"These matches are of little value in proving later relationships" That isn't exactly true G. Lee, with the use of the paper records tracing the family tree, with the use of DNA testing the male lines can benefit us by showing us a direct descendantcy back to a common male ancestor. That paper trail or that kinship doesn't stop at our brick walls, and by pointing us back in the direction of another branch who shares the same Y chromosome, can help us search the paper trail in the right direction again. Depends on later relationships you are talking about. If you are talking of before the existance of surnames, of course DNA testing is limited, as is the paper trail records. But being able to trace in to England in the 1500's and 1600's is very obtainable as there are ample records that has survived. If you want to focus on what isn't obtainable, ok with me. But many of us are going to focus on what can be obtainable with the paper records with the use of DNA testing. Right now as it stands, I only have about a 80 year span that seperates my lineage to my British cousins lineage. An 80 year span is very obtainable! It is only a matter of finding the right records to be able to connect the 2 branches back together. If we only look at the years prior to the use of surnames, you make it sound so bleak. lol That isn't the focus on DNA testing for most anyway, most are only interested in finding connections after the existance of surnames. Yes some folks only focus on Haplo Groups because that is something that they like looking at and studying, and I have no problem with that study. Haplo Groups represents our DNA 1000's of years ago, not current history. Don