Hi, Carlisle, Well, I have spent considerable time trying to find the source of your statement about the Iberian peninsula. Unfortunately, I cannot even find your original statement about this (suppose it will appear in the archives eventually) so I can't quote what you said. I have followed up all the websites you gave without being enlightened. I was an English major. As usual, I find scientific writing to be either so simple minded that it is common sense we already know from daily observation (the best science anyway) OR to be so complex that only another scientist could follow it. I returned to my original source of genetic genealogy, Bryan Sykes' book SEVEN DAUGHTERS OF EVE. When I first read that, it did not seem as if the nuclear dna could do much for genealogy except prove surname links back to 1500 or so. Well, a lot more developments have taken place since then. I picked up ADAM'S CURSE, his book on nuclear dna, specifically the y chromosome, the other day and have just finished it. Although there is nothing about haplo-anythings in it, I can imagine now what you are talking about. But I am convinced that your statements must come from a report that you paid for. Are you willing to share on the web the haplotype information you mentioned relating to Knowltons? If not, will you sell it to us individually if I share in your expense? I am interested in what you have to say but cannot spend any more time reading whole books on the subject, especially as few outside of Mr. Sykes can make it all intelligible to me and especially as I do not think these books are the source of your statement about the Iberian peninsula. Below is the one item I found, buried deep in Kershner's site. Since it is Haplotypes, not haplogroups, which he considers important for the y surname genealogy, I am not sure why you referred to the latter. If it is the latter, then we are talking about the mta-dna I mentioned in my first email, having nothing to do with surname Knowlton genealogy. > A commonly occurring paternal line Y chromosome major haplogroup branch found in males tested today is the alphanumeric R1b, which is found in high frequency in Western Europe males and direct male line descendants of European males from that area. A commonly occurring maternal line mtDNA major haplogroup branch found in people tested today is the letter H and is found in high frequency in Western Europe and direct maternal line descendants of European descendants from the area. The major maternal line mtDNA haplogroup branches have been even further personalized by Dr. Brian Sykes in his book, "The Seven Daughters of Eve." Since the mtDNA haplogroup branches represent common maternal lines, he gave the haplogroups female names which correspond with the first letter of those major mtDNA haplogroup branches. For example my maternal line mtDNA haplogroup is the letter H. And the female name Dr. Brian Sykes gave to that haplogroup is Helena. He also made up a little story about each of these seven female ancestors in his book to try to describe their life and times 10's of thousands of years ago when he surmises they lived in various parts of what is now Europe. Haplogroups are mainly used for anthropological research and deep ancestry research for time frames long prior to the adoption of surnames. We're talking 10's of thousands of years ago when these haplogroups became defined. Knowledge of one's haplogroup, while interesting, does not typically provide much assistance to the genealogist other then pointing to a large geographic area of the world where that haplogroup is found in high frequency. For traditional genealogical research, haplotypes are more important than haplogroups. While the definitive test to determine your haplogroup is a SNP test, many times your haplogroup can be estimated with a reasonable confidence level based on your haplotype test result data. There is quite a bit of dialog online about estimating and knowing one's haplogroup. But as I said, knowing one's haplogroup is of very limited use to traditional genealogical research which is typically focused on the last several hundred years. Source: Genetic Genealogy DNA Testing Dictionary< Sorry to sound so crabby, but I feel as if you are hinting at things without giving us the information. BTW, the Jefferson emails were amusing to me. This year I have realized that I have asperger's syndrome (which is why I enrage people so often). Although many ordinary people have this mild form of autism, Jefferson is often mentioned as having it. I have often felt an affinity for this gentleman with his gardening, record keeping, and compartmentalized life (to say the least!). Hope we can have a post soon that reveals a little more and that more Knowlton males will join your project. Do you have any descendants of the original John? Or of Ephraim who went to NY ca 1700? Elizabeth W. Knowlton