Carlisle, I have now read enough on the Internet to follow all you told us. Sorry I was so dense so long. Have more Knowlton men been tested? Are you willing to contact some we know who are terrible procrastinators but might move on it if you gave specific instructions? Thanks for all you have done. Elizabeth Message text written by INTERNET:KNOWLTON-L@rootsweb.com >It suddenly occurred to me I might have omitted something fun from the short reading list on haplogroups which I recently posted at your request. . . . . . http://dienekes.blogspot.com/2005/06/thomas-jeffersons-patrilineal-origin.h tml This said, let me quickly emphasize, underscore, and repeat: There is nothing here that suggests any Jeffersonian-Knowlton connection in any time frame that has to do with western patrilineal surnames as we understand and use them today; or used them in 1400-1500 AD. There is a strong scientific basis linking the K2 M70+ haplogroup to Jefferson and the known Knowlton males who share it. But this is in all probability an ancient tribal thing. It could predate the LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) some 18,000 years ago. What is does do is provide a separate, distinct, free-standing example of how these very old, unique characteristics can follow down through the years to be found today in our fathers, sons, brothers, and cousins. < Elizabeth W. Knowlton