at home. Laws were passed discouraging colonial production that would compete with their home ... England. And, for a time, the colonists obeyed. Mercantilism was briefly "a nation is more important than its parts". Make what you can at home, sell abroad but don't buy abroad, stash the money away. Some of this was seen in the fact that most of the English timberland was used up so it was America's responsibility to supply them with timber. English ironworkers needed pig iron from the colonies but didn't want the colonists to make or sell pots, pans, etc and have the money for themselves. Colonists were forced to import only from England and had to pay cash for everything they bought. Americans soon grew tired of this and found ways around the law, some illegal. It has been noted that somehow, tobacco grown in the south showed up in Holland. They bartered with France for cotton, silk, brandy and cheese. Rum produced in Rhode Island showed up in the ports of Africa and bartered for molasses to make more rum. The immigrants from England in this early time fell into several categories: Specialists were trained craftsmen and they were few in number. James Reed in Jamestown was a blacksmith; John Allen was a cooper who came on the Mayflower. As more boats arrived on America's shores, more craftsmen arrived. Weavers settled in the Boston area. . The specialists were often wandering men and women. Starting in a small village, they were prone to move to the larger cities to open their own stores. The best specialists and craftsmen settled originally in the trade centers of the time - Boston, Newport, New York and Philadelphia with some heading off to Annapolis, Williamsburg and Charleston SC. The crafts grew until there were many specialists gracing the new world - furriers, weavers, brick and tile-makers, leatherworkers, feltmakers and many types of metal workers. . Those moving to the cities normally had their shop on the first floor and either lived upstairs or rented out the upstairs. Craftsmen learned that, although not as important in America, they had to adhere to certain status rules to profit in their field. The ways for improving your social status included: - Going to the correct church - Marrying the proper girl - Being seen with the right people Various levels of social status developed. "Substantial artisans" were considered to be the middle class. These were the workers whose work used more hand and body than brain and the term merchanick came into use. Semi-skilled laborers such as sawyers were termed "inferior mechanicks." Voting privileges in the colonies was limited to those who owned 50 or more acres of land or had 50 pounds worth of personal property. The Apprentice System was well known from early colony times, as it had existed in England before. It had begun there because of a labor surplus. The "master" could demand that a boy serve as an apprentice for seven years. He was allowed to enforce rigid discipline, demand menial chores from the boy and charge the parents of the apprentice for teaching him the trade. This became known as "binding out" the child. As you have noted, this was carried on into Kentucky also, apprenticeships were a common thing. In Kentucky, a child was bound out until he or she reached the age of 18, the "master" was to provide the child with room and board, and at the end of the apprenticeship provide a new suit of clothes, a horse and saddle or a bed. This system was abused often. Back in England however, the requirements were a lot sterner. Some children were bound out by the offer of their parents so the child could learn a trade. Some were bound because they were orphaned or illegitimate, it saved the town money so they wouldn't have to provide for the town's poor. Many of these provisions continued in Kentucky. In early colonial days most boys were bound out for seven years with four to five years the norm. Many were very unhappy with this arrangement as the master was not a kind person and had a lot of free labor, and they ran away from the master such as Ben Franklin did. It was not unusual to see ads placed by masters offering a reward for a run-away apprentice. At the end of the apprenticeship, for those who survived due to hard labor or a kind master, they became a journeyman. Sometimes the master allowed the children to attend a school of some sort to learn to read, write and cipher. This tradition also continued into Kentucky times. Some boys did learn wonderful trades, many more became angry and lazy adults. The Journeyman. The first requirement of a journey man was to submit his "master piece" to prove his skills. He had worked for years beside his master learning the trade and it was now time for him to prove himself on his own. The work was hard and the hours long but the now young man was on his own without the shadow of the master over his shoulder. He took great pride in his work. Payment was normally very good and if hired for a particular project, he was also given room and board, thus he could save his money for his future. By 1760, a normal journeyman's wages were about 15 shillings a week plus board and keep. The journeyman many times needed workers to assist him in his craft and hired other men and slaves. In the Virginia area, a plantation owner might have in his employ skilled brickmakers carpenters, blacksmiths, coopers. Some slaves were apprenticed in weaving, tailors, house joiners and cabinetmakers - but of course, at a much lower wage. The Masters. They had the hardest jobs in many respects. He was constantly in competition with others of the same craft, never had enough qualified men working for him (craftsmen were known to steal from each others the most qualified men). He had to keep "peace in the family", be that black or white, his people had to show up for church, and they shouldn't get into trouble. He was always haggling over the raw products of his trade, trying to get the best price. His wife was busy running a large household. Many times however, if the master died, the wife was smart enough to take up the same business and set up little shops of their own. Many masters had to have a side-line business to keep them going when the times were tough. Cabinetmakers made caskets and often conducted the entire funeral. Bookbinders also sold books. Clothing makers sold needles, thread and materials. But still, many masters died penniless. Credit then, like now, was the "rage" and the account books were filled with so many debts that many never collected what was due them. Many of the creditors did attempt to pay in farm products. In the early days of Kentucky - and not that far back in time - if you have the privilege of seeing an old account or ledger book, you will see that everything was charged with the hope that someone in the household would pay the debt. When an individual died, these account books were gone through and a list of the debits and credits lists during the evaluation of the estate. Those who owed were supposed to come forward and settle their debts in order that the debts of the master could be paid before disbursements would be made to the legatees. Sometimes things never change! (c) Copyright 3 June 2004, Sandra K. Gorin Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html SCKY surname registry sites: http://www.rootsweb.com/~kyclinto/reg.html http://www.rootsweb.com/~kyclinto/forms/SCKYreg.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

TIP #492 BULLIT CO CONCLUDED From the writing of Collins concluded: The boat neared the southern shore and 40-50 Indians were seen crossing the river above them on logs. Some were swimming with their rifles held over their heads. There was no escape. The boat reached the southern shore and hurridly the men tried to get the wounded to safety in the woods. Floyd, Fossett and Boyce reached land and tried to hide in the thickets. Crepps and Crist tried to help Spears but they found he had already died. The unknown woman remained in the boat by herself. Offering to help her ashore but she was too afraid to move. She just sat there with her hands buried in her hands. The Indians were now on shore and yelling loudly. They ran towards the boat but Crepps and Crist raised their rifles and ascended the river bank. They came face to face with the Indians. Crist was using Fosset's weapon but it would not fire as it had gotten wet. Crist and Crepps however fell back into a ravine. The Indians did not pursue them but turned back to the woman in the boat where they captured her. Crepps by next morning came to the area of Long Lick and he was too exhausted to go any further. Here he laid down to die. Moore escaped unhurt and reached someone to tell of what had happened. Crepps was found but died on the way home. Crist described him as a tall, fair haired and handsome man, kind, brave and enterprising. Crepps left a wife who was with child who was born after his death. She became the wife of the Hon. Charles A Wickliffe. Crepps was so disabled by his wounds that he could not walk, the bones in his heel had been crushed. When he laid down in the woods to die, he was bleeding profusely. He crawled all day up the river and that night crossed back over to the north side. He tried to sleep but the pain was too intense, his foot and leg were swollen and inflamed. He crept along all that night and the next morning came up to a campfire and heard the barking of a dog. Indians encircled the fire and he crawled away. As soon as it became still again, he started the painful crawling. At daylight he came into a wilderness. He was desperately trying to reach Bullitt's Lick which was yet eight miles away. He could only make about ½ mile an hour. He was away from water now to quench his thirst and he had not had anything to eat. Again, he lie down as if to die. On the morning of the third day when he heard the tramping of a horse's hoof. A man on horseback neared him and he yelled out. But the man turned his horse and went the opposite way. He thought that all hope was lost and he was so close to salvation. The rider, who was a Black man, had gone back and alerted the people that Indians were approaching. Again Crist heard voice and hoof beats approaching. Then he saw the lights and heard people hailing him. Upon approaching closer, they recognized him and bore him home. The woman in the board was not massacred, but carried off to Canada. Ten years later, Crist ran into her again in Kentucky. She had been redeemed by an Indian trader and brought to Wayne's camp on the Maumee where she was soon restored to her friends. She told Christ that the Indians who had attacked numbered between 100 and 120. Crist later became a member of the Kentucky Legislature and in 1808 was a member of Congress. He died in Bullitt county in August 1844 at the age of 80 years. For further information you might check out: http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/bc/index.html http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~gensoup/paro2.html (c) Copyright 27 May 2004, Sandra K.Gorin Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html SCKY surname registry sites: http://www.rootsweb.com/~kyclinto/reg.html http://www.rootsweb.com/~kyclinto/forms/SCKYreg.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/

I'm going to continue a little again with tales of the early forts, settlements an counties and today want to cover Bullitt County from the writings of Lewis Collins in his History of Kentucky. I recommend so highly Collins' two volumes history! I will be abstracting from Collins below. "The first forts and stations erected in the county [Bullitt] were Fort Nonsense, Mud Garrison, Breashear's Station, Clear's Station and Whitaker's Station." There were many Indian skirmishes in this area due to the salt licks. Near Bullitt's lick, on a high knob [hill] called Cahill's knob", the Indians whipped to death an old man whom they caught while copping wood for the salt works. In May of 1778, a flat boat was loaded with kettles which were to be used for manufacturing salt at Bullitt's Lick. The ship left Louisville KY with 13 people aboard - twelve armed men and one woman. The boat and cargo was owned by Henry Crist and Solomon Spears and the remaining passengers included Christian Crepps, Thomas Floyd, Joseph Boyce, Evans Moore, an Irishman named Fossett, five others who were unnamed and a woman. Collins said he couldn't recollect the other's names. The boat was to descend the Ohio River (which was running high at that time) go to the mouth of Salt River, ascend the latter and make it to a place near the licks called later Mud Garrison. This was a temporary fortification which only included two rows of small stockades and the space between them filled with mud and graves from the river bank. The whole fort covered about two aces and was located halfway between Bullitt's lick and the falls of Salt River where the town of Shepherdsville now stands. The occupants were the families of the salt makers and some hunters to keep them in food and also to act as scouts for the Indians. On the 25th of the same month, the boat entered the Salt River. Since they were in danger of being seen by the Indians, they sent out scouts to scour the area. Crist and Floyd went ashore that evening to check along the banks o the river again. They found a fresh Indian trail but due to the darkness, couldn't determine how many were in the party. They came back to the boat and the next morning, heard gunshots which they assumed was the Indian party hunting game. They started rowing again and made it about eight miles below the mouth of the Rolling Fork. They rowed back into shore on the north side (now in Bullitt County) - intending to rest and eat their breakfast there. They heard what they thought was the sound of turkey gobbling. The men jumped off the boat with their guns, ready to kill some turkeys for their food supply. The others remaining warned them to be careful, but they were so excited to kill a turkey or so, that the warnings were unheeded. The men were still almost in sight when rifle fire broke out following what the warhoops of the Indians. It sounded as if the woods were full of Indians. Those remaining on board barely had time to reach down and find their weapons when Fossett and the other man with him came running back to the boat, pursued by a party of Indians. Crist stood up in the boat and took aim. But almost immediately he saw that the Indian he had drawn a bead on was instead a white man. He had been told that there was a party of surveyors in the woods. He lowered his gun. He saw the white man had raised his rifle and was aiming right at his head. They seemed to have fired at the same time and the white man on the bank dropped to the ground dead. Fossett's hunting partner made it to the boat and dove in, taking cover in the bow of the boat. Some of the Indians rushed the boat, shot at Fossett and his companion while they had been struggling to get in the boat. Many Indians were killed and the remaining retreated back into the woods, each Indian behind a tree where they kept fighting. Spears and several others on the boat were killed. Those in the boat kept trying to unloose the boat - they had used a cable which was secured to a tree near the shore - they had to get the boat farther out. But if anyone tried to reach out to get the cable loosened, they were be exposed to the Indian fire. In the battle, Fossett's right arm was broken and he could not longer handle a rifle. But he was not about ready to give up. He took a long pole and then flattened himself in the boat. Finding a small hole area between the kettles, he poked out the pole and kept jabbing at the cable, trying to disengage it. It didn't work. He then saw where a small limb had been cut from the pole, leaving a little knot about an inch long. He finally placed the knot against the hook, jerked it towards rapidly and the chain fell off. The boat started drifting slowly away from shore. One of the men, possibly Fossett, grabbed an oar and tried to oar father away from shore, the oar was over his head and he had no vision of where he was rowing. The battle had been raging for over an hour and those on the boat knew the odds were 10-1 against them. As they drifted out more, those on board tried to determine their status. Five of their men were dead in the boat. Spears, Floyd, Fossett and Boyce were wounded - Crepps, Crist and Moore remained unhurt. Spears' wound was considered mortal and they knew he would live only a few more moments. He urged them to run the boat to the opposite side of the river and leave him behind. Crepps and Crist refused to leave him. To be continued next week. Sandi (c) Copyright 20 May 2004, Sandra K. Gorin Colonel Sandi Gorin SCKY Links: http://www.public.asu.edu/~moore/Gorin.html SCKY surname registry sites: http://www.rootsweb.com/~kyclinto/reg.html http://www.rootsweb.com/~kyclinto/forms/SCKYreg.html Gorin Publishing: http://ggpublishing.tripod.com/