Hello everyone, Could someone tell me where Utely Cemetery might be? Have been told it's in Marshall Co. Have looked in Marshall & Calloway Counties Cemetery books and cannot find it. Does it have another name? Am looking for burial of Phillip Redden and his son, Willie Ceceil Redden. Thanks for any help. Nina Williams

My friends - As I continue to scour the larger, national newspapers for stories concerning happenings in the JP region, I came across an interesting item from The New York Times from 1887, concerning a discovery near Sharpe in Marshall County. The text of the story is shown below. I will continue to pass these little pieces of local history on, as I discover them. -B ==================================================================== A Strange Cave Discovered The New York Times 19 February 1887 "Sharpe, Ky., February 18th: The discovery of a large cave by two young men while engaged in preparing a piece of new land for a crop is the latest excitement here. A partial exploration developed the fact that the cave was made up of many rooms of great extent. A complete exploration will be impossible until certain large rocks are blasted or broken away. In one of the chambers there were found two human skeletons, about $600 in god and silver and a quantity of silverware. This newly found cave is believed to have been the hiding place during the late war of a band of guerillas known as 'Bloody Bill Brady's Gang'. These marauders were attached near Benton, Marshall County, in 1864, and all but two were killed. These two escaped, and going, as it is thought, to this cave, where they quarrelled over a division of the spoils of the gang and, following their murderous bent, shot and killed each other. Steps will be taken for a further investigation of the cave and its former occupants. It has been hinted that the cavern was most likely the headquarters many years ago of the notorious John A. Murrell, who robbed and murdered the people of this portion of Kentucky and the neighboring State of Tennessee." ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Laura Willis, please contact me.........thanks pj

My friends - As I continue to look around for interesting 19th century newspaper pieces about the JP region, I came across another item from "The Atlanta Constitution" of 23 January 1883. It concerns a moonshine raid in Calloway County. It is more in the way of a "fun" piece than anything else, but it does remind us that stills and moonshining was a part of the era, even in the JP region, and it was serious business to both law enforcement and those operating the stills. More items to follow soon....... -B ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ A Raid on Moonshiners Two Illicit Distilleries in Kentucky Destroyed by Major Barnes -The Atlanta Constitution 23 January 1883 "Louisville, KY., January 22 Major George F. Barnes, Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue, and a posse of four men returned this morning from a successful and daring raid on the moonshiners of Calloway County. Last week, Major Barnes went to this famous moonshiner district with his gun and dog, ostensibly on a hunting expedition, but while there he discovered the situation of two illicit stills, and immediately returned and organized the expedition. The first still captured was a small one, and the operators had escaped. After a further ride of a dozen miles, the party came upon the second still, the real object of the trip. This still was probably the largest crooked one in the State, and consisted of two large copper stills, with an estimated capacity of 40 gallons every 24 hours. The location is on a stream known as Yellow Spring Branch, about 300 yards from the Tennessee line. The still is surrounded by an almost impassable bamboo and huckleberry swamp. The operators were six men of desperate character from Tennessee, headed by two men named Smith and Winn. The still was fortified by a stockade built of heavy logs. The officers approached it in broad daylight and found it in full operation. They got within 30 yards of the stockade before they were discovered by the moonshiners, who, thoroughly surprised, dropped everything and took to the woods. The officers gave hot pursuit, firing several shots after them, but the natives were too nimble-footed and reached the Tennessee line in safety. The posse then returned to the still and began to destroy it. The found 18 mash tubs, the still mentioned above, 12 worms, 3,600 gallons of beer, and 200 gallons of whiskey, amount in value, with other apparatus, to $2000. The work of destruction was barely completed before the woods were echoing with the yells of the moonshiners and their friends, who had flocked from all quarters at the alarm to fight the officers. The latter, fearing they would be overpowered by superior numbers, began a retreat. An exciting chase ensued for several miles, both parties keeping up a running fire.But the officers finally cleared the woods and escaped uninjured. It is not known whether any of the moonshiners were shot. The was the first daylight raid ever made on the Calloway moonshiners and hence they were taken off guard." ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Hello List, If anyone has a listing for Arlington Cemetery in Carlisle County, I sincerely need your help. I am looking for the burial information for John Thomas Alexander and Margaret A. (Duckie) Bailey Alexander. Any help greatly appreciated Linda

Hi all-- I know several of you were interested in the article I was working on for Paris magazine about the burial container found in 1960 in Cottage Grove with a perfectly-preserved baby in it. Well, the magazine is out now. For those of you who live near Henry County, it's available for free from several places in Paris--Moody Realty, the hospital gift shop, Bass Realty, Snow Plumbing, 54 Lawn and Garden, Paris Realty, Mahan Ford, McKenzie Bank. If you want to order one, email Susan Jones at njpr@bellsouth.net. I think it costs around $3 a copy-- Shannon McFarlin

Looking for any information on the RICHIE families of Calloway Co. KY. My Great- Great Grandmother was Clara Ina RICHIE. Her mother was Mary J. RICHIE. 1870 Calloway Co. KY. census RICHIE, MARY J. 30 Keeping house Rosanna, 8 at home b. kentucky Arthur, 5 at home b. Kentucky Ferdinand 3 at home b. Kentucky Clara 1 at home b. Kentucky Clara RICHIE married George Delmous Lee WILSON on Oct 16, 1887 in Henry Co., TN. This is all I have on my RICHIE family, but I do have some good hints. George D. WILSON and Clara are buried at Sinking Springs Cemtery in Calloway. The grave next to them is Carey F. and Mary E. RICHIE. I believe this to be the brother of Clara ( Ferdinand in the 1870 census) Carey F. RICHIE, born 12-20-1867 died 2-1-1896 The 1880 Calloway census has Franklin and Inis RICHIE listed as nephew and niece, living in the household of Maroni W. CAMP. There was a C. E. RICHIE that died in Calloway Co. in 1977 that I believe was the son of Carey F. and Mary RICHIE. C. E. RICHIE had sons named Charlie and Harry. When my Great Grand mother, Gladys Jackson WILSON passed away in 1965 a Herman RICHIE signed the visitors book. Mr and Mrs Harry RICHIE signed the visitors book at the funeral of my Great Grand father, Alvis L. MILLER. I know all these RICHIE families are connected and are part of my G-G Grand Mothers family. I would like to know the name of the father of Clara Ina and Carey F. RICHIE. Clara Ina RICHIE and George D. WILSON had a son named Claude Earnest WILSON. Claude ran a grocery at the intersection of Murray, Sedalia and Mayfield hwys in Graves Co., known as the Sedalia Y. Claude Earnest WILSON married Artie Gladys JACKSON, daughter of Edgar E. JACKSON and Emily Jane BRANDON. Claude and Gladys WILSON had a son named Golden E. WILSON. Golden married Ola MILLER, daughter of Alvis L. MILLER and Eliza Jane WHITT. Golden and Ola WILSON had two children, Glynn E. WILSON and Wanda Sue WILSON. Any help you can give on these RICHIE families would be appreciated. Also, still looking for the parents of George Delmous WILSON and Edgar Elton JACKSON. Edgar E. JACKSON buried at South Pleasant Grove in Calloway Co., believe to be related to other JACKSON'S there. George Delmous Lee WILSON believe to be related to the Connie WILSON family of the Swan area of Calloway Co. Thanks, Ronnie Williams

Dear List: I have a picture of the gravestone for the following people who are buried in the Mason Family Cemetery - Hickman, Fulton County, Kentucky which is located on the County Line of Hickman and Graves Counties, Kentucky. The gravestone provides the following information: HENRY EDWARD (EDD) MASON - 1856 - 1933 and his wife, CORDELIA (CORDIE) ALEXANDER MASON - 1863 - 1957 Just wondering if anyone has the following book, "Kentucky Death Records - Fulton County - 1930 - 1959" and would be willing to see if there is a complete death date for these two people. Thanks so much. Janis SNOW Mundy Reno, NV

My friends - Yesterday, I posted the contents of a newspaper article from 1898 in *The Atlanta Constitution", concerning a mob lynching in Graves County. In the same subject matter area, I am passing along today another article from "The Atlanta Constitution" of 20 February 1917, almost 20 years after the date of yesterday's article. There are some similarities and some differences in the mood and approach taken by the public in this case, versus that of the earlier, 1898, actions. -B ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Troops Fill Court to Protect A Negro Lube Martin, Accused of Killing Policeman, on Trial In Kentucky -The Atlanta Constitution 20 February 1917 "Murray, Ky., February 19: With Kentucky national guardsmen posted at points of vantage inside and out of the Calloway county courthouse, the case of Lube Martin,a negro charged with the murder of Gutherie Duiguid, a policeman, was called for trial here this morning. The scene presented was in sharp contrast to that enacted early last January when Judge Charles Bush aroused such a storm by granting a continuance of the negro's case that Governor A.O.Stanley found it advisable to make a hurried night trip half the length of the state to avert possible violence against officials of the court. Today, everything was quiet.There was little excitement, and this was apparently the result of curiosity. Last January, a mob threatened the life of Judge Bush and Commonwealth's Attorney Danny Smith, when it became known that the continuance in the negro's case had been granted. The two officials spent the night in a barricaded hotel which the crowd threatened to dynamite unless the negro was returned for trial. The excitement ended with the appearance of Gov. Stanley. He addressed a crowd in the circuit court room, demanding respect for the law, announcing his purpose to protect the court by his personal efforts, if necessary, and promising that the negro Martin should be brought to trial in due course. The militiamen on duty at the courthouse are members of the three companies returned to Kentucky from the Mexican border at Governor Stanley's request after the outbreak here in January. At that time, every available unit of the Kentucky National Guard was on the border and when the emergency rose, there was no force upon which the Governor could call. The case was finally called after a long delay due to Martin's collapse. Judge Bush admonished newspaper men to give Murray no undue notoriety and ordered that nobody with firearms be permitted in the court room. Officers under the instructions made a superficial examination of those who sought to enter. Martin was brought from the jail under a heavy guard, but no demonstration was made by either the dense crowd at the courthouse door or by those who filled the court room. Two attorneys defended the negro. It was agreed that he should have a speedy hearing and a special venire of sixty was summoned to appear tomorrow. Martin's return to jail was without incident." ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

My friends - I have recently mentioned the pluses of locating articles in early newspapers which concern the people and history of the JP region. This is difficult to do with the extant JP area newspapers, which do not extend, in any quantity, much before about 1880. Nevertheless, the big city newspapers(and the smaller ones near the JP region)often carried items about events that occurred in the JP. I have run across such an item in "The Atlanta Constitution", dated 24 February 1898, concerning a hanging in Graves County. I have reproduced the text below. I have a couple of extra comments to make about this piece just below it...... ~~~~~~~ Negro Lynched in Kentucky Confessed That He Was a Member of a Gang of Desperadoes -The Atlanta Constitution 24 Feb 1898 "Mayfield, Ky., February 23 - A mob of about 300 or 400 citizens of Mayfield and Graves County gathered from different points in the outskirts of the city and dragged Richard Allen, colored, out of the jail and carried him to the courthouse yard, and strung him up to a tree next to the one on which Jim Stone was hanged a little over a year ago. Allen is the negro who broke into James A. Wright's house last Saturday night and, pointing a pistol into Mr. Wright's face, demanded his money. He was arrested Sunday morning and was identified a few hours later. He had his trial today, along with Tom Holmes, another negro arrested for complicity. Holmes was acquitted, there being not sufficient evidence to convict him. Allen, after being swung up two or three times, finally acknowledged that he belonged to a gang of negroes composed of himself, Tom Holmes, Harvey Rice, Bob Grundy and three others, whose names could not be learned. They said they were responsible for all the crimes committed here and told who had most of the articles stolen from the people here. The mob determined to deal summary justice to the other members of the gang, and it is thought that the others will be dealt with in the same manner. Allen claimed that he was given $50 not to tell anything about the matter. The mob was one of the most orderly ones that has ever been formed in this town, not a shot being fired during the entire transaction. The citizens of the town greatly deplore the act, but it seems to be the only remedy by which to stop the burglaries. The latest report is that they have gone after the other negroes." ~~~~~~~~~~~ When read carefully, this is a remarkable, and chilling, report. We see a black individual, arrested, charged and in jail for what we would call armed robbery today; he had a trial, but the sentence given is not reported, although, even then, it certainly was not a capital offense. A mob formed, dragged the man out of the jail(apparently with no reported resistance from the authorities), strung him up to a tree, "swung him" several times, which is a torturous maneuver to try to get information or a confession from an individual, and, once the confession was had, he was hanged until dead. The newspaper reported that the mob was one of the "...most orderly..." that had been seen in the county, and went on to say that, although the town deplored the act, it seemed to be the only way to deal with the burglary situation. At the end of the article, it indicates that the rest of the gang would likely meet the same fate as Mr. Allen. The general tone of the article could be perceived to indicate that this tragedy was more or less "all in a day's work". And all of this occurred just a couple of years before the beginning of the 20th century. We have come a very long way since that day in 1898, and thank goodness for that. In that earlier era, justice was often swift, but not always was it justice. -B ===================================================================

I am searching for the descendants of the following: William "Willie" L. Hawkins husband born abt. 1868 in VA Susie Hawkins wife born abt. 1878 Edith Hawkins daughter born abt. 1903 Roma Hawkins daughter born abt. 1906 Angie Hawkins daughter born abt. 1908 James Leo Hawkins son born abt. 1910 William Lauren Hawkins son born abt. 1913 Eva Hawkins daughter born abt. 1919 Samuel T. Hawkins husband born abt. 1872 in VA Martha Vivian Hawkins wife born abt. 1882 Mary Hawkins daughter born abt. 1907 Myrtle Hawkins daughter born abt. 1908 Robert B. Hawkins son born abt. 1913 Mildred E. Hawkins daughter born abt. 1917 My great grandfather, John Thomas Hawkins, who lived in Lunenburg County, VA was brother to Willie and Samuel Hawkins. I would like to connect with some of their descendants. Thanks, Anne Gary Gaulding

Dear List, I have copies of the following Death Certificates that I had hoped were my SNOW relatives but they are not the correct ones. If you would like a copy, please let me know and I will e-mail it to you. JOHN WESLEY SNOW - BORN September 24, 1867 - DIED July 27, 1945 in Adair County, Kentucky. Parents were JOHN SNOW and NANCY PIERCY MARY LOU BRADLEY - BORN April 24, 1911 - DIED May 30, 1913 in Paducah, McCracken County, Kentucky. Parents were T. J. BRADLEY and JEFFIE RAWLS. SUSAN ELIZABETH SNOW - BORN December 15, 1945 - DIED December 15, 1945 in Fulton, Fulton County, Kentucky. Parents were JACK RAMSEY SNOW, JR. and MARTHA ELLEN DULEY. Thanks. Janis SNOW Mundy Reno, NV

Would someone who has access to grave information for McCracken Co., please let me know the info on these people...(if you can find them, that is) Bedford A. Gray (1865-1936) possibly Emma Gray (b. ca 1881) Thurman Gray Ola Gray Thanks, Justin Richardson jlrich37188@yahoo.com ____________________________________________________ Start your day with Yahoo! - make it your home page http://www.yahoo.com/r/hs

Does anyone on the list know how I might contact Onetta Russelburg who contributed an article on the Stubblefield-Britton family on page 449 of the ;Graves County History and Families" published a few years ago. I have a question on the article that needs clarification. Thank you very much. Doloros Babbitt-Florida

My friends - I want to take just a few minutes of your time today to comment on the use of early newspapers in our research. As many of you who have been on this List for some time know, we do not have extant newspapers for the JP region earlier than about 1880. The UK has the best collection of early KY newspapers, in my experience. There are a few single issues here and there which go back some years earlier in the JP, but any series of newspapers - that is, for example, a run of 1 January 1880 - 31 December 1880 - for any period earlier than 1880 is virtually unknown for the JP area, which is unfortunate. However, as we see more and more early newspapers come online, we do have some opportunities, now and then, to find some tidbits connected with events in the Jackson Purchase. This is especially true in the 1907 - 1910 time frame, when the Night Riders were active in Calloway County. The events surrounding those activities often found their way into large national newspapers. But, occasionally, a "filler" item will appear in newspapers elsewhere, such as the following two examples: ~~~ From a newspaper in Norwalk, CT (25 June 1886): "Death From Hydrophobia Louisville, Ky - June 24 Miss Maude Jetton was bitten eighty days ago in Calloway County by a dog. Tuesday, she had all the symptoms of hydrophobia and died yesterday in great agony". and The Farmers Cabinet Journal (Amherst, NH) 16 July 1841 "Three Persons Drowned At Once A most lamentable and distressing occurrence took place near the mouth of Cypress Creek in the County of Calloway, Ky, a few miles the mouth of Sandy, on Wednesday, the 24th, ult. A little son of J.B.Winchester was fishing in the creek a few rods from the house on the opposite side. He is supposed to have fallen in from a log, and his mother and grandmother drowned in getting him out. On search being made, the three bodies were found within about six feet of each other, Mr. Winchester's wife holding a handful of his mother's hair." ~~~ As you can see, these pieces were printed in a newspaper and a journal based far from Calloway Co. I know that we have both Jetton and Winchester descendants on the List. While the Winchester item does not give names for the child, the wife, or the child's grandmother, it does tell us that these three people died on 24 June 1841. This may supply a date for descendants who may have the names of the three who were drowned, and it may also supply the circumstances of the deaths, which may not have been known before now, as well as the fact that the mother in question was J.B.Winchester's mother, and not the mother of his wife(which we can determine from the fact that the piece states that Winchester's wife was holding hair from "his" mother's head). These items came from the Early American Newspapers database, which is, unfortunately, at this point, still a fee based resource. However, there are several free databases, which are constantly growing, and most of these are shown on the Cyndi's List website, here: http://www.cyndislist.com/newspapr.htm Newspapers can be outstanding and fascinating resources. Finding them, and then locating items about our families, can be time consuming and frustrating at times. But, often, the rewards may make it worth the effort. -B ====================================================================

Hello Everyone, Is there anyone here researching the Reddick Family? If so please contact me at this email addy. Thanks! Don Howell ____________________________________________________ Start your day with Yahoo! - make it your home page http://www.yahoo.com/r/hs

Dear List: I have just received a Death Certificate for my relative, TURIA ANN (ALEXANDER) MOORE who was the daughter of JOHN THOMAS ALEXANDER and MARGARET (aka DUCKIE) BAILEY ALEXANDER. Turia was born July 19, 1875 and died on June 30, 1952 in Rest Haven Home in Paducah, Kentucky but was from Arlington, Carlisle County, Kentucky. On the 1900 Census for Graves County, it appears that Turia's husband's name was LORD J. MOORE and her son's name was CHARLEY E. MOORE. The informant on Turia's death certificate was ELBURN MOORE. I think that Elburn's complete name was CHARLES ELBURN MOORE. Is anyone on the List a relative of either LORD J. MOORE or CHARLES ELBURN MOORE. If so, I have a picture which is identified as Turie and Elburn and would be happy to share. Thanks for any information that you might have and willing to share. Janis SNOW Mundy Reno, NV

Hello, My mother's Coleman family was from VA to TN, AR, OK, and TX. In 1840 Joshua C. Coleman married Sarah Ann Bird Bedford CO TN. They had 4 children , their 4th child was William Samuel Coleman b. 1848, Flat Creek Bedford CO TN. HE married Sarah Ann Boone daughter of Howard Boone and Elizabeth Floyd. I have information back to 1740 VA for this Coleman family. Now I get lost, my living family verbal history states this family came from Wales, and there is Native American family. I know nothing about the Bird /Byrd families. Sam and Sarah Boone Coleman moved to TX in 1873, settled in Parker CO TX. They have a very large family here that is searching for our roots. Sarah Byrd Coleman died after the 1850 census maybe June 16, 1850, Joshua married a neighbor widow Jane Floyd Bearden [sister of Elizabeth Floyd Boone] same year. With his 4 , her 4 and their children they had around 14 children. I have information about this family to share. I do know that Joshua's father was probably Jordan Coleman b. abt 1750 VA he married Nancy Anderson b. SC abt. 1784 in 1809 Rutherford CO TN. I have four brothers John, Joshua, James, and Jesse in Bedford and Rutherford counties. I also have Jordan with a brother Jesse that married to Elizabeth Southall granddaughter to David Coleman VA. This connects the English and Wales Coleman family OR was this the same family?? I am wondering if any Coleman family has any DNA research. AM -------------- Original message from Don Howell <westkygenealogy@yahoo.com>: -------------- > Paducah Tri-Weekly Herald > > June 11, 1859 > > Notice > All persons having claims against the estate of Thomas > W. Coleman, deceased, are > hereby notified to present the same, and prove them > be?ote the undersigned special Commissioner, between > now and the second Monday in July 1859; otherwise they > will be barred. > > Wm Grief , Especial Com’r. > May 24, 1859 Office on Broadway. > > __________________________________________________ > Do You Yahoo!? > Tired of spam? Yahoo! Mail has the best spam protection around > http://mail.yahoo.com > > > ==== KYJacksonPurchase Mailing List ==== > New Subscribers are invited to post the surnames which they are researching on > the JP Surnames Database website at > http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~kyjpsurnames/ > Contact the webmaster to add your e-mail address and surnames to the site. >

Seeking information on Dr. James William Singleton, born August 23, 1829 in Grant County, Kentucky, to parents Dr. Samuel F. and Louisa (Collins) Singleton. He married May E. Gofford of Montgomery County, Tennessee. He served as city physician of Paducah, Kentucky. He died at Paducah, McCracken County, Kentucky, on September 25, 1881 and was buried in Oak Grove Cemetery at Paducah. Thanks Greg

My friends - I recently mentioned that I would be posting an interesting piece by the late Judy Maupin, written in 1976, entitled, "The Ghostly House in Brandon Springs". Today's post contains her narrative. This posting may perhaps be more appropriately directed to the JacksonPurchase-Lore-L List, but because it mentions family names, I am going to place it here. There are two surnames mentioned in this piece: Skinner and Chilton. Those of us who are familiar with Calloway County's families will immediately recognize the Skinner surname. The Chilton surname, which is said, in Maupin's piece, to have been in Calloway around 1880, does not appear anywhere in the JP region, except for one family in Hickman County, in the 1880 census. That may or may not be meaningful. Let me say, too, that we need to remember that this is Judy Maupin's story, based, she says, on some research she did regarding the area. Whether the facts are true or not is certainly open to speculation. I've not researched it, beyond determining that no Chilton family was in Calloway in 1880. If any of our subscribers are familiar with more details of this story, please let me know by private e-mail. It is an interesting "ghost story", if nothing else. -B ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The Ghostly House in Brandon Springs -Judith A.Maupin, 1976 "Last Spring, when I went with a group of children to the new Brandon Springs camp, I did a little research about the area, with the hope of coming up with something that would interest kids of that age. To my surprise, I came up with an apparently authentic ghost story. It seems that one the spot where the Brandon Springs dormitories now stand, there once stood a large, two-story house, originally built about 1835 by Nathan Skinner. It sat high on the hill and overlooked the [Tennessee] river, which was at that time the main form of transportation. It was also located on a well used road; consequently, what with the lack of hotels in those days, many time weary travelers, whether from the riverboats, walking, or on horseback, would come to the house to ask for lodging for the night. According to the stories, Mr. Skinner would make the travelers welcome, feed and tuck them in, and then, in the dead of night, rob them of their possessions - and, incidentally, of their lives. Members of the family were reported to have heard the ghosts of these misrouted travelers, trying in vain to continue their journeys. In later years, the house changed hands. Nathan Skinner died in 1846 and is buried nearby, probably quite near where he put his victims. Sometime around 1880, after the estate had been settled, the house was occupied by a family named Chilton. These people were not natives of the region and had probably come in when the iron furnaces were still in operation. They were a close-knit, quiet family who stayed who stayed pretty much to themselves. This may have been because they were not natives, but it is more likely because of their son, who had been deformed quite severely at birth. In those days such a tragedy was looked upon with shame, and a person who was mentally retarded or crippled was kept at home but hidden from the public eye. This child, whose name is not known, stayed mostly in his little room on the first floor, where he spent many hours peeking out the windows, trying to see the world that lay beyond the row of cedar trees in the yard, which had been planted there to block outsiders' view of the house and its occupants. Before he got to be very old, the boy died, and so the legend goes, as long as the house stood, his halting steps and the sound of his crutches could be heard at night in that house." +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++